Civil War begins, 1861. Attack on Fort Sumter, April 12, 1861.
THE CIVIL WAR Fort Sumter: April 12, 1861 OPENING SHOTS OF CIVIL WAR: FORT SUMTER, 1861 THE FORT,...
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Transcript of THE CIVIL WAR Fort Sumter: April 12, 1861 OPENING SHOTS OF CIVIL WAR: FORT SUMTER, 1861 THE FORT,...
THE CIVIL WAR
Fort Sumter: April 12, 1861Fort Sumter: April 12, 1861
OPENING SHOTS OF CIVIL WAR:
FORT SUMTER, 1861
THE FORT, LOCATED IN
CHARLESTON HARBOR, SOUTH CAROLINA, WAS
THE UNION’S PROPERTY SO
WHEN THE CONFEDERATE
ARMY ATTACKED, IT
WAS AN ACT OF WAR
THE WAR BEGINSTHE WAR BEGINS -- FT. SUMTER, FT. SUMTER, SCSC
• Rebels took this federal fort on April 12, 1861
• Stirred feelings of nationalism in both sides - both began forming armies
• 4 more states seceded after this attack: AR, NC, TN, VA
Border StatesBorder States – slave states that remained in Union: MD, KY, DE & MO
(eventually WV also)Lincoln established “martial law” to keep them
The Leaders
• 16TH U.S. President• 23 STATES in Union• CAPITAL - WASHINGTON,
D.C.• PURPOSE FOR WAR:
PRESERVATION OF THE UNION– see secession as
rejection of democracy– Why not a war against
slavery yet?
• Jefferson Davis, President• 11 states in CSA• Capital - Richmond, VA
(originally Montgomery)• Purpose for War: protect
states’ rights– right of self-
determination• Will be charged with treason
at war’s end
Story of the Bonnie Blue Flag
President Lincoln’s Cottage at the Soldier’s Home
During the Civil War, President Lincoln and his family resided here from June to November of 1862, 1863, and 1864.
Founded in 1851 as a home for retired and disabled veterans of American wars, the Soldiers’ Home stood on 250 acres atop the third highest area in the District of Columbia. Like President Buchanan before him, Lincoln enjoyed the cool breezes and refreshing peace of the Soldiers’ Home which was three miles north of downtown. But unlike his predecessor, Lincoln could not escape the Civil War and his burden of leadership even while at this seasonal retreat.
UniformsAt the beginning of the Civil War, uniforms were provided by individual states who chose a variety of colors for their uniforms. This led to massive confusion on the battlefield and often to soldiers firing on their own men. As the war went on, both sides chose a single color for their uniforms. The Confederates choosing grey while the Union selected blue.
ADVANTAGESADVANTAGES
• POPULATION - 22 million vs. S
with 9 million (& 3.5 are slaves)• INDUSTRY - more than 80% of
manufacturing• TRANSPORTATION - ships &
railroads (22,000 mi.)• AGRICULTURE - most of grain
crops & meat• GOVERNMENT –already in
place; strong central gov’t• FINANCING – extensive banking
system already in place• LINCOLN’S WAR MACHINE!
• MILITARY LEADERSHIP -strong military traditions with many officers trained at West Pt.;Southerners “bred to fight”
• MILITARY STRATEGY - defensive strategy only & fighting on familiar territory
NORTH SOUTH
The Generals
Ulysses S. Grant
William T. Sherman
Robert E. Lee
Thomas Stonewall Jackson
George Meade James Longstreet
George B. McClellan James E.B. Stuart
UNION ARMIES• Much trial and error in
generals before ultimately commanded by GEN. ULYSSES S. GRANT
• Why so hard for Lincoln to find a commander?
• ARMIES named after rivers (“Army of the Potomac”)
• BATTLES named after closest body of water (“Antietam,” “Bull Run”)
ROBERT E. LEE declined Lincoln’s offer to lead U.S. troops after VA’s secession
ARMIES were named after regions (such as Lee’s “Army of the North”)
BATTLES were named after the closest settlement (for example, “Sharpsburg, Manassas”)
CONFEDERATE ARMIES
ANACONDA PLAN:
•BLOCKADE Southern ports•Keeps foreign aid out•Ruins South’s economy
•Send gunboats down MS River to cut off flow of supplies & divide S
•Capture Memphis, Vicksburg, New Orleans•Capture the Capital of Richmond•Exhaust S’s resources, forcing surrender•Once Grant in command – “TOTAL WAR”
UNION / YANKEE STRATEGY
CONFEDERATE / REBEL STRATEGY
• DEFENSE!• Initially, South had
most victories
• Alliance Attempts– With Britain and France– Required South to show it had a chance to
win.– Attacks into Union territory to draw Union
troops away from the South and to impress potential allies
• As war goes on, strategy is:– evading the Union army– keeping the war going as long as possible, while
inflicting casualties to demoralize the North.
