THE AUTO-OIL PROCESS - MECA · 3 Slide 5 Development of Auto-Oil II l Auto-Oil II programme was...

1

Enterprise Directorate General

European Commission

Part 1:Part 1: Regulatory Developments Regulatory Developments in Europein Europe

Asian Vehicle Emission Control Asian Vehicle Emission Control Conference (AVECC)Conference (AVECC)

Bangkok 2001Bangkok 2001

Dr Paul GreeningDr Paul Greening

Enterprise DirectorateEnterprise Directorate--GeneralGeneral

THE AUTOTHE AUTO--OIL PROCESSOIL PROCESS

2

Slide Slide 33

History: AutoHistory: Auto--Oil IOil Ill AutoAuto--Oil I programme started in 1992;Oil I programme started in 1992;ll Aim Aim -- to set vehicle emission and fuel to set vehicle emission and fuel

quality standards for 2000 and beyond;quality standards for 2000 and beyond;ll Elements:Elements:

–– studies on the development of vehicle studies on the development of vehicle emissions;emissions;

–– modelling to predict resulting air quality;modelling to predict resulting air quality;–– research on fuelresearch on fuel--vehicle emission vehicle emission

interactionsinteractions–– costcost--effectiveness optimisation.effectiveness optimisation.

Slide Slide 44

History: AutoHistory: Auto--Oil IOil IAutoAuto--Oil I reported in 1996 resulting in:Oil I reported in 1996 resulting in:

ll Euro 3 and 4 emission limits for Euro 3 and 4 emission limits for passenger cars and lightpassenger cars and light--duty vehicles;duty vehicles;

ll Euro 3, 4 and 5 emission limits for Euro 3, 4 and 5 emission limits for heavyheavy--duty vehicles;duty vehicles;

ll Fuel quality specifications;Fuel quality specifications;

ll Improved methods for roadworthiness Improved methods for roadworthiness testing.testing.

3

Slide Slide 55

Development of AutoDevelopment of Auto--Oil II Oil II ll AutoAuto--Oil II programme was originally Oil II programme was originally

conceived to complete, confirm or conceived to complete, confirm or amend the 2005 (Euro 4) standards;amend the 2005 (Euro 4) standards;

ll Programme redirected following the Programme redirected following the agreements on the Autoagreements on the Auto--Oil I Oil I Directives;Directives;

ll New objectives focused more on New objectives focused more on projections, nonprojections, non--technical measures and technical measures and other emission sources.other emission sources.

Slide Slide 66

ll Prediction of future road transport Prediction of future road transport emissions and air quality to identify emissions and air quality to identify where further effort is needed;where further effort is needed;

ll Identify possible packages of Identify possible packages of complimentary measures for road complimentary measures for road transport to help achieve air quality transport to help achieve air quality objectives;objectives;

ll Estimate costs and effects of policy Estimate costs and effects of policy scenarios.scenarios.

AutoAuto--Oil II: revised aimsOil II: revised aims

4

Slide Slide 77

ll Stakeholders involvement (Member Stakeholders involvement (Member States, European Parliament, States, European Parliament, NGO’sNGO’s, , industry);industry);

ll Estimate emissions from other sectors to Estimate emissions from other sectors to identify additional measures;identify additional measures;

ll Consistent framework for assessing a Consistent framework for assessing a range of policy options range of policy options èèèè tools and tools and databases;databases;

ll Integrated approach to consider impact on Integrated approach to consider impact on emissions not targeted, e.g. COemissions not targeted, e.g. CO22..

AutoAuto--Oil II: principlesOil II: principles

Slide Slide 88

Scenarios: road transportScenarios: road transportll Projected emissions estimated from Projected emissions estimated from

AutoAuto--Oil II base case;Oil II base case;ll BusinessBusiness--asas--usual for EU15 over 1990usual for EU15 over 1990--

2010;2010;ll Road transport base case:Road transport base case:

–– latest emission and fuel requirements;latest emission and fuel requirements;–– national forecasts;national forecasts;–– traffic forecasts;traffic forecasts;–– vehicle stock, costs and prices.vehicle stock, costs and prices.

