The Cold WarChapter 25

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The Cold War BeginsSection 1

• Differences between Soviets and U.S.– U.S.– -– -– -– Soviet Union– -– -– -

B. Eastern Europe

• By 1945 allies knew they would win• What should happen with Eastern Europe?

• Allies meet in Potsdam summer 1945• Stalin agrees to allow free elections• NOT going to happen• Soviets set up puppet gov’ts in Satellite states• Allies convinced Stalin set on World

domination

C. Meeting Soviet Challenge

• Churchill- “Iron Curtain has descended on eastern Europe”

• Truman- Must help rebuild Europe• Truman Doctrine- give aid to countries

struggling against communism– Ex- gave 400 million to Greece

D. Containing the Soviets

• George F. Kennan- leading American Soviet expert- must contain Soviets– Containment policy

• Marshall Plan- gave 13 billion to Europe and countries rebuilding

• Why rebuild Europe?– 1– 2– 3

E. Cold War Heats Up

• Germany divided into 4 occupational zones– Berlin- deep inside Soviet zone, also occupied in 4

zones• Stalin tries to starve out west Berlin by

blockading the city• 1948- Allies airlift supplies for almost a year

straight, break the blockade• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nWw20-

LbOmE

Alliances

• NATO-

• Warsaw Pact

Section 2The Korean War

• A. Communist in China

• Mao Zedong- Chinese communist leader vs.• Jiang Jieshi or Chiang- nationalist leader• Fighting a civil war, we send several billion to

help• Corrupt leader, defeated, flees to Tawain• Now 1/3 of world communist

B. Americans fight in Korea

• Korea divided from China by Yalu River• After WWII, Korea divided at 38th parallel-

North Communist- South non-communist

• June 25th 1950, North invades the South • U.S. troops sent in to help, quickly pushed

back to Pusan

Korean War cont.

• Douglas MacArthur- allied leader in charge of U.S. forces

• Truman does not declare war, but calls for police action with limited goals

• UN forces, mostly U.S. troops, land at Inchon and force North Koreas all the way to China

Korean War cont.

• China joins war as 300,000 cross Yalu river• UN forces driven back to 38th parallel • MacArthur wants to use nukes, invade china,

and escalate war- fired for criticizing Truman

• Eventually cease fire was singed in 1953. • Nothing changed- 37,000 Americans killed

Effects

• Eisenhower elected in 1952 and brought Korean war to end

• Military spending would increase• Relations with China and Russia grew worse• Presidents sending troops into combat with

declaration of war. • More Allies- SEATO

Section 3The Cold War Expands

• A. Arms Race Heightens– September 2, 1949- Soviets set off their own atom

bomb

– China Falls to communism– Soviets now even with U.S.

– Truman starts developing H-Bomb– Leads to arms race with Soviets as both develop

enough nukes to destroy each other 100 times over – MAD??

B. Eisenhower New Policy

• We can’t keep getting involved in small conflicts started by Soviets- ex. Korea

• John Foster Dullies- secretary of state- in favor of Roll Back

• Eisenhower- more bang for our buck- spend less on military, more on nukes, and threaten Massive Retaliation if threatened

• Leads to official policy of Brinkmanship- taking us to the Brink of war

C. Stalin Dies

• March 5, 1953- Joseph Stalin dies• Nikita Krushchev soon emerges as leader. • Less extreme than Stalin- could lead to better

relations

D. Cold War Goes Global

• Roll back does not happen– Poland riots against Soviets- U.S. does not get

involved– Uprising in Hungary violently put down by Soviets– U.S. did not step in to help– WHY?

E. Suez Crisis

• Abdel Nasser tries to play Soviets and U.S. off each other

• U.S. offers to fund Aswan dam• Egypt talks to Soviets and China• Upsets U.S.- pulls funds• Nasser nationalizes Suez canal- British, French

and Israel goes into take it back• U.S. does not support

F Eisenhower Policy

• Eisenhower Doctrine- U.S. will use force to help any Middle Eastern country

• CIA- now used to gather intelligence and protect U.S. interest

• Overthrows gov’ts in Iran, Guatemala, and other places

• Leads to much U.S. resentment

G. Cold War in Space

• Soviets launch Sputnik 1 -1957• Then launched Laika into space

• U.S.- National Defense Education Act to develop more scientists

• NASA is created

Section 4The Cold War at Home

• Communism plays on the fears of the American People

• Red Scare- fear that communist were trying to destroy America- 1917, 1940’s, 1950’s

• Communist could be anywhere, and there were some

• Federal Employee Loyalty Program- federal employees sign loyalty pledges- 3,000 fired after being accused of disloyalty

Worrying about communism

• Smith Act- allowed U.S. to cripple communist party

• House Un-American Activities Committee- investigated gov’t, newspapers, armed forces, ext.

• Most famous case- investigated Hollywood• Why• If suspected, put on black list

More Worry

• Freedom of speech was limited in the fear of communism

• Oppenheimer, who developed the Atom Bomb, was targeted and suspected- had no evidence, but tied him to communism

Spies

• Most famous spies

• Alger Hiss-

• Julius and Ethel Rosenberg

Joseph McCarthy

• 1950 Joseph McCarthy- Senator from Wisconsin- needed to be reelected

• starts accusing that communist have infiltrated all levels of American society

• 205 commies in state department alone• no evidence for any of his claims • still gained American support• set off wave of paranoia • McCarthyism- practice of advancing ones

career by making accusations of disloyalty

McCarthy Downfall

• McCarthy still making outrageous claims- accuses prez

• Even suggest ridding libraries of “subversive books

• Last Staw- accused army in Army-McCarthy hearings

• Televised hearings- American public got good look at McCarthy

• Just a bully- Have you no sense of decency• 1954 Congress condemns McCarthy’s actions