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Background:

After WW II, the US and USSR emerged as rival superpowers.

Each nation was strong enough to greatly influence world events.

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What is the Cold War?

Era of confrontation between the U.S. and Soviet Union

CIA- operated in developing countries to overthrow anti-American leaders

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Causes of the Cold War

United States Free-enterprise,

capitalism, republic Secretly developed

atomic bomb Made efforts to resist

Soviet expansion

Soviet Union Communism,

totalitarian dictatorship Wanted U.S. and

British to open a second front earlier in the war

Refused to live up to wartime promises of elections in Eastern Europe.

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Terms surrounding the Cold War

Fallout- deadly radiation left over after a nuclear blast

Brinkmanship- threatening nuclear strikes to back down opponents

Satellite nations- Communist countries of Eastern Europe

Warsaw Pact– military alliance in Eastern Europe

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United Nations

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United Nations

1st adopted by those nations allied in opposition against Germany, Italy, & Japan during WWII.

26 nation-states signed the Declaration of United Nations on January 4, 1942.

Charter of the UN consists of a preamble & articles similar to the U.S. Constitution.

Charter outlines the purposes, structure, & powers of the UN.

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The Four Purposes

1. To preserve world peace. 2. To encourage nations to be just in their actions

toward each other. 3. To help nations cooperate in solving their

problems. 4. To serve as an agency through which nations

can work toward these three goals.

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The Seven Principles

1. All members have equal rights. 2. Each member is expected to carry out its duties

under the charter. 3. Each member agrees to the principle of settling

disputes peacefully. 4. Each member agrees not to use force or the

threat of force against other nations except in self-defense.

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5. Each member agrees to help the UN in every action it takes to carry out the purposes of the charter.

6. The UN agrees to act on the principle that nonmember states have the same duties as member states to preserve world peace & security.

7. The UN accepts the principle of not interfering in the internal affairs/domestic problems of member nation, so long as these actions do not harm other nations.

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The Organization of the U.N.

1. General Assembly 2. The Security Council 3. The Economic & Social Council 4. The Trusteeship Council 5. The International Court of Justice 6. The Secretariat

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General Assembly All members are represented. Each has one vote, but may send as many as

five representatives. Important decisions are decided by a majority

vote or by a super-majority vote (2/3), depending on importance.

Deliberative Organ—Deliberates on, or discusses & decides, important issues.

UN permanent headquarters—New York City Regular assembly meetings last for three

months, beginning on the third Tuesday in September.

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Selects secretary-general. Current: Kofi Annan (Ghana) Selects the 15 judges of the International Court of

Justice. May admit, suspend, or expel members.

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Security Council

Responsibility for maintaining international peace. Originally, the council consisted of eleven members:

five of these were permanent members (France, United Kingdom, Russia, U.S., & China.)

Six were nonpermanent members elected by the General Assembly for two-year terms.

Amended to enlarge the council by adding four more nonpermanent members.

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Five nonpermanent must come from African & Asian countries, one from Eastern European countries, two from Latin American countries, & two from Western Europe & other countries.

Members of the UN agree to carry out the decisions of the Security Council.

Any one of the five permanent members can veto a Security Council decision.

May call for military action by asking UN members to contribute military personnel to a UN peacekeeping force.

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Korean UN peacekeeping mission. Iraq, Somalia, Haiti, Bosnia-Herzegovina, & others.

Other important UN Bodies

The World Health Organization (WHO)---Combats

health problems in underdeveloped countries.

The International Bank for Reconstruction &

Development (World Bank)---Makes loans for

projects in developing countries.

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The Presidency of Harry Truman

Took over the presidency due to the death of FDR in April 1945

Truman’s main problem as president was getting the U.S. converted from war-time to peace-time economy

The job market would decrease due to the (military) arms factories being shut down

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The Presidency of Harry Truman

Put price controls on certain goods and try to keep inflation down

Was not a well-liked president During his presidency, the Democratic Party

found themselves divided

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Three major industrial strikes

All took place in 1946Coal miners

Truman seized mines and brought in the military to run them

Railroads Steel mills

Were given an ultimatum to stay on the job or the military will be brought in to run them

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Taft-Hartley Law

Was passed in 1947 over a veto by Truman The law stated that a “cooling off” period

should take place before a strike could take place

The law prohibited jurisdictional strikes, boycotts, and the union had to submit financial statements

Truman called the bill a form of slave labor

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1948 Election

Truman faced Thomas Dewey a Republican and Strom Thurmond who ran as a 3rd party candidate

Truman went to bed after reading the headlines that Dewey had defeated him

The next morning, Truman was declared the winner

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Truman Doctrine

Was created to give aid to people in Eastern Europe and the Middle-East who wanted to get rid of Communism

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Marshall Plan

Was created to give people of Western Europe aid to rebuild their economies and keep communism out

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The Fair Deal

Truman wanted to… Extend social security Extend aid to public and private schools Extend Medicare to the elderly

All were rejected in some form

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Potsdam ConferenceJuly 1945

Final wartime conference

Big Three England = Attlee USA = Truman USSR = Stalin

Stalin promised to allow free elections in Eastern Europe

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Satellite Nations…

Stalin never allowed truly free elections.