5

Slide Slide 99

Key results: road transportKey results: road transportll Emissions from road transport falling to Emissions from road transport falling to

less than 20% of the 1995 levels by 2020 less than 20% of the 1995 levels by 2020 despite growth in demand;despite growth in demand;

ll By contrast, COBy contrast, CO22 emissions will still rise emissions will still rise before stabilising around 2005;before stabilising around 2005;

ll Results for particulate emissions refer Results for particulate emissions refer only to diesel;only to diesel;

ll While the results are for total EU While the results are for total EU emissions, there will be considerable emissions, there will be considerable regional variations.regional variations.

Slide Slide 1010

Road transport base caseRoad transport base case

0,0

0,2

0,4

0,6

0,8

1,0

1,2

1,4

1,6

1,8

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020

Traffic CO2 CO NOx VOC PM1990=1

6

Slide Slide 1111

Key results: air qualityKey results: air qualityll Large improvement in air quality by Large improvement in air quality by

2010;2010;

ll Several objectives will still not be met, Several objectives will still not be met, in particular emissions ofin particular emissions of particulatesparticulates;;

ll Total elimination of road transport Total elimination of road transport emissions will not be enough to remove emissions will not be enough to remove all all exceedences exceedences by 2010;by 2010;

ll Future measures must target other Future measures must target other sectors.sectors.

Slide Slide 1212

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

14000

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020

kt

Waste

Solvent

Road transport

Process

Other mobile

Fuel extraction

Combustion: non-industry

Combustion: industry

Combustion: energy

Agriculture

Nitrogen oxides

AutoAuto--Oil II base case Oil II base case NOxNOx

7

Slide Slide 1313

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020

kt

Waste

Solvent

Road transport: Non exhaust

Road transport: Gasoline exhaust

Road transport: Diesel exhaust

Process

Other mobile

Fuel extraction

Combustion: non-industry

Combustion: industry

Combustion: energy

Agriculture

Particulate matter < 10 microns

AutoAuto--Oil II base case PMOil II base case PM1010

Slide Slide 1414

Pollutant

Reduction in EUEmissions 1995-

2010(1995 = 100)

Roadtransport as% of totalemissions in

1995

Roadtransport as% of totalemissions in

2010Nitrogen Oxides 57 44% 24%Sulphur dioxide 49 1,5%

8

Slide Slide 1515

Key results: vehiclesKey results: vehiclesll Analysis limited due to agreement of Analysis limited due to agreement of

the Autothe Auto--Oil I directives;Oil I directives;

ll CostCost--effective solutions for effective solutions for motorcycles:motorcycles:

–– up to 3% reduction in total transport up to 3% reduction in total transport VOC’sVOC’s possible;possible;

ll Some encouragement for captive fleets:Some encouragement for captive fleets:

–– retroretro--fitting of particulate traps.fitting of particulate traps.

Slide Slide 1616

Key results: fuelsKey results: fuelsll Selected scenarios aimed at reducing PM Selected scenarios aimed at reducing PM

and VOC emissions;and VOC emissions;ll Analysis based on AutoAnalysis based on Auto--Oil I predictive Oil I predictive

equations (EPEFE);equations (EPEFE);ll Reductions of sulphur content below Reductions of sulphur content below

50ppm were not studied;50ppm were not studied;ll Modest reductions predicted; tradeModest reductions predicted; trade--off off

between VOC and between VOC and NOxNOx;;ll Some encouragement for city and Some encouragement for city and

alternative fuelsalternative fuels

9

Slide Slide 1717

Key results: others areasKey results: others areasll I&M:I&M:

–– only 15% of high polluters currently only 15% of high polluters currently identified by present I&M methods;identified by present I&M methods;

–– importance of OBD highlighted;importance of OBD highlighted;ll NonNon--technical measures:technical measures:

–– scenarios tested in Athens and Lyon;scenarios tested in Athens and Lyon;–– many cost effective solutions available;many cost effective solutions available;

ll Excise duty has little effect, but Excise duty has little effect, but registration and circulation taxes can have registration and circulation taxes can have more effect on emissions.more effect on emissions.

Slide Slide 1818

Lessons learnedLessons learnedll AutoAuto--Oil II innovative in terms of Oil II innovative in terms of

stakeholder participation and its stakeholder participation and its integrated, scienceintegrated, science--based approach;based approach;

ll Experience has led to key lessons Experience has led to key lessons concerning flexibility, balanced concerning flexibility, balanced stakeholder involvement, information stakeholder involvement, information gaps, need to address other sources, gaps, need to address other sources, and timeliness.and timeliness.

