Test and Score Data

January 2010—December 2010 TesT DaTa

Test and score Data summary for

TOEFL® Internet-basedand Paper-based Tests

The TOEFL® Test — Quality Beyond Measure

Test and Score DataThis edition of the TOEFL Test and Score Data Summary contains data

on the performance of examinees who took the TOEFL Internet-based

test (TOEFL iBT™) or the TOEFL paper-based test (TOEFL PBT) between

January and December 2010.

www.ets.org/toefl

Test of English as a Foreign LanguageTm

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History of the TOEFL® Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

The TOEFL Internet-Based Test (TOEFL iBT™) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

Internet-Based Test Data for 2010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5Table 1. Observed Minimum and Maximum Scores. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5Table 2. Percentile Ranks – Total Group. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5Table 3. Percentile Ranks – Graduate-Level Students . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5Table 4. Percentile Ranks – Undergraduate-Level Students . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6Table 5. Percentile Ranks – Other Students. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6Table 6. Percentile Ranks – Applicants for Professional License. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7Table 7. Means and Standard Deviations – Males. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8Table 8. Means and Standard Deviations – Females . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8Table 9. Total and Section Score Means – All Examinees by Native Language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9Table 10. Total and Section Score Means – Nonnative English-Speaking Examinees by Geographic Region and Native Country . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

The TOEFL Paper-Based Test (TOEFL PBT) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

Paper-Based Test Data for 2010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13Table 11. Observed Minimum and Maximum Scores. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14Table 12. Percentile Ranks – Total Group. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14Table 13. Percentile Ranks – Graduate-Level Students . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14Table 14. Percentile Ranks – Undergraduate-Level Students . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15Table 15. Percentile Ranks – Other Students. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15Table 16. Percentile Ranks – Applicants for Professional License. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15Table 17. Means and Standard Deviations – Males. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16Table 18. Means and Standard Deviations – Females . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16Table 19. Total and Section Score Means – All Examinees by Native Language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17Table 20. Total and Section Score Means – All Examinees by Geographic Region and Native Country . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18Table 21. Percentile Ranks for TWE Scores . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

Table of Contents

Copyright © 2011 by Educational Testing Service. All rights reserved.

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For additional information about TOEFL® visit www.ets.org/toefl.

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History of the TOEFL® Program

The Test of English as a Foreign Language™, better known as TOEFL®, is designed to measure the English-language proficiency of people whose native language is not English. TOEFL scores are accepted by more than 8,000 colleges, universities, and licensing agencies in more than 180 countries. The test is also used by governments, and scholarship and exchange programs worldwide. A list of institutions and agencies that accept TOEFL scores is available on the TOEFL website at www.ets.org/toefl.

The TOEFL Program — A national council on the testing of English as a foreign language was formed in 1962; its members were representatives of more than 30 private organizations and government agencies concerned with the English-language proficiency of nonnative speakers of English who wished to study at colleges and universities in the United States. The council supported the development of the TOEFL test for use starting in 1963-64. Financed by grants from the Ford and Danforth Foundations, the TOEFL program was first administered by the Modern Language Association. In 1965, the College Board® and Educational Testing Service® (ETS®) assumed joint responsibility for the program. Because many who take the TOEFL test are potential graduate students, a cooperative arrangement for the operation of the program was entered into by ETS, the College Board, and the Graduate Record Examinations® Board in 1973. Under this arrangement, ETS is responsible for administering the TOEFL program with guidance from the TOEFL Board. The TOEFL Board is comprised of 16 members. Some are affiliated with such institutions and agencies as undergraduate and graduate schools, community col-leges, nonprofit educational exchange organizations, and other public and private agencies with an interest in international education. Other members are specialists in the field of English as a foreign or second language.

Development of the Test — The test originally contained five sections. As a result of extensive research, a three-section test was developed and introduced in 1976. In July 1995, the test item format was modified somewhat within the same three-section structure. In recent years, various constituencies called for a new TOEFL test that would (1) be more reflective of communicative compe-tence models; (2) include more constructed-response tasks and direct measures of writing and speaking; (3) include tasks that integrate the language modalities tested; and (4) provide more information than the paper-based TOEFL test (TOEFL PBT) about the ability of international students to use English in an academic environment. Accordingly, the TOEFL Board initiated a broad effort under which language testing will evolve in the twenty-first century. The introduction of the computer-based TOEFL test (TOEFL CBT) in 1998 was the first incremental step in this broad test-improvement effort. The next step was the introduction of an Internet-based version of the TOEFL test (TOEFL iBT) in Sep-tember 2005. TOEFL iBT assesses all four language skills (reading, listening, speaking, and writing) that are important for effective communication. TOEFL iBT emphasizes integrated skills and provides better infor-mation to institutions about students’ ability to com-municate in an academic setting and their readiness for academic coursework. The test was first launched in the United States, and was gradually rolled out worldwide during 2005 and 2006. As TOEFL iBT was introduced in an area, TOEFL CBT was discontinued after a period of overlap to ensure a smooth transition to TOEFL iBT. The final administration of TOEFL CBT was held in September 2006. TOEFL PBT will continue to be offered on a limited basis to support the TOEFL testing network in areas where TOEFL iBT is not available. The TOEFL Test and Score Data Summary contains information about TOEFL iBT and TOEFL PBT test takers.