• A diplomatic crisis that took place between the U. S. and Great Britain from November to December 1861
• Captain of the USS San Jacinto ordered the arrest of two Confederate envoys sailing to Europe aboard a British mail ship, the Trent, in order to seek support for the South in the Civil War.
• The British, who had not taken sides in the war, were outraged and claimed the seizure of a neutral ship by the U.S. Navy was a violation of international law. Ultimately Lincoln released the envoys and averted an armed conflict with Britain.
FINANCING THE WAR
• Income tax (3% on incomes over $800 - collected $667 million)
• Direct tax on states
• Loans - over $2.2 billion
• Issuing “greenbacks” ($431 million) - leads to inflation
• Tariffs• Cost of living
doubled in N by end of War
• Blockade is major issue– no $ through
tariffs– supplies difficult
• Income tax & excise taxes - (covers only 2% of needs)
• Loans - borrowed $712 million
• Printing paper $ - over $1.5 billion
UNIONUNION CONFEDERACYCONFEDERACY
UNION POLITICS
• Republicans - large majorities in both Houses• Party positions on slavery:
– DEMOCRATS - leave it alone– COPPERHEADS (Peace Democrats) - want peace at
any cost; anti-war– RADICAL REPUBLICANS - total = rts. for blacks; led
by Sen. Sumner & Thaddeus Stevens in House– MODERATE REPUBLICANS - no slavery but not in
favor of equal rights
• Lincoln suspends individual rights such as….
Weapons of the Civil War
Canister Shot
Minié ball
Rifled Barrel
Springfield Rifle, 1861 (Union)While the Union used many types of rifles, this was the most common.
British Enfield Rifle, 1853 (Confederacy)While the Confederacy used many types of rifles, this was the most common.
Officer’s Sword
Artillery Projectile
First Modern War
• Better guns and bullets
• Gatling Gun• Better Artillery• Submarine• Ironclads• Telegraph• Balloons
Tragic story of the H.L. Hunley
World’s FirstCombat Submarine
BATTLE OF BULL RUNBATTLE OF BULL RUN
• July 186l• Bull Run Stream / Manassas, VA
(near Washington, D.C.)• North after Richmond -
expecting a short war - McDowell
• South – under Beauregard - starting to retreat…except Stonewall Jackson – got his nickname here
• Jackson kept fighting, reinforcements showed up & SOUTH WINS SOUTH WINS decisively
• North panicked / ran back to DC• McDowell fired; McClellan hired• North realizes it will not be a
short & quick war
The “Picnic Battle”The “Picnic Battle”The “Great The “Great Skedaddle”Skedaddle”
Sullivan Ballou
Clara Barton & the Red Cross
• Clara Barton's civil war work began in April 1861. After Bull Run, she worked to obtain and distribute supplies to wounded soldiers and had special permission to travel freely behind the lines and put herself in danger.
• Common sense practices: triage, clean bandages, everyone trained in basic first aid.
• 20,000 women become nurses
• She founded the Red Cross in 1861 to provide emergency relief in disasters and times of war and served as director until her death
MONITOR vs. MERRIMACK
March 1862Merrimack (S) was 1st ironclad ship -- the VirginiaMonitor (N) is first U.S. iron ship
Merrimack attacking in Chesapeake Bay –
- major damage to Union wooden ships
Monitor arrives next dayBattle of the Ironclads – first time in
historyNeither side “wins” butNORTH regains control of Chesapeake Bay
SUPERIORITY OF IRON SHIPS SHOWN!SUPERIORITY OF IRON SHIPS SHOWN!
BATTLE OF SHILOH
• April 1862• TN & MS borders• North on way to Corinth,
MS - rail center• Surprise attack by South• Terrible, bloody 2-days
with extremely high casualties– more in 2 days than all
battles of Rev. War, War of 1812 & Mexican War combined!
• U.S. Grant for North & Johnston for South
• Grant allows S to retreat;gets demoted
• War no longer seen as “romantic” test of courage
NORTH WON … but Grant realizes the only way the war will be won is by total conquest of South
BATTLE OF BULL RUN -- II
• August 1862• Same Place - Bull Run
Stream, VA (near Washington, D.C.)