10

Slide Slide 1919

Future of AQ policyFuture of AQ policyll Key remaining challenges in 2010 are Key remaining challenges in 2010 are

particulatesparticulates and ozone (plus localised and ozone (plus localised NONO22 exceedancesexceedances););

ll Emerging problems (PAH?), need for Emerging problems (PAH?), need for monitoring;monitoring;

ll Clean Air for Europe programme;Clean Air for Europe programme;

ll Close relationship with climate change Close relationship with climate change and European Climate Change and European Climate Change Programme.Programme.

Slide Slide 2020

AutoAuto--Oil IIOil IIMore detailed information on the AutoMore detailed information on the Auto--Oil II programme can be found on the Oil II programme can be found on the European Commission webEuropean Commission web--site at:site at:

http://europa.eu.int/comm/environment/http://europa.eu.int/comm/environment/autooil/index.htmautooil/index.htm

11

PASSENGER CARS &PASSENGER CARS &LIGHT COMMERCIAL LIGHT COMMERCIAL

VEHICLESVEHICLES

Directive 98/69/ECDirective 98/69/EC

Slide Slide 2222

Petrol carsPetrol cars

2010

2008

2006

2004

2002

2000

1998

1996

1994

1992

1990

1988

1986

1984

HC+NOx

NOx

CO

0

20

40

60

80

100

% reduction

Euro I Euro II Euro III Euro IV

12

Slide Slide 2323

ll Revised dynamometer test cycle;Revised dynamometer test cycle;ll Mandatory 2000 & 2005 emission Mandatory 2000 & 2005 emission

limits;limits;ll New low temperature test;New low temperature test;ll Higher durability distance from 2005;Higher durability distance from 2005;ll Revised evaporative emissions test;Revised evaporative emissions test;ll InIn--use conformity testing;use conformity testing;ll OnOn--board diagnostics.board diagnostics.


Session 4

Slide Slide 2424

RevisedRevised dynodyno test cycletest cycle

UDCUDC EUDCEUDC

Initial 40 seconds warm-up (no sampling) now

deleted

Sampling from‘key-on’

13

Slide Slide 2525

CO(g/km)

HC(g/km)

NOx(g/km)

HC+NOx(g/km)

PM(g/km)

Petrol Diesel Petrol D Petrol Diesel P Diesel Diesel

20002.3

(30%)0.64(40%)

0.20(40%)

-0.15(40%)

0.50(20-40%)

-0.56

(20-40%)0.05

(35-50%)

20051.0

(70%)0.50(54%)

0.10(70%)

-0.08(68%)

0.25(60-70%)

-0.30

(58-68%)0.025

(68-75%)

ll Table shows limits and percentage Table shows limits and percentage reductions from 1996 levels, accounting reductions from 1996 levels, accounting for the revised Type I test cycle.for the revised Type I test cycle.

Limits Limits -- cars andcars and lcv’slcv’s II

CO(g/km)

HC(g/km)

NOx(g/km)

HC+NOx(g/km)

PM(g/km)

Petrol Diesel Petrol D Petrol Diesel P Diesel Diesel

20002.3

(30%)0.64(40%)

0.20(40%)

-0.15(40%)

0.50(20-40%)

-0.56

(20-40%)0.05

(35-50%)

Slide Slide 2626

DateCO

(g/km)HC

(g/km)Date

Cars & lcv class I Jan 2002 15 1.8 1/1/2002

lcv class II Jan 2003 27 3.2 1/1/2003

lcv class III Jan 2003 34 4.0 1/1/2003

ll Applicable to cars and light commercial Applicable to cars and light commercial vehicles with positivevehicles with positive--ignition engines;ignition engines;

ll Test temperature Test temperature --7°C over 4 repeats 7°C over 4 repeats of the urban drive cycle (UDC):of the urban drive cycle (UDC):

DateCO

(g/km)HC

(g/km)Date

Cars & lcv class I Jan 2002 15 1.8 1/1/2002

Low temperature testLow temperature test

14

Slide Slide 2727

ll Dedicated gas vehicles and vehicles Dedicated gas vehicles and vehicles with small petrol tank (for starting with small petrol tank (for starting only) are not tested;only) are not tested;

ll Vehicles that can switch between petrol Vehicles that can switch between petrol and LPG or NG are tested;and LPG or NG are tested;

ll Council is discussing this Council is discussing this -- and some and some countries prefer lower HC limits;countries prefer lower HC limits;

ll Will be resolved in midWill be resolved in mid--2001 after co2001 after co--decision with European Parliament.decision with European Parliament.