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The TOEFL Internet-Based Test (TOEFL iBT™)

TOEFL iBT was intro-duced in the United States in September 2005 and was gradu-ally introduced world-wide during 2005 and 2006. TOEFL iBT was developed in response to a request by insti-tutions to provide a

test that would measure nonnative speakers’ ability to communicate in English in an academic setting.

TOEFL iBT:• Measures the ability to communicate by combining,

or integrating, all four language skills – Reading, Listening, Speaking, and Writing

• Is 100% academically-focused, measuring the kind of English used in academic settings

• Provides fair and objective scoring• Provides valid and reliable information to support

score users in making effective decisions regarding a person’s English-language proficiency

Test takers have up to four hours to complete the test, and all four sections are taken on the same day. The Reading section measures the ability to understand aca-demic reading material, and the Listening section mea-sures the ability to understand spoken English as it is used in colleges and universities. The Speaking section consists of six tasks that measure the ability to speak in English in an academic setting. The Writing section consists of two tasks that measure the ability to write in a way that is appropriate for college and university coursework. Some questions in the Speaking and Writing sections require the test takers to combine, or integrate, information from more than one source. For example, test takers are asked to read a passage, listen to a short lecture about a topic, and then speak or write in response. These integrated tasks are designed to simulate the aca-demic experience.

Internet delivery enables ETS to deliver the test at official test centers in more locations. There are currently more than 4,500 TOEFL iBT test centers in over 165

countries, and the number continues to grow. Speaking and writing tasks receive multiple ratings to provide unbiased, objective evaluations of the responses via the ETS Online Scoring Network.

Test Preparation — Everyone registered to take the TOEFL test receives test preparation materials free of charge. Examinees who register to take TOEFL iBT receive a link to a TOEFL iBT Sampler when the registration is complete. The Sampler includes questions from all four sections of TOEFL iBT. The Reading and Listening sections are interactive and sample responses are provided for the Writing and Speaking questions.

Other test preparation products, including sample test questions, are available for free and for purchase. For more information about TOEFL iBT and related products, please visit the TOEFL website at www.ets.org/toefl.

Visit the TOEFL website at www.ets.org/toefl for the most up-to-date information.

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Internet-Based Test Data for 2010

The data presented in the tables below are based on examinees who took the TOEFL iBT between January 2010 and December 2010. Table 1 gives actual ranges of observed scores for the period from January 2010 and December 2010.

The percentile ranks for section and total scale scores are shown in Table 2 for the total group. In Tables 3–6, examinees have been classified by their reason for taking the test.

Table 1. Observed Minimum and Maximum TOEFL iBT Section and Total Scores

Section Min . Max .

1. Reading

2. Listening

3. Speaking

4. Writing

0

0

0

0

30

30

30

30

Total 0 120

Table 2. Percentile Ranks for TOEFL iBT Scores— Total Group

Scal

e Sc

ore

Read

ing

List

enin

g

Spea

king

Writ

ing

Tota

l Sca

le S

core

Perc

entil

e Ra

nk

3029282726252423222120191817161514131211109876543210

9691858074686358524741363228242017151210976433211

97928783787368625751464036312723201714121086543211

9998959287**796857**46362617**1064

**3211

**1

99979286**7766**544231**2417**128

**532

**11

12011611210810410096928884807672686460565248444036322824201612840

10099979388817467595144373125201613107543211

MeanS.D.

20.16.8

19.56.8

20.04.6

20.75.0

MeanS.D.

8020

**Indicates a non-existent scale score for Speaking and Writing.

Table 3. Percentile Ranks for TOEFL iBT Scores— Graduate-Level Students*

Scal

e Sc

ore

Read

ing

List

enin

g

Spea

king

Writ

ing

Tota

l Sca

le S

core

Perc

entil

e Ra

nk

3029282726252423222120191817161514131211109876543210

9488827670635751464035302621181512108654332111

9589847872676156504439342924211714129865432111

9997949084**766452**41312214**743

**2111

98969083**7362**493726**1913**95

**321

12011611210810410096928884807672686460565248444036322824201612840

1009895908477696153453730241914118643211

MeanS.D.

