The Chemical Senses and Nutrition · Sensory stimuli in foods influence health through: Food choice...
58
The Chemical Senses and Nutrition Richard D. Mattes, MPH, PhD, RD Purdue University West Lafayette, IN, USA Laboratory for Sensory and Ingestive Studies
Transcript of The Chemical Senses and Nutrition · Sensory stimuli in foods influence health through: Food choice...
The Chemical Senses and Nutrition
Richard D. Mattes, MPH, PhD, RD
Purdue University
West Lafayette, IN, USA
Laboratory for Sensory and Ingestive Studies
Focus on
Sweet and Fat
and
Energy Balance
HypothesisSweetness
Sweeteners
Palatability
Promotes excess consumption leading to the onset and complications of various chronic disorders (e.g., dental caries, obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, fatty liver, etc.)
Saltiness
Salty substances
Palatability
Fattiness
Fatty Acids
Palatability
A Few General Comments
What is your Favorite Color?
Hedonics:
Liking
Preference
Decisions:
Choice
Quantity
Modify
Sensation:
Threshold
Intensity
Quality
Behavior:
Consume-Reject
Portion
Frequency
Anthropometrics
Weight
Composition
Genetics
Epigenetics Culture
Health Beliefs Recent Diet
Social Context
Metabolism
Health Status
Hedonics:
Liking
Preference
Decisions:
Choice
Quantity
Modify
Sensation:
Threshold
Intensity
Quality
Behavior:
Consume-Reject
Portion
Frequency
Anthropometrics
Weight
Composition
Hedonics:
Liking
Preference
Decisions:
Choice
Quantity
Modify
Sensation:
Threshold
Intensity
Quality
Behavior:
Consume-Reject
Portion
Frequency
Anthropometrics
Weight
Composition
?
Mechanism?•Lower taste sensitivity or responsiveness promotes a compensatory increase in intake leading to positive energy balance, insulin resistance…
•Higher taste sensitivity or responsiveness is rewarding and promotes an increase in intake leading to positive energy balance, insulin resistance…
HypothesisSweetness
Sweeteners
Palatability
Promotes excess consumption leading to the onset and complications of various chronic disorders (e.g., dental caries, obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, fatty liver, etc.)
Rogers et al., IJO 2015; doi:10.1038/ijo.2015.177
RCT’s: Substitution of NS with LCS
HypothesisSweetness
Sweeteners
Palatability
Promotes excess consumption leading to the onset and complications of various chronic disorders (e.g., dental caries, obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, fatty liver, etc.)
Te Morenga L et al., BMJ 2012;345”e7492 doi: 10.1136/bmj.e7492
Iso-Energetic Substitution of Sugar Intake
HypothesisSweetness
Sweeteners
Palatability
Promotes excess consumption leading to the onset and complications of various chronic disorders (e.g., dental caries, obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, fatty liver, etc.)
Witherly et al., Appetite 1980;1:53-63.
RECENT PROVOCATİVE QUESTİONS
• Oral sensing – activation of reward centers
• Microbiota – energy extraction
• Gut peptide secretion – appetitive signaling
• Rodent studies – stimulation of appetite and energy intake
• Epidemiological studies – positive association between HIS use and BMI
Woods SC. Cell Metab 2009;9:489-498.Duca & Covasa Br J Nutr 2012; 108: 778-793Hagan & Niswender. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2012;58:149-153
1960’s – 1970’s 1980’s – 2010’s 2010’s – Present
Hunger
Meal Initiation
Fullness
Meal SizeReward
???
Endogenous Signals
(e.g., Insulin, Leptin)Hypothalamus
Frontal Cortex
Amygdala
Acumbens
etc.
Neural Connections
Exogenous Signals
(e.g., Drugs, Foods)
HomeostaticNon
Homeostatic
Endogenous Signals
(e.g., Insulin, Leptin)Hypothalamus
Frontal Cortex
Amygdala
Acumbens
etc.
Neural Connections
Exogenous Signals
(e.g., Drugs, Foods)
HomeostaticNon
Homeostatic
HYPER-PALATABLE FOODS
• High fat
• High sugar
• Energy dense
• Highly processed
CONSİDER
• Was food less palatable earlier in time?
• If highly processed foods are addictive because they are rapidly
absorbed, why is fat implicated?