Low temperature testLow temperature test

Slide Slide 2828

Revised durability distanceRevised durability distanceTested over the ‘Type V’ durability test:Tested over the ‘Type V’ durability test:

For 2000:For 2000:

ll Durability remains at 80,000 km or 5 Durability remains at 80,000 km or 5 years (whichever occurs first);years (whichever occurs first);

For 2005:For 2005:

ll Durability distance rises to 100,000 km Durability distance rises to 100,000 km or 5 years (whichever occurs first).or 5 years (whichever occurs first).

15

Slide Slide 2929

Evaporative emissionsEvaporative emissionsll Revised test simulates conditions of car Revised test simulates conditions of car

parked after use in direct sunlight;parked after use in direct sunlight;ll Better represents real conditions and Better represents real conditions and

improved laboratory techniques;improved laboratory techniques;ll More severe vehicle preMore severe vehicle pre--conditioning conditioning

(driving);(driving);ll Longer 24Longer 24--hour diurnal evaporative hour diurnal evaporative

emission test after vehicle exposed to emission test after vehicle exposed to higher temperature.higher temperature.

HEAVYHEAVY--DUTY VEHICLESDUTY VEHICLES


16

Slide Slide 3131

ll More stringent emission limits More stringent emission limits applicable from October 2000, October applicable from October 2000, October 2005 and October 2008;2005 and October 2008;

ll New dynamometer test cycles for type New dynamometer test cycles for type approval (certification);approval (certification);

ll Additional requirements applicable from Additional requirements applicable from 2005:2005:–– Durability;Durability;–– OnOn--Board Diagnostics;Board Diagnostics;–– InIn--use conformity checking;use conformity checking;

Euro 3, 4 and 5Euro 3, 4 and 5

Slide Slide 3232

EEuropean uropean SSteady teady CCycle (ESC)ycle (ESC)

Engine speedEngine speedidle AA BB CC0

20

40

60

80

100 PPmaxmax

70% of P70% of Pmaxmax

50 % of P50 % of Pmaxmax

n lo nref nhi

= ===

NOxNOxControl Control AreaArea

Net power [% of net Pmax] Pmax

70% of Pmax50% of Pmax

= =

17

Slide Slide 3333

Engine speedEngine speedidleAA BB CC

0

25

50

75

100LoadLoad

1007550

10%

10%

10%

9%8%

5%

5%

5%

8%

5%

5%

5%

15%


Mode Speed Load1 idle -2 A 1003 B 504 B 755 A 506 A 757 A 258 B 1009 B 25

10 C 10011 C 2512 C 7513 C 50

Slide Slide 3434


Engine speedEngine speedAA BB CC

0

20

40

60

80

100

×× ××

××

RandomRandom NOxNOxtest pointstest points

18

Slide Slide 3535

LLooaadd

110000%%

1100%%

AA

BB

CCSelected Point

Cycle 1 Cycle 2 Cycle 3 Cycle 4

TTiimmee

Speed

EEuropean uropean LLoad oad RResponse (ELR)esponse (ELR)

Slide Slide 3636

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

0 300 600 900 1200 1500 1800

Time in sec

Veh

icle

Sp

eed

in k

m/h

UrbanUrban RuralRural MotorwaysMotorways

EEuropean uropean TTransient ransient CCycle (ETC)ycle (ETC)

19

Slide Slide 3737

ll ESC and ELR cycles:ESC and ELR cycles:–– Conventional diesel engines including those Conventional diesel engines including those

with electronic fuel injection, EGR and/or with electronic fuel injection, EGR and/or oxidation catalysts.oxidation catalysts.

ll ESC, ELR and ETC cycles:ESC, ELR and ETC cycles:–– Diesel engines with advanced exhaust Diesel engines with advanced exhaust

afterafter--treatment includingtreatment including deNOxdeNOx and/or and/or particulate traps.particulate traps.

ll ETC cycle onlyETC cycle only -- Gas fuelled engines.Gas fuelled engines.