21.36.3

20.76.4

20.74.4

21.44.7

MeanS.D.

8419

*Based on examinees who indicated that they were applying for admission to colleges or universities as graduate students.


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Table 4. Percentile Ranks for TOEFL iBT Scores— Undergraduate-Level Students*

Scal

e Sc

ore

Read

ing

List

enin

g

Spea

king

Writ

ing

Tota

l Sca

le S

core

Perc

entil

e Ra

nk

3029282726252423222120191817161514131211109876543210

979390868176726762575247423732282421171512108653321

9792888378746963585348423733282421181512108654321

9997948983**756453**43342618**1175

**4221

**11

99969286**7869**574635**2720**1510**632

**11

1201161121081041009692888480767268646056524844403632282420161284

10099969388827669635649423530242016129753211

MeanS.D.

18.57.0

19.36.9

20.34.9

20.35.2

MeanS.D.

7821

*Based on examinees who indicated that they were applying for admission to colleges or universities as undergraduate students.


Table 5. Percentile Ranks for TOEFL iBT Scores— Other Students*

Scal

e Sc

ore

Read

ing

List

enin

g

Spea

king

Writ

ing

Tota

l Sca

le S

core

Perc

entil

e Ra

nk

3029282726252423222120191817161514131211109876543210

9792878278726863585348433935302723201714121086533211

979287827773696359545045403631282421181512108653211

9998959186**796857**48393123**15118

**6432

**111

99979387**7868**584737**3022**1712**853

**11

1201161121081041009692888480767268646056524844403632282420161284

1009997938781756862564943373226221814118643211

MeanS.D.

19.07.2

18.97.2

19.65.2

20.15.4

MeanS.D.

7822

*Based on examinees who indicated that they were applying for admission to schools other than colleges or universities, e.g., secondary schools.


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Table 6. Percentile Ranks for TOEFL iBT Scores— Applicants for Professional License*

Scal

e Sc

ore

Read

ing

List

enin

g

Spea

king

Writ

ing

Tota

l Sca

le S

core

Perc

entil

e Ra

nk

3029282726252423222120191817161514131211109876543210

9895908580736760544740342823191512986543221111

989490847872655851443731262217141210865432211

9997959083**715439**29211510**642

**211

99989589**8068**534028**2014**96

**421

**11

120116112108104100969288848076726864605652484440363228242016

1009998959184756555453528221713107543211

MeanS.D.

20.45.8

20.75.8

21.54.1

20.84.5

MeanS.D.

8317

*Based on examinees who indicated that they were taking TOEFL to become licensed to practice their professions in the United States or Canada.


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Tables 7 and 8 present means and standard deviations of section and total scores separately for male and female examinees tested between January and December 2010.

Table 7. Means and Standard Deviations for TOEFL iBT Section and Total Scores, Males*

Group Reading Listening Speaking Writing Total

Total Group*

Graduate Level**

Undergraduate Level**

Other Students**

Applicants for Professional License**

20.56.9

21.86.3

18.67.2

19.57.2

20.85.7

19.66.9

20.96.5

19.27.0

19.17.2

20.85.9

19.74.6

20.44.4

20.14.9

19.35.1

21.24.2

20.75.1

21.54.7

20.25.3

20.15.3

20.94.6

8121

8519

7822

7822

8417

*Based on examinees who responded to a question about gender group membership.

**Based on examinees who responded to a question about gender group membership and also indicated a main reason for taking the TOEFL test.

Table 8. Means and Standard Deviations for TOEFL iBT Section and Total Scores, Females*

Group Reading Listening Speaking Writing Total

Total Group*

Graduate Level**


Other Students**


19.96.7

20.86.3

18.66.9

18.87.2

20.05.8

19.56.7

20.86.3

19.66.7

19.07.2

20.75.6

20.54.5

21.34.4

20.94.9

20.25.2

21.94.0

20.94.9

21.54.6

20.75.0

20.35.4

20.94.4

8120

8419

8021

7822

8417



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Native LanguageNative Language Read

ing

List

enin

g

Spea

king

Writ

ing

Tota

l

Table 9. TOEFL iBT Total and Section Score Means1 — All Examinees Classified by Native Language2

Tables 9 and 10 may be useful in comparing the performance on the TOEFL iBT of a particular student with that of other students from the same native country and with that of students who speak the same language. ETS, creator of the TOEFL test, does not endorse the practice of ranking countries on the basis of TOEFL scores, as this is a misuse of data. The TOEFL test provides accurate scores at the individual level; it is not appropriate for comparing countries. The differences in the number of students taking the test in each country, how early Eng-lish is introduced into the curriculum, how many hours per week are devoted to learning English, and the fact that those taking the test are not representative of all English speakers in each country or any defined population make ranking by test score meaningless.