Instead, communist governments were installed in many Eastern European nations.

Main Purpose? Protect USSR from

invasion from the West

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Containment Policy

George Kennan, career Foreign Service Officer

Formulated the policy of “containment”: US would not get rid of

communism, but would not allow it to spread.

US would “contain” communism where is already existed.

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The Iron Curtain

Winston Churchill coined this term.

Famous speech on March 5, 1946 at Westminster College, in Fulton, Missouri.

CLICK for text and video of speech

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Churchill’s Warning…

Churchill felt that behind the Iron Curtain, the USSR was planning to attack and conquer Western Europe.

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Division of Germany

The Allies decided to divide Germany into 4 zones after the war.

Also, the capital of Berlin was divided into 4 sectors. SEE next 2 slides

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Problem with Berlin?

Berlin was in the Soviet Sector.

Stalin was not happy with a “small piece” of democracy in Eastern Europe. What did he do?

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Berlin Blockade June 1948, Stalin attempts to starve West

Berliners into submission. All rail and street access was blocked.

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Berlin Airlift

American and British planes flew food and supplies into Berlin for 327 days.

Stalin lifted the Blockade by May 1949.

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Berlin Airlift 1949

U.S. flew thousands of missions to keep Berlin, Germany from falling into the hands of Communist Soviet Union

U.S., Britain, and France merged their zones in Berlin which left just a small part belonging to the Soviet Union

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Operation “Little Vittles”

During the Berlin Airlift a group of pilots decided to help boost the spirits of the German children.

They organized a mission to drop candy to the children using parachutes made of handkerchiefs.

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North Atlantic Treaty Organization

NATO was established by a treaty in 1949 This organization established a system of collective

defense whereby its member states agree to mutual defense in response to an attack by any external party.

Original members were: United States, the United Kingdom, Canada, France,

Denmark, Iceland, Italy, Norway, Portugal, Belgium, Netherlands, and Luxembourg.

Greece (1952), West Germany (1955) join also

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The Korean War

North Korea invaded South Korea in 1950 Truman called on General Douglas

MacArthur to lead United Nations forces into repelling the North Koreans

North Korea was communist and was backed by the Soviet Union and China

The United Nations and South Korea were struggling and losing the war

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The Korean War

Mac Arthur invaded Inchon, South Korea on September 15, 1950 Was considered very risky, but brilliant.

U.S. and U.N. forces pushed the North Koreans back to the 38th parallel the original border of the countries

China stated that if the U.S. crossed the 38th parallel, they would intervene and become involved.

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The Korean War

Truman and Mac Arthur met at Wake Island to discuss China and discussed they would not engage the Chinese

November 1950- Mac Arthur’s troops crossed the Yalu River and were surrounded by 300,000 Chinese

His army was trapped at the Chosin Reservoir where thousands died due to a miscalculation in Mac Arthur’s retreat

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General Douglas Mac Arthur

Previous to his involvement in Korea, he was in charge of occupied Japan after WWII

Was relieved of his command, forced to retire, and reduced from a five-star general to a three-star general

He was given a hero’s welcome and was given the honor of addressing Congress

Mac Arthur was replaced by General Matthew Ridgeway

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The Korean War

Became a stalemate for three years 50,000 killed in action 100,000 wounded 4,000 + missing in action An armistice was signed on June 26, 1953

bringing peace that continues to this day The border remains to be the 38th parallel

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The Korean War

A DMZ (demilitarized zone) would be established

As our troops came home, the Americans learned of a technique called brainwashing

The Manchurian Candidate (a movie) was created shedding light on the effects of brainwashing

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Korean Landscape

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Executive Order 8802

Truman passed an executive order which banned discrimination in the military as well as federal jobs.

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The Warsaw Pact Communist Response to NATO.

Signed on May 1, 1955 in Warsaw, Poland

Military treaty, which bound its signatories to come to the aid of the others, should any one of them be the victim of foreign aggression.

Original Members: Albania, Bulgaria, Hungary, East Germany, Poland,

Rumania, the USSR, and the Czechoslovak Republic.

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56Cold War in Asia

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Struggle for China

Mao Zedong wanted China to become a communist state after WW II.

Chang Kai Shek fought to stop the communists but was unsuccessful.

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Communist China1949

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Taiwan Chiang Kai-shek, retreated

from Mainland China and moved his government from Nanjing to Taipei, Taiwan's largest city.

Taiwan made a claim they were separate from China.

Still a problem area today.

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Cold War in America (1945-1960)

Was there reason to be concerned? YES!

Soviet domination of Eastern Europe

China turned Communist – 1 billion people!

80,000 Americans members of Communist party

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Loyalty Review Board

Set up by President Truman in March 1947.

Purpose? Investigate Federal

government employees and dismiss those disloyal to US

212 dismissed

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House on Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC)

1947= House of Representatives

Investigate Communist influence in the movie industry

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‘Hollywood Ten’ 10 Hollywood

screenwriters and directors who refused to testify before HUAC.

Charged with contempt of Congress.