Test cycles Euro 3Test cycles Euro 3

Slide Slide 3838

ll ESC, ELR and ETC cycles:ESC, ELR and ETC cycles:–– All diesel engines.All diesel engines.

ll ETC cycle only:ETC cycle only:–– Gas fuelled engines.Gas fuelled engines.

Test cycles Euro 4 and 5Test cycles Euro 4 and 5

20

Slide Slide 3939

Euro 3 provides a 30% reduction over Euro 3 provides a 30% reduction over Euro 2 (1996).Euro 2 (1996).

ll ESC and ELR cycles:ESC and ELR cycles:g/kWh CO HC NOx Particulates Smoke (m-1)

Euro 3 2.1 0.66 5.0 0.10 / 0.13 0.8

ll ETC cycle:ETC cycle:g/kWh CO NMHC NOx CH4 Particulates

Euro 3 5.45 0.78 5.0 1.6 0.16 / 0.21

Euro 3 limits (2000)Euro 3 limits (2000)

Slide Slide 4040

Euro 4 provides additional reductions of Euro 4 provides additional reductions of 30% in CO, HC and30% in CO, HC and NOxNOx and 80% inand 80% inparticulatesparticulates over Euro 3.over Euro 3.


Euro 4 1.5 0.46 3.5 0.02 0.5


Euro 4 4.0 0.55 3.5 1.1 0.03


21

Slide Slide 4141

From 1 October 2008, theFrom 1 October 2008, the NOxNOx limit on limit on both the ESC and the ETC cycles will be both the ESC and the ETC cycles will be 2.0 g/kWh2.0 g/kWh..““However, no later than the end of 2002, the However, no later than the end of 2002, the Commission shall consider the available technology Commission shall consider the available technology with a view to confirming the mandatorywith a view to confirming the mandatory NOxNOxstandard for 2008 in a report to the European standard for 2008 in a report to the European Parliament and the Council, accompanied, if Parliament and the Council, accompanied, if necessary, by appropriate proposals.”necessary, by appropriate proposals.”

Study will commence in early 2001.Study will commence in early 2001.


Slide Slide 4242

NOxNOx reductionreduction

Engine control

measures

EGRVariable geometry turbo-charger

Fuel injection timing

Exhaust treatment measures

urea-SCR

catalyst

NOx adsorber

Active & Passsive

HC-deNOx

22

Slide Slide 4343

H S OV

urea

(NH2)2CO

ExhaustGas

Hydrolysis Catalyst (H)

(NH2)2CO + H2O → 2NH3 + CO2

SCR Catalyst (S)

4NH3 + 4NO + O2 → 4N2 + 6H2O

2NH3 + NO + NO2 → 2N2 + 3H2O

8NH3 + 6NO2 → 7N2 + 12H2O

Oxidation Catalyst (O)

4NH3 + 3O2 → 2N2 + 6H2O

Oxidation Catalyst (V)

2NO + O2 → 2NO24HC + 3O2 → 2CO2 + 2H2O

2CO + O2 → 2CO2

ureaurea--SCRSCR

Source - AECC

Slide Slide 4444

ll Permissive EEV target values are Permissive EEV target values are introduced in Directive 1999/96/EC: introduced in Directive 1999/96/EC:


EEV 1.5 0.25 2.0 0.02 0.15


EEV 3.0 0.4 2.0 0.65 0.02

EEV concept: target valuesEEV concept: target values

23

Slide Slide 4545

ConcernsConcernsll It seems possible that manufacturers It seems possible that manufacturers

may meet the Euro 4 PM limits without may meet the Euro 4 PM limits without using traps;using traps;

ll Some political concern about this;Some political concern about this;

ll Work on developing measuring Work on developing measuring procedures for PM size and number is procedures for PM size and number is progressing and recent initiatives will progressing and recent initiatives will speedspeed--up this process.up this process.

Slide Slide 4646

2010

2008

2006

2004

2002

2000

1998

1996

1994

1992

1990

1988

1986

1984

1982

1980

NOx

PM010

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

% reduction

Euro I Euro II Euro III Euro IV Euro V

HeavyHeavy--duty vehicles on ETCduty vehicles on ETC

24

Slide Slide 4747

Proposals to comeProposals to comell Proposals are due in the first half of Proposals are due in the first half of

2001 covering:2001 covering:–– OBD;OBD;

–– InIn--use conformity testing;use conformity testing;

–– Durability provisions;Durability provisions;

–– Measuring procedure for Euro 4 PM Measuring procedure for Euro 4 PM --ISO are working on this issue.ISO are working on this issue.