• There is no evidence linking any specific nutrient or food to
addictive behavior – any food can be rewarding when hungry
• Best estimates are addiction is present only in <5% of the
population, so does not account for obesity prevalence
RECENT PROVOCATİVE QUESTİONS
• Oral sensing – activation of reward centers
• Microbiota – energy extraction
• Gut peptide secretion – appetitive signaling
• Rodent studies – stimulation of appetite and energy intake
• Epidemiological studies – positive association between HIS use and BMI
Palmnas et al., PLOSone 2014;9:e109841
Suez et al., Nature 2014 doi:10.1038/nature13793
Palmnas et al., PLOSone 2014;9:e109841
RECENT PROVOCATİVE QUESTİONS
• Oral sensing – activation of reward centers
• Microbiota – energy extraction
• Gut peptide secretion – appetitive signaling
• Rodent studies – stimulation of appetite and energy intake
• Epidemiological studies – positive association between HIS use and BMI
Mace et al., J Physiol 2007;582:379-392.
30
31
32
Azari et al., Am J Clin Nutr 2017;105:1001-1009
Cephalic Phase Responses
Just et al., Appetite 2008;51:622-627
Teff et al., 1993;42:1600-1608
Escandon-Calles J, Robbins DC. Diabetes 1987; 36:1167.
RECENT PROVOCATİVE QUESTİONS
• Oral sensing – activation of reward centers
• Microbiota – energy extraction
• Gut peptide secretion – appetitive signaling
• Rodent studies – stimulation of appetite and energy intake
• Epidemiological studies – positive association between HIS use and BMI
Swithers & Davidson Behav Neurosci 2008;122:161-173.
CONDİTİONİNG EQUİVALENT TO:
• 2.2 year old infant
• 1.8 liters of sweetened beverage/day
• 265 days
Fig. 2. Effects of sweet taste on measures of cumulative energy intake across the day in HASB and LASB. Hashed bars
represent LASB, solid bars represent HASB. In each pair, the dark bars on the left represent consumption after the W preload,
the pale bars on the right represent consumption after the AS preload. ⁎Significant differences ( pb0.05) between Wand AS
preloads in LASB, no differences in HASB. #Significant differences ( pb0.05) between LASB and HASB, independent of
preload.
Appleton & Blundell. Physiol Behav 2007;92:479-486.
RECENT PROVOCATİVE QUESTİONS
• Oral sensing – activation of reward centers
• Microbiota – energy extraction
• Gut peptide secretion – appetitive signaling
• Rodent studies – stimulation of appetite and energy intake
• Epidemiological studies – positive association between HIS use and BMI
Miller & Perez AJCN 2014;100:765-777
RCT trials -
Replacement
of NS with HIS
All Participants Age
Sex Food Form
Elements of a Taste PrimaryPurpose
Defined class of effective stimuli
Specialized transduction mechanism(s)
Signal conveyed by gustatory system
Perceptible and unique
Signal evokes a behavioral and/or physiological response
Present View Dietary fats are primarily in the form of Triacylglycerol and they provide an appetitive signal
Most evidence indicates humans can only “taste” non-esterified fatty acids Free fatty acids are typically aversive to humans
Consequently
In humans, fat taste is likely to function as a
warning system to discourage fat ingestion
Elements of a Taste PrimaryPurpose
Defined class of effective stimuli
Specialized transduction mechanism(s)
Signal conveyed by gustatory system
Perceptible and unique
Signal evokes a behavioral and/or physiological response
Tucker et al., Chem Senses 2015;doi:10.1093/chemse/bjv040
No limits on number of groups or samples per group
Avoid using the word “taste”
Generates a matrix for each panelist
Courcoux, Qannari, Taylor, Buck, Greenhoff 2012
A B
A B
Running et al., Chem Senses 2015; doi:1093/chemse/bjv036
“Oleogustus”
Tucker et al., PLoS One 2017;DPI:10.1371/journal.pone.0169583
Elements of a Taste PrimaryPurpose
Defined class of effective stimuli
Specialized transduction mechanism(s)
Signal conveyed by gustatory system
Perceptible and unique
Signal evokes a behavioral and/or physiological response
Without Oral Fat Stimulation/With Oral Fat Stimulation
Mattes RD. J Nutr 2002; 132: 3656-3662.
Chavez-Jauregui et al., Gastroenterology 2010;139:1538-1548
Implications of Fat Taste and a
Cephalic Phase Fat Response
1. Public Health:
CVD, Obesity Risk
2. Clinical Practice:
Phantogeusia/Dysgeusia
3. Food Industry
Develop Fat Replacers or improved flavor profile
4. Basic Biology
Summary
Sensory stimuli in foods influence health through:
Food choice
Physiological responses to food ingestion
Relationships between single sensations and intake
and/or disease risks are questionable, but food
choice and physiology can be targets for health
interventions
