The Civil War and Reconstruction

Goal #3

Causes of Civil War

Land Expansion: Louisiana Purchase and Mexican Cession

Slavery Expansion Sectional Crisis Congressional Gridlock Cultural Differences Tariff of Abominations

Attempts to Resolve the Impending Crisis of the Civil

War Missouri Compromise Compromise of 1850 Dred Scott Decision Kansas-Nebraska Act All efforts temporarily settled the

conflicts, but crisis loomed ahead

North v. South

NORTH Industrial Production to provide the supplies it

needed Factories/Mills More manpower Good transportation systems (roads, railroads,

canals) More money Good leadership

SOUTH Good leadership in the military only Good outdoor skills, riding horses, handling guns Determination to defend their homes “One man defending his home is more powerful

than an army of hired soldiers”

Plans of both sides

NORTH Anaconda Plan Blockade of ports Take the Mississippi River and split

the Confederacy in half Take Richmond Strategic Plan

SOUTH Fight a defensive war and advance

when possible

Leadership

North (good political leadership) Abraham Lincoln President Ulysses S. Grant (head of all Union

forces) General McClellan Farragut

South (good military leadership, but poor political leadership)

Jefferson Davis President General Robert E. Lee Stonewall Jackson

Winning the War

Proved more difficult than the North imagined

Lasted 4 years North had far superior weapons and

supplies

Soldiers

Both sides faced shortages Both sides used the DRAFT to raise

an army First time in US History a draft has

been used Rich man’s war, but a poor man’s

fight

Money

Both sides faced shortages Both sides used the first “income

taxes” to pay for the war

Soldiers

Injuries common No sanitation Germs, infection caused most deaths Surgery was primitive, painful, often ended in

death Amputations frequent Nurses were key to soldiers (Dorothea Dix and

Clara Barton “Angels of Battlefield” South faced such food shortages during the war

that their soldiers faced tremendous suffering, especially POW’s, both sides guilty of atrocities, torture

Andersonville: worst prisoner-of-war camp, located in Georgia

Technology

Civil War was the first photographed war in our history

Ironclad Warships, “Monitor” and “Merrimac”

First submarine “Hunley” New rifles, cannons

Lincoln

Emancipation Proclamation: Jan. 1, 1863 Freed slaves behind enemy lines only Political tool for Lincoln It would be the 13th Amendment that

finally ABOLISHED ALL SLAVERY IN AMERICA

Lincoln believed secession was illegal and the South had never actually left the Union, but his plan for rebuilding the South was going to be lenient

Important BATTLES and Turning Points

Ft. Sumter: a surprising Confederate victory Battle of Bull Run: a surprising Confederate

victory (spectators prevented the North from advancing)

Antietam: single bloodies one-day battle of the Civil War

Battle of Gettysburg (turning point of war) approx 55,000 died, northern victory, after which point the South never made advances

Battle of Vicksburg: North takes Mississippi and splits Confederacy in half (South suffers terrible losses here)

Sherman’s March to the Sea: burned a 20 mile wide path to the sea and eventually the South surrendered (South was completely destroyed physically and emotionally)

The Surrender

Appomattox Court House: April, 1865

Lee surrendered to Grant Dignified Polite Southern troops were sent home with

their side arms and provisions The federal government reigns

SUPREME over the states!!!

Lincoln’s Assassination

April 14, 1865 Booth Theater with his wife, Mary John Wilkes Booth shot him from behind,

was captured and killed (Southern sympathizer)

Lincoln died the next morning Never got to see the country reunited Country mourned! His VP was Andrew Johnson who would

face a difficult situation with Congress

Effects of Civil War

Slavery Abolished by 13th Amendment

Federal Government reigned supreme over the states

Reconstruction1865-1877

To REBUILD the South after the Civil War South was destroyed Lincoln’s assassination hurt South Radical Republicans in Congress gained control over

Reconstruction Lincoln was going to be LENIENT, the Radicals were going

to be extreme, led by Thaddeus Stevens Established 5 military districts in South, Reconstruction Act Amnesty Act: pardoned former Confederates and returned

the right to vote and hold public office Freedmen’s Bureau: organization set up to help poor

people in South after Civil War, food, clothing, education

Johnson’s Presidency

Democrat Lenient towards the South, like

Lincoln Black Codes/ Jim Crow Laws

implemented in South by legislatures to limit the lives of the former slaves, curfew, social laws

Former slaves voted Republican, plantation owners voted Democratic

Civil War Amendments

13th: Abolished Slavery 14th: Equal protection under the law,

if you’re born here, you’re a citizen 15th: guarantee of right to vote

regardless of race or ethnicity

Civil War Acts of 1866

Passed to stop black codes and give rights to African Americans

Vetoed by Johnson but passed with Radical Republicans

Limits on Freedoms in South

Black Codes Jim Crow Laws: undermined the 14th and

15th Amendments Grandfather Clause Restricted rights of former slaves Ku Klux Klan established during

Reconstruction to intimidate African Americans from voting, voting empowers people

Andrew Johnson

1st president ever to be IMPEACHED Impeach means “to question” for

wrongdoing (not throw out of office!) Radicals impeached him for firing an

official he wasn’t supposed to fire, said he violated the TENURE OF OFFICE ACT

He was acquitted and spared by 1 vote He was followed in office by Ulysses S.

Grant whose term was marked by scandal and corruption

END OF RECONSTRUCTION1877

Lasted 12 short years Compromise of 1877, called “The Great Betrayal” North was tired of sinking money into a difficult South,

change was slow Former Confederates wanted the Northerners out of the

South so HOME RULE could return (redemption) 1876 election, North said that if the South would elect

Rutherford Hayes to office, they would end Reconstruction in South and withdraw all troops (Compromise of 1877)

Deal was successful and it all ends in South by 1877 Former slaves left in a position of servitude and poverty

with no federal protection or guarantee of equality, most became tenant farmers or sharecroppers

Civil War and Reconstruction proved to be a test of the supremacy of the NATIONAL GOV’T, no state has ever seceded again!!

Map Civil War

Use p. 262 and 264 to color the southern states GRAY and the northern states NAVY BLUE

On page 264 list of assigned battles P. 262 and p. 233, star the battle sites

using a red star for southern victories and a navy blue star for Union victories. Label the name of battle beside the star.

Make a key. P. 262, draw PIE CHART and label, put on

back of map-have key

Robert Fitzgerald Video (20 pts. Each)

1. Why did Robert Fitzgerald move to NC? 2. What was his profession after the war? 3. In what ways did the Freedmen’s

Bureau help people in the South? 4. Describe his students (their willingness

to learn). Describe students today? Are there similarities or differences? Explain.

5. Based on your study of Reconstruction, would you argue that it was a SUCCESS or a FAILURE?