Slide Slide 4848

ll Earlier this year found that some Euro 3 Earlier this year found that some Euro 3 engines were using control strategies;engines were using control strategies;

ll Defeat devices are prohibited but typeDefeat devices are prohibited but type--approval authority needs to be approval authority needs to be ‘suspicious’;‘suspicious’;

ll Result = ‘beneficial’ effect on fuel Result = ‘beneficial’ effect on fuel consumption, negative effect on consumption, negative effect on NOxNOx;;

ll Competitive issue for manufacturers;Competitive issue for manufacturers;

ll EU needed to avoid recent US situation.EU needed to avoid recent US situation.

Recent amendmentRecent amendment

25

Slide Slide 4949

Scope of amendment:Scope of amendment:

ll Require detailed information of emission Require detailed information of emission control strategies;control strategies;

ll Additional Additional NOxNOx screening test on ETC screening test on ETC with 10% allowance on with 10% allowance on NOxNOx limit;limit;

ll Applicable to all new engines including Applicable to all new engines including already approved Euro 3;already approved Euro 3;

ll Existing Euro 3 may ‘selfExisting Euro 3 may ‘self--certify’.certify’.

Recent amendmentRecent amendment

MOTORCYCLESMOTORCYCLES


26

Slide Slide 5151

ll In 1995, motorcycles accounted for In 1995, motorcycles accounted for some 6.7% CO, 4.3% HC and 0.2% some 6.7% CO, 4.3% HC and 0.2% NOx NOx of total road transport emissions;of total road transport emissions;

ll However:However:–– relative share is rising due to measures relative share is rising due to measures

being applied to other vehicle categories;being applied to other vehicle categories;–– mopeds and small motorcycles contribute mopeds and small motorcycles contribute

mainly to urban air pollution;mainly to urban air pollution;–– emissions from large motorcycles emissions from large motorcycles

significant in warm ozonesignificant in warm ozone--sensitive sensitive summer weekends.summer weekends.

Motorcycles and air qualityMotorcycles and air quality

Slide Slide 5252

CO(g/km)

HC(g/km)

NOx(g/km)

cycle dates

2-stroke 8 4 0.1 ECE 40 17/6/99

4-stroke 13 3 0.3 ECE 40 17/6/99

ll Stringency comparable to passenger Stringency comparable to passenger cars precars pre--catalyst (precatalyst (pre--Euro 1);Euro 1);

ll Motorcycles were not included in Motorcycles were not included in AutoAuto--Oil I;Oil I;

ll Commission required to make proposals Commission required to make proposals by 1999. by 1999.

Directive 97/24/EECDirective 97/24/EEC

27

Slide Slide 5353

Modal share of motorcycles in total transport emissions (EU-9)

0

5

10

15

20

CO HC NOx

per

cen

tag

e o

f to

tal t

ran

spo

rt

emis

sio

ns

(%

)

1995

2005

2010

2020

BasecaseBasecase results: motorcyclesresults: motorcycles

Slide Slide 5454

ScenarioEmission control

technologyRange HC

reduction (%)Range costincrease (%)

MA 1-3Engine modification (2S)Secondary air injection

(4S)14 - 26 0.6 – 3.2

MB 1-3Oxidation catalyst (+ Secondary air

injection)53 - 58 0.6 – 10

MC 1-3Direct injection (2S)SAI + OC (small 4S)

TWC (larger 4S)53 - 68 - 75 4.8 - 10

Motorcycle input scenariosMotorcycle input scenarios

28

Slide Slide 5555

Relative change with respect to base case total transport emissions in 2010

-4,5-4

-3,5-3

-2,5-2

-1,5-1

-0,50

0,5

CO HC NOx

per

cen

tag

e ch

ang

e w

rt b

ase

case

(%

)

MA 1-3MB 1-3MC 1-3

Effect of control technologyEffect of control technology

Slide Slide 5656

Cost calculations motorcycle scenarios

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

MA MB MC

NP

V-1

(M

Ecu

98) average

low

high

ll Development cost dominates;Development cost dominates;ll Large variability of cost estimates Large variability of cost estimates

‘per vehicle’.‘per vehicle’.