Claimed 1st Amendment right of free speech

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Blacklisted Following a meeting of film industry

executives at New York's Waldorf-Astoria hotel, MPAA president Johnston issued a press release on the executives' behalf that is today referred to as the Waldorf Statement.

The statement declared that the ten would be fired or suspended without pay and not reemployed until they were cleared of contempt charges and had sworn that they were not Communists.

The first Hollywood blacklist was now in effect.

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Spy Cases Shock the US

During the late 1940s and early 1950s, America was rocked by sensational stories of Americans spying for the Soviet Union.

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Alger Hiss Hiss worked for the US

State Department. Accused of being a spy

for the USSR. Found guilty of perjury. Later (1990s) Hiss was

proven to be a spy for the USSR.

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The Rosenbergs

American Communists who were found guilty of conspiracy to commit espionage in relation to passing information on the American nuclear bomb to the Soviet Union.

The couple were executed at sundown in the electric chair at Sing Sing Correctional Facility in Ossining, New York, on June 19, 1953.

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McCarthyism

Senator Joe McCarthy became the most famous anti-Communist activist.

Used the issue to help win re-election in 1950.

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McCarthy’s Tactics

Made one unsupported accusation after another.

He would bully witnesses.

McCarthyism = tactics used to advance your career.

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McCarthy’s Downfall

In 1954 McCarthy made accusations against the US Army.

Led to televised Senate investigation; and American people did not like McCarthy’s tactics. His popularity dropped greatly.

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McCarthyism

Senator Joseph McCarthy from Wisconsin believed the U.S. was being infiltrated by Communism.

He attacked various people (verbally) Weak people (writers, movie stars) People that he felt were not trustworthy

He made accusations without foundation and ruined people socially and financially

He didn’t have proof most of the time

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McCarthyism

He went to far when he stated he had a list of people who were Communist and worked for the Army and State Department

Richard Nixon assisted McCarthy in his “digging up” of the half-truths

McCarthy lost in Senate seat in 1956 after ruining the lives of many people

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Election of 1952

The Republican’s nominated former general Dwight D. Eisenhower and he chose Richard Nixon as Vice President

The Democrats chose Adali Stevenson from Illinois to run against Eisenhower

Eisenhower won on a promise to end the Korean War and bring the soldiers home

Eisenhower went to Korea to visit the soldiers before taking office

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Change in Leaders The early 1950s saw a

change in leaders in both the US and USSR.

USA = Dwight Eisenhower wins the election of 1952.

USSR = Nikita Khruschev takes over when Stalin dies in 1953.

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Hydrogen Bomb

US exploded the 1st H-bomb on November 1, 1952 in South Pacific. That bomb completely

destroyed one island and left a crater 175 feet deep.

Russians exploded on in August of 1953.

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Brinkmanship

Defined as willingness to push nation to the “brink” of nuclear war to keep peace.

Policy advocated by John Foster Dulles; Secretary of State.

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Central Intelligence Agency - CIA

Used spies to gather information abroad

Began to carry out covert operations to weaken or overthrow governments unfriendly to the United States.

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Iran One of the CIAs first

covert actions tool place in Iran when Iran’s Prime minister Mohammed Mossadegh nationalized Iran’s oil fields.

CIA worked to remove Mossadegh

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Shah of Iran CIA “Operation Ajax”

caused the downfall of Mossadegh from office.

The Shah, backed by the US, formed a government friendly to the US.

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Suez War -1956

Egypt nationalized the Suez Canal and would not allow ships headed for Israel to pass through – all nations were supposed to have access.

French, English, Israeli force attacked Egypt.

After discussion, canal was opened.

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Hungarian Uprising 1956

The Hungarian people, tired of Soviet domination in their country, rose in revolt and called for a democratic government.

The Soviet response was swift and brutal:

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USSR Crushes Rebellion

Soviet tanks rolled into Hungary and killed 30,000 Hungarians and executed the resistance leader – Imre Nagy.

US and UN did nothing to help.

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Space Race

On October 4, 1957 the Soviet Union successfully launched Sputnik I.

The world's first artificial satellite was about the size of a beach ball.

Orbited the earth in 98 minutes.

Race to control space was on!

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U-2 Incident U-2 was designed to be high altitude

reconnaissance plane. CIA used these to spy on USSR and one was

shot down on May 1, 1960.

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Francis Gary Powers

Recruited by CIA to fly spy missions.

Shot down in U2 over USSR and convicted of espionage.

Exchanged for a KGB colonel the US had captured.

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Eisenhower’s Presidency

Failures Not giving aid to Hungary in 1956 when they tried

to throw out the Communists The launching of Sputnik 1 by the Soviet Union The Chinese shelling of Formosa U2 Spy plane crisis of 1960 involving CIA agent

Francis Gary Powers

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Eisenhower’s Presidency

Eisenhower stated that the nation “must be prepared to use atomic weapons in all forms (threat to the Soviet Union)

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Conclusion… Moving into the 1960’s, the

Cold War was really starting to heat up with no end in sight.

The Cold War will continue in the 1960s with the world moving closer to an open conflict between the US and USSR.