Read

ing

List

enin

g

Spea

king

Writ

ing

Tota

l

1 Because of the unreliability of statistics based on small samples, means are not reported for subgroups of less than 30. Due to rounding, section score means may not add up to the total score mean.

2 Because of changes in region and/or country boundaries, certain languages may have been added or deleted since the previous table was published.

Afrikaans 19 19 22 21 81Akan 18 18 20 20 77Albanian 17 18 21 19 75Amharic 17 18 21 19 75Arabic 16 18 20 18 73Armenian 19 20 22 21 81Assamese 24 24 24 25 96Azerbaijani 19 18 20 20 76Bambara 13 12 17 15 57Bashkir * * * * *Basque 23 23 21 22 90Belarusian 22 23 23 22 90Bemba * * * * *Bengali 22 22 23 24 91Berber 15 18 19 18 69Bikol * * * * *Bosnian 18 20 22 20 79Bulgarian 21 22 22 22 87Burmese 17 18 19 20 74Catalan 23 23 22 22 90Cebuano 20 20 23 22 86Chichewa ( Nyanja ) 17 18 20 20 74Chinese 20 18 19 20 77Chuvash * * * * *Croatian 21 23 23 22 89Czech 22 23 23 22 91Danish 23 26 26 24 98Dutch 24 26 25 24 100Dyula * * * * *Efik 19 19 21 21 81English 21 22 24 23 90Estonian 22 24 24 24 94Ewe 18 18 20 20 76Farsi 20 19 20 20 79Fijian * * * * *Finnish 23 25 23 23 94French 21 21 21 21 85Fulah 14 13 19 16 62Ga 18 18 21 20 77Galician 26 24 22 24 95Ganda 17 17 21 19 75Georgian 18 19 21 20 78German 23 24 25 24 96Greek 22 23 22 23 89Guarani * * * * *Gujarati 20 20 22 22 84Hausa 16 17 20 18 71Hebrew 22 25 25 22 95Hiligaynon 23 23 23 24 93Hindi 23 23 24 24 94Hungarian 22 23 23 22 90Igbo 19 19 21 21 80Icelandic 22 24 23 23 93Iloko 21 21 22 22 87Indonesian 19 19 20 21 78Inupiaq * * * * *Italian 24 22 21 22 89Japanese 18 16 17 18 69Javanese 19 17 16 18 71Kannada 23 23 24 24 95Kanuri * * * * *Kashmiri 22 22 24 24 93Kazakh 18 19 20 20 76Khmer 13 14 18 18 63Kikuyu 18 19 21 20 79Kinyarwanda 15 15 19 18 66Konkani 24 25 25 26 100Korean 21 20 20 21 81Kosraean 19 18 18 19 74

Kurdish 14 15 19 17 66Kurukh * * * * *Lao 15 16 18 18 68Latvian 20 22 22 22 86Lingala * * * * *Lithuanian 20 22 22 22 86Luba-Lulua * * * * *Luo 19 19 22 22 83Luxembourgish 24 24 24 24 95Macedonian 20 21 22 21 84Madurese 17 16 19 18 70Malagasy 20 19 21 22 81Malay 22 22 21 24 88Malayalam 23 24 24 24 96Maltese * * * * *Mandingo 12 12 18 15 57Marathi 23 23 23 24 93Marshallese * * * * *Mende * * * * *Minangkabau * * * * *Mongolian 17 18 19 19 73Mossi * * * * *Nauru * * * * *Nepali 19 19 21 21 79Norwegian 21 24 25 23 92Oriya 23 23 23 24 94Oromo 18 17 20 19 74Palauan * * * * *Polish 21 23 23 22 88Pohnpeian * * * * *Portuguese 22 22 21 21 86Punjabi 21 21 23 22 87Pushto 18 18 22 20 78Romanian 22 23 22 23 90Russian 20 21 22 21 84Samoan * * * * *Serbian 20 22 22 21 86Shona 21 22 24 23 89Sindhi 22 23 24 24 93Sinhalese 20 21 22 22 84Slovak 21 23 23 22 90Slovenian 23 25 24 23 95Somali 16 18 21 19 74Spanish 21 21 21 21 84Sundanese * * * * *Swahili 17 17 21 20 75Swedish 21 24 25 22 92Tagalog 21 22 23 22 88Tajik 13 14 19 17 63Tamil 23 23 24 24 95Tatar 18 19 21 20 79Telugu 23 22 22 22 89Thai 18 19 18 20 75Tibetan 18 18 21 20 78Tigrinya 19 20 21 19 79Tonga * * * * *Turkish 19 19 20 20 78Turkmen 17 19 20 19 75Twi 18 18 21 21 77Uighur 16 16 18 18 68Ukrainian 19 21 22 21 83Urdu 21 22 23 23 89Uzbek 17 18 20 19 74Vietnamese 18 17 18 20 73Wolof 14 15 18 17 64Xhosa * * * * *Yiddish * * * * *Yoruba 19 19 20 20 79Zulu 18 20 23 22 83