Cost estimatesCost estimates

29

Slide Slide 5757

ll First stage in 2003 that will push First stage in 2003 that will push technology, i.e:technology, i.e:–– 44--stroke engines will have oxidation stroke engines will have oxidation

catalysts and air injection:catalysts and air injection:

ll (60%reduction in CO and HC);(60%reduction in CO and HC);

–– 22--stroke engines will have direct stroke engines will have direct injection:injection:

ll (70% reduction in HC);(70% reduction in HC);

Commission proposal: scopeCommission proposal: scope

Slide Slide 5858

ll A fundamental change to the test A fundamental change to the test procedure for motorcycles for 2006 procedure for motorcycles for 2006 plus tighter limits;plus tighter limits;–– 44--stroke engines will have closed loop 3stroke engines will have closed loop 3--

way catalysts;way catalysts;

–– 22--stroke engines will have advanced stroke engines will have advanced direct injection plus oxidation catalysts;direct injection plus oxidation catalysts;

ll Based on the establishment of a world Based on the establishment of a world harmonised test procedure.harmonised test procedure.

Commission proposal: scopeCommission proposal: scope

30

Slide Slide 5959

CO(g/km)

HC(g/km)

NOx(g/km)

cycle dates

Today’s limits:2-stroke 8 4 0.1 ECE 40 17/6/1999

4-stroke 13 3 0.3 ECE 40 17/6/1999

Commission proposal:

2 and 4-stroke 5.5 1.2 0.3 ECE 401/1/20031/1/2004

≤≤ 150cc 2.0 0.8 0.2

> 150cc 2.0 0.3 0.1ECE 40 indicative

CO(g/km)

HC(g/km)

NOx(g/km)

cycle dates

Today’s limits:2-stroke 8 4 0.1 ECE 40 17/6/1999

4-stroke 13 3 0.3 ECE 40 17/6/1999

Commission proposal: limitsCommission proposal: limits

NONNON--ROAD MOBILE ROAD MOBILE MACHINERYMACHINERY


31

Slide Slide 6161

Directive 97/68/EC: scopeDirective 97/68/EC: scopeScope Scope -- nonnon--road mobile machinery;road mobile machinery;

Excluded:Excluded:–– engines powering road transport vehicles;engines powering road transport vehicles;

–– agricultural and forestry tractors;agricultural and forestry tractors;

–– ships;ships;

–– railway locomotives;railway locomotives;

–– aircraft;aircraft;

–– generating sets.generating sets.

Slide Slide 6262

Stage 1 emission limitsStage 1 emission limits

Engine powerP (kW)

Only compliantengines to beplaced on themarket after..

CO(g/kWh)

HC(g/kWh)

NOx(g/kWh)

Particulates(g/kWh)

18 ≤≤ P < 37 - - - - -

37 ≤≤ P < 75Power group C 31.03.1999 6.5 1.3 9.2 0.85

75 ≤≤ P < 130Power group B 31.12.1998 5.0 1.3 9.2 0.7

130 ≤≤ P < 560Power group A 31.12.1998 5.0 1.3 9.2 0.54

32

Slide Slide 6363

Stage 2 emission limitsStage 2 emission limits

Engine powerP (kW)

Only compliantengines to beplaced on themarket after..

CO(g/kWh)

HC(g/kWh)

NOx(g/kWh)

Particulates(g/kWh)

18 ≤≤ P < 37Power group D

31.12.2000 5.5 1.5 8.0 0.8

37 ≤≤ P < 75Power group G 31.12.2003 5.0 1.3 7.0 0.4

75 ≤≤ P < 130Power group F

31.12.2002 5.0 1.0 6.0 0.3

130 ≤≤ P < 560Power group E 31.12.2001 3.5 1.0 6.0 0.2

Slide Slide 6464

Directive 97/68/ECDirective 97/68/ECNext steps:Next steps:

ll Extension to sparkExtension to spark--ignition engines;ignition engines;

ll Extension to diesel engine types not Extension to diesel engine types not yet covered, e.g. generating sets;yet covered, e.g. generating sets;

ll Requirements for replacement engines;Requirements for replacement engines;

ll Stage 3 for diesel engines:Stage 3 for diesel engines:–– common test procedure, especially for PMcommon test procedure, especially for PM

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Slide Slide 6565


Scope Scope -- Agricultural & forestry tractors;Agricultural & forestry tractors;

Same emission limits as for nonSame emission limits as for non--road road mobile machinery but delayed application mobile machinery but delayed application dates.dates.