• South led by Lee & Jackson• North led by Pope (McClellan
demoted after 7 Days Battles attempting to take Richmond - but gets command again after Pope loses Bull Run II)
• SOUTH WON SOUTH WON again• Significance: Gen. Lee is Gen. Lee is
now encouraged to invade now encouraged to invade the Norththe North
Gen. Stonewall JacksonGen. Stonewall Jackson
September 1862 at Antietam Creek, Sharpsburg, MD
Lee has invaded the North hoping for victory that will give European support
McClellan found Lee’s plans wrapped around cigars & attacked Lee’s divided forces
S lost 11,000 & N lost 13,000 in one day!
NORTH “WON” since Lee retreated back to VA (but … & McClellan fired for good)
North doesn’t have another major victory for a year!
ANTIETAMANTIETAM -Single Bloodiest DayIn U.S. History!
EFFECT:Lincoln issues theEmancipationProclamation
• Abolition pressure by 1862 – Radicals abolished
slavery in DC, then territories
– Confiscation Act - freed all slaves owned by persons in rebellion against US
EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION September 22, 1862
• Why did Lincoln resist emancipation?
• His preference?• Finally issued it - WHY?• Applies where?• How is it different from
Confiscation Act?• Impact in South? In
North?• Result when slaves are
later freed in South?
Emancipation in 1863Emancipation in 1863Emancipation in 1863Emancipation in 1863
FredericksburgDecember 13, 1862
• After ANTIETAM, the SOUTH WINS two major victories in Virginia under Generals Lee & Jackson
• Fredericksburg - December 1862.
• Union Gen. Burnside delayed for more than 2 weeks due to late supplies – Confederate Gen. Lee positioned his army, deploying snipers to easily pick off Federal troops. Burnside retreats with the remnants of his army – fired by Lincoln.
Chancellorsville May, 1863
• North’s Gen. Hooker lost 17,000 men to an army half his size (Hooker then fired)
• South’s Gen. Stonewall Jackson was killed at this battle – by “friendly fire”
• Lee is encouraged to try invading the North again
The Road to Gettysburg: 1863
The Road to Gettysburg: 1863
The Road to The Road to Gettysburg: 1863Gettysburg: 1863
The Road to The Road to Gettysburg: 1863Gettysburg: 1863
GETTYSBURGJuly 1-3, 1863
South - Generals Lee, Longstreet, Pickett – 76,000 North - General Meade – 92,000 men South takes town & force North to high ground South spends next 2 days trying to take the position NORTH WINS; South suffers devastating losses South lost 10,000 in “Pickett’s Charge” alone South - 28,000 lost; North – 23,000 lost TURNING POINT - loss from which the South could
never recover Lee’s 2nd & final invasion of the North Lee retreated on July 4, 1863 Again, Meade doesn’t pursue – 2 more years of war!
Pickett’s Charge
Gettysburg Gettysburg CasualtiesCasualtiesGettysburg Gettysburg CasualtiesCasualties
GETTYSBURG MEMORIAL SERVICESThursday, November 19, 1863
The Gettysburg Address November
19, 1863The speech contains only 272 words, but is considered by most historians to be one of the greatest speeches in American History.
Click on pic to hear Lincoln’s Address
VICKSBURG - May 2-July 4, 1863
• Gen. Ulysses S. Grant for the North
• North is seeking full control of the Miss. River & Grant had made 5 attempts to capture Vicksburg
• Grant surrounds the city & bombards them for more than 6 weeks ----
• starves them out• NORTH WINS – significance?
• now has total control of the MS River
• has cut the S in two -- cut off from TX & AR, its major food source
THE CIVIL WAR ON THE HOMEFRONTEconomies
CONFEDERATES• Inflation; high prices• Collapse of South’s
transportation• Little industry• Many food shortages –
led to food riots• Southern morale down
UNION• Booming economy• Growing industry –
troops well supplied• Many women workers
– Invention of sewing machine by Elias Howe
• Agricultural technology
BLACKS IN THE MILITARYRecruiting Poster
BLACK SOLDIERS GET THEIR CHANCE!
• Many join Union army & navy after the Emancipation Proclamation
• Jan. 1863 – MA Governor establishes one of first black regiments
• 54th Massachusetts – led by Colonel Robert Gould Shaw, 25 year old son of wealthy white, Boston abolitionists
• Union, however, was reluctant to let them fightand will use them primarily in what way?
-manual labor