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Transcript of The Biological Bases of Behavior Chapter Neurons: The Building Blocks of the Nervous System Module...
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The Biological Bases of Behavior Chapter
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Neurons: The Building Blocks
of the Nervous System
Module 6: The Nervous System and the Endocrine System
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Nerves
• A system of cells in the body
• Sends messages from the brain to the body for movement
• Sends messages from the senses to the brain
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Neuron
• A nerve cell
• Cells in the brain and body that:
– Receive information
– Carry the information to the next neuron
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Parts of the Neuron
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Parts of the Neuron - Dendrites
Dendrite – The branching extensions of a neuron that receive information and conduct impulses toward the cell body
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Parts of the Neuron - Soma
Soma – The cell body of a neuron, which contains the nucleus and other parts that keep the cell healthy
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Parts of the Neuron - Axon
Axon – The extension of a neuron through which neural impulses are sent
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Parts of the Neuron – Myelin Sheath
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Parts of the Neuron - Terminals
Axon terminals – The endpoint of a neuron where neurotransmitters are stored
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How Neurons Communicate:
Communication Between Neurons
Module 6: The Nervous System and the Endocrine System
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Action Potential
• The electrical signal that travels down the axon of a neuron
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Synapse
• A small space between two neurons. It is full of liquid.
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Neurotransmitter
• A chemical that sends a signal from one neuron to another neuron
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Neurotransmitters
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Journal Writing
Thinking about how neurons and neurotransmitters work, write about these questions:
--How does pain medicine work?
--How does alcohol make people feel happy?
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Neurotransmitters
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Drugs help us by:
1.Starting good signals in neurons
OR
2. Stopping bad signals from neurons
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Various effects of drugs on synapses:
DRUG ACTION EFFECT
Act like a neurotransmitter Start action potential
Tell a terminal to send a neurotransmitter
Start action potential
Tell a dendrite to receive more neurotransmitters
Start action potential
Close the holes in dendrites Stop action potential
Stop action potentialStop electrical movement in the axons
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QuickTime™ and aTIFF (LZW) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
Methamphetamine alters Dopamine movement in two ways:
1. Tells terminals to send dopamine neurotransmitters
2. Makes dendrites take in more dopamine neurotransmitters
NIH Publication No. 00-4871
seattlepi.nwsource.com/ methamphetamines/
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Problems……
1. After the drug wears off, there are no more dopamine neurotransmitters. The user cannot feel good until they take more Methamphetamine
2. Long-term use of methamphetamine causes dopamine axons to wither and die.
4. To see an animation on cocaine and brain synapses, click here.
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A Neural Chain
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A Neural Chain
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A Neural Chain
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A Neural Chain
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A Neural Chain
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How Neurons Communicate:
The Neural Impulse
Module 6: The Nervous System and the Endocrine System
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Action Potential
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Refractory Period
• The “recharging phase” during which a a neuron, after firing, cannot generate another action potential
• Once the refractory period is complete the neuron can fire again
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Refractory Period
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Resting Potential
• The state of a neuron when it is at rest and capable of generating an action potential
• The neuron is set and ready to fire
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All-or-None Principle
• The principle stating that if a neuron fires it always fires at the same intensity
• All action potentials are of the same strength.
• A neuron does NOT fire at 30%, 45% or 90% but at 100% each time it fires.
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Excitatory Effect
• A neurotransmitter effect that makes it more likely that the receiving neuron will generate an action potential or “fire”
• The second neuron is more likely to fire.
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Inhibitory Effect
• A neurotransmitter effect that makes it less likely that the receiving neuron will generate an action potential or “fire”
• The second neuron is less likely to fire.
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How Neurons Communicate:
The Neural Chain
Module 6: The Nervous System and the Endocrine System
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Receptor Cells
• Specialized cells in the sensory systems of the body that can turn other kinds of energy into action potentials (neural impulses) that the brain can process
• Receptor cells in the eye turn light into a neural impulse the brain understands.
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Sensory Nerves
• Nerves that carry information from the sensory receptors to the spinal cord and brain.
• Connect the sense organs to the brain and spinal cord
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Interneurons
• Nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord responsible for processing information
• Related to sensory input and motor output
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Motor Nerves
• Nerves that carry information from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles and glands.
• Carries messages from the brain and spinal cord to other parts of your body
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The Structure of the Nervous System
Module 6: The Nervous System and the Endocrine System
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The Nervous System
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Central Nervous System (CNS)
• The brain and spinal cord
• The brain is the location of most information processing.
• The spinal cord is the main pathway to and from the brain.
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Divisions of the Nervous System
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Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
• The sensory and motor nerves that connect the brain and the spinal cord to the rest of the body
• Peripheral means “outer region”
• The system is subdivided into the somatic and autonomic nervous systems.
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Divisions of the Nervous System
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Somatic Nervous System
• The division of the peripheral nervous system that controls the body’s skeletal muscles
• Contains the motor nerves needed for the voluntary muscles
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Divisions of the Nervous System
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Autonomic Nervous System
• The division of the peripheral nervous system that controls the glands and muscles of the internal organs
• Monitors the autonomic functions• Controls breathing, blood pressure, and
digestive processes• Sub-divided into the sympathetic and
parasympathetic nervous systems
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Divisions of the Nervous System
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Sympathetic Nervous System
• The part of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body to deal with perceived threats
• Fight or flight response
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Divisions of the Nervous System
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Parasympathetic Nervous System
• The part of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body
• Brings the body back down to a relaxed state
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Divisions of the Nervous System
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The Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System
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The Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System
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The Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System
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The Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System
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The Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System
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The Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System
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The Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System
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The Endocrine System
Module 6: The Nervous System and the Endocrine System
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Endocrine System
• One of the body’s two communication systems
• A set of glands that produce hormones-- chemical messengers that circulate in the blood
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Hormone
• Chemical messengers produced by the endocrine glands and circulated in the blood
• Similar to neurotransmitters in that they are also messengers
• Slower communication system, but with longer lasting effects
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Pituitary Gland
• The endocrine system’s gland that, in conjunction with the brain, controls the other endocrine glands
• Called the “master gland”
• Located at the base of the brain and connects to the hypothalamus
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Endocrine System – Pituitary Gland
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Thyroid Gland
• Endocrine gland that helps regulate the energy level in the body
• Located in the neck
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Endocrine System – Thyroid Gland
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Adrenal Gland
• Endocrine glands that help to arouse the body in times of stress
• Located just above the kidneys
• Release epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline)
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Endocrine System – Adrenal Gland
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Pancreatic Gland
• Regulates the level of blood sugar in the blood
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Endocrine System – Pancreatic Gland
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Sex Glands
• Ovaries (females) and testes (males) are the glands that influence emotion and physical development.
• Testosterone – primary males hormone• Estrogen – primary female hormone• Males and females have both estrogen
and testosterone in their systems.
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Endocrine System – Sex Glands
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The End
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