Third phase being developed.Third phase being developed.

FUEL SPECIFICATIONSFUEL SPECIFICATIONS


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Slide Slide 6767

Diesel 2000 2005Cetane # (min) 51 -Density 15°C 845 -Distillation95°C

360 -Polyaromatics 11 -Sulphur 350 50

Petrol 2000 2005RVP summer 60 -Aromatics 42 35Benzene 1 -Olefins 18 -Oxygen 2,7 -Sulphur 150 50Maximum specifications except where indicated

Mandatory fuel specifications for gasoline Mandatory fuel specifications for gasoline and diesel in two stages and diesel in two stages -- 2000 and 2000 and 2005:2005:

Fuel specificationsFuel specifications

Slide Slide 6868

ll Leaded petrol was phasedLeaded petrol was phased--out from out from January 2000: January 2000: Italy, Spain and Greece Italy, Spain and Greece have a derogation until 2002;have a derogation until 2002;

ll Member States are claiming a Member States are claiming a derogation against having to meet fuel derogation against having to meet fuel specifications on time: specifications on time: Portugal has an Portugal has an extra 2 years to meet the 2000 unleaded extra 2 years to meet the 2000 unleaded petrol sulphur standard and an extra 1 year petrol sulphur standard and an extra 1 year to meet the 2000 diesel sulphur standard;to meet the 2000 diesel sulphur standard;

ll A possible problem with the new A possible problem with the new accession countries.accession countries.

Fuel specificationsFuel specifications

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Slide Slide 6969

ll Over 95% UK market at less than 50Over 95% UK market at less than 50ppmppm sulphur diesel;sulphur diesel;

ll Germany will apply incentives for 50Germany will apply incentives for 50ppmppm sulphur fuels from November sulphur fuels from November 2001. Awaiting discussion in ECFIN 2001. Awaiting discussion in ECFIN regarding incentives for 10 regarding incentives for 10 ppmppmsulphur fuels from January 2003;sulphur fuels from January 2003;

ll Cleaner fuels necessary to achieve Cleaner fuels necessary to achieve COCO22 agreement.agreement.

Market initiativesMarket initiatives

Slide Slide 7070

Fuel QualityFuel Qualityll Directive 98/70/EC contains a review Directive 98/70/EC contains a review

clause to complete 2005 specs;clause to complete 2005 specs;ll This review was not intended to include This review was not intended to include

sulphur (2005 specification is already sulphur (2005 specification is already set at 50ppm) set at 50ppm) -- therefore not included therefore not included in Autoin Auto--Oil II;Oil II;

ll Proposal in spring 2001;Proposal in spring 2001;ll Links with modifications to test Links with modifications to test

reference fuels to reflect market reference fuels to reflect market average values.average values.

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Slide Slide 7171

ll Call for evidence (technical need, Call for evidence (technical need, costs, environmental benefits, logistics costs, environmental benefits, logistics etc.); etc.);

ll Summary of information provided;Summary of information provided;

ll Peer review by panel of experts;Peer review by panel of experts;

ll Consultation with Member States & Consultation with Member States & Stakeholders;Stakeholders;

ll Findings to be considered for next fuel Findings to be considered for next fuel proposal proposal -- spring 2001.spring 2001.

Low sulphur reviewLow sulphur review

Slide Slide 7272

SulphurSulphur reviewreviewMore detailed information on the review More detailed information on the review of fuel of fuel sulphursulphur levels can be found on levels can be found on the European Commission webthe European Commission web--site at:site at:

http://europa.eu.int/comm/environment/http://europa.eu.int/comm/environment/sulphur/index.htmsulphur/index.htm

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Slide Slide 7373

ll No Community legislation minimum No Community legislation minimum requirement for oxygen content;requirement for oxygen content;

ll US MTBE situation has high visibility in US MTBE situation has high visibility in EU;EU;

ll Commission risk assessment Commission risk assessment -- not a health not a health problem, water quality problem;problem, water quality problem;

ll Now looking at possible control measures;Now looking at possible control measures;ll Revision of fuel quality (i.e. low Revision of fuel quality (i.e. low sulphursulphur) )

will have an impact on the use of will have an impact on the use of oxygenates.oxygenates.

MTBE MTBE

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