Fort Sumter: April 12, 1861.
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Transcript of Fort Sumter: April 12, 1861.
Fort Sumter: April 12, 1861
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Confederate States of America (CSA)
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Union states
The shaded states were the loyal border slave states
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MissouriKentucky DelawareMaryland
Border states, allowed slavery, but remained in the Union.
They were necessary for the Union to hold at all costs because the North
needed:– To keep their economic
resources– To keep their manpower for
the Union war effort
Significance of the border states
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Union• Twice as many people • More manpower for fighting • More industry and railroads• Better economy and food
production• Recognition as an
independent nation• Better political leaders
Confederacy• Better military leaders and
military tradition• “The Cause”• Importance of cotton to the
world economy • Fighting on home territory• Fighting a defensive rather
than offensive war
Strengths of the North and South
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Martial law declared in MarylandLincoln was faced with pro-
Southern feelings in Maryland. A few weeks after Fort Sumter, riots erupted in Baltimore, MD
when civilians attacked soldiers from the 6th
Massachusetts Regiment. A mob threw bricks and stones at
the soldiers who opened fire into the crowd. At the end, four soldiers and 12 civilians were
killed. Martial law was declared in the city and federal troops
arrested both government officials and private citizens
who were held in jail. Federal troops occupied the city for the
rest of the war.
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Northern strategy to win the war:“Boa Constrictor” or “Anaconda”
Named for the snake which squeezes its prey to death, the
strategy was designed to strangle the South.
Devised by General Winfield Scott, major elements include:Capture the Confederate capital
city of Richmond and the rest of Virginia
Invade Tennessee to move into the south
Strike along the Mississippi River to split the Confederacy
Blockade all southern ports to prevent imports
This plan helped Grant at the end of the war.
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Southern StrategyThe South desperately
needed support from foreign governments to succeed in
the war because they lacked the resources necessary to win. They believed Europe’s
dependency on Southern cotton would gain their
support. Their strategy was the fight a defensive war and
only attack when victory seemed likely. The two major
offensives by the south at Antietam and Gettysburg
both ended in failures.General Robert E. Lee
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• Offered command of the Union Army
• Waited to see if Virginia would secede
• Virginia seceded the next day, and Lee resigned his commission
Robert E. Lee’s dilemma
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The North mobilized the militaryAt the time of the war, the
northern army had only 16,000 men. Lincoln called for the states to provide
75,000 militia troops. Many joined to collect bounties, a
bonus for joining the military.
Not enough volunteers joined the military, forcing
Congress to pass the Enrollment Act in March of 1863, the first draft in U.S.
history.
Veterans were paid bounties of $400 to re-enlist, while new recruits
were paid $300.
$300 in 2010=$5,000
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Northern men could hire someone to take their place in military service
for $300.Substitutions were legal under the
Enrollment Act of 1863.Substitution rate eventually raised
to $400.Confederate law also allowed for substitutes and exemptions for
planters with more than 20 slaves.Draft riots in New York targeted
those thought to be able to afford substitutes as well as blacks.
The “substitute” system“A rich man’s war…but a poor man’s fight”
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0200,000400,000600,000800,000
1,000,0001,200,0001,400,0001,600,0001,800,0002,000,000
Regular Volunteers Drafted Substitutes
Source ofsoldiers
Civil War soldiers in the North and South. Chart depicts how they joined the military.
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DissentersA dissenter is someone who disagrees. Every wartime President has dealt with dissenters. Although Lincoln respected civil liberties, he had to deal with sedition
(speech that advocates revolution against government).
Lincoln took the following steps to deal with dissenters:
Sent troops to stop protests or riotsSuspended habeas corpus (a citizen’s constitutional right to having formal charges brought up against him in a court of law)Seized telegraph offices
The Supreme Court ruled that Lincoln went beyond his Constitutional authority. He ignored the ruling.
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Lincoln and the CopperheadsLincoln’s major political
opposition came from the Copperheads or Peace Democrats. They were
Northern Democrats who sympathized with the South.The most famous Copperhead
was Congressman Clement Vallandigham of Ohio who
encouraged soldiers to desert and supported an armistice.
He was eventually banished to the South after a military trial.
Jefferson Davis in the south also dealt severe penalties to
northern sympathizers. Vallandigham
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Lincoln appointed McDowellLincoln’s quest for competent military leadership
plagued him through most of the war. He appointed Irwin McDowell as the first General of the Union army. McDowell’s troops were unprepared for battle at the
First Bull Run, but he was pressured to fight. The battle was lost and Lincoln replaced him.