10 ▶▶▶▶▶▶▶▶▶▶▶▶▶▶▶▶▶▶▶▶▶▶▶▶▶▶▶▶▶▶▶▶▶▶▶▶▶▶▶▶▶▶▶▶▶▶▶▶▶▶▶▶▶▶

(continued)

Geographic Regionand Native Country


Table 10. TOEFL iBT Total and Section Score Means1 — All Examinees Classified by Geographic Region and Native Country2

AfricAAngola 15 15 19 17 67Benin 16 14 17 17 64Botswana 19 21 23 22 86Burkina Faso 15 15 18 17 65Burundi 15 15 19 18 66Cameroon 16 16 19 19 70Cape Verde 13 17 20 17 66Central African Republic * * * * *Chad 14 14 18 16 63Comoros * * * * *Congo 15 14 19 17 65Congo, The Democratic Republic of 16 16 20 18 71Cote D’Ivoire 16 15 18 17 66Djibouti * * * * *Equatorial Guinea * * * * *Eritrea 18 20 21 19 79Ethiopia 17 18 21 19 75Gabon 15 16 19 18 68Gambia 13 14 19 16 62Ghana 18 18 21 20 78Guinea 15 17 20 18 69Guinea-Bissau * * * * *Kenya 18 19 21 21 79Lesotho * * * * *Liberia 14 15 20 18 67Madagascar 20 20 21 22 82Malawi * * * * *Mali 14 14 18 16 61Mauritania 12 12 19 16 58Mauritius 22 23 22 24 91Mozambique 16 17 20 19 72Namibia * * * * *Niger 15 16 18 17 67Nigeria 19 19 21 20 79Reunion 20 20 20 20 80Rwanda 15 15 19 19 68Sao Tome and Principe * * * * *Senegal 14 14 18 17 64Seychelles * * * * *Sierra Leone 14 15 22 18 69Somalia 15 17 21 18 71South Africa 21 23 25 24 93Swaziland 19 20 23 23 85Tanzania, United Republic of 14 15 20 18 68Togo 16 16 19 19 70Tunisia 18 19 20 19 77Uganda 17 18 22 20 77Zambia 17 19 22 20 78Zimbabwe 21 22 24 24 92

AmericAAnguilla * * * * *Antigua and Barbuda * * * * *Argentina 23 24 22 23 92Aruba 18 22 23 22 84Bahamas * * * * *Barbados * * * * *Belize * * * * *Bermuda * * * * *Bolivia 19 21 21 20 82Brazil 21 22 21 21 85Canada 22 23 24 23 92Chile 21 21 20 20 82Colombia 20 20 20 20 80Costa Rica 23 23 23 23 92Cuba 20 20 21 20 82Dominica * * * * *Dominican Republic 19 20 21 20 80Ecuador 20 21 22 21 83El Salvador 20 21 22 21 84French Guiana * * * * *Grenada * * * * *Guadeloupe 18 19 19 20 76Guatemala 19 20 21 20 81Guyana * * * * *Haiti 13 14 18 16 62Honduras 20 21 23 21 85Jamaica 19 21 23 21 84Martinique 20 19 20 20 78Mexico 21 22 22 21 85Netherlands Antilles 17 21 24 22 84Nicaragua 21 21 22 21 86Panama 19 20 21 21 82

Paraguay 21 22 22 22 86Peru 21 21 21 21 85Puerto Rico 20 22 22 21 86St. Kitts and Nevis * * * * *St. Vincent and the Grenadines * * * * *Suriname * * * * *Trinidad and Tobago * * * * *Turks and Caicos Islands * * * * *United States 20 21 22 22 86Uruguay 24 24 22 23 93Venezuela 20 21 22 20 83Virgin Islands (U.S.) * * * * *

AsiAAfghanistan 15 17 21 19 73Azerbaijan 18 18 20 20 76Bangladesh 20 20 21 22 83Bhutan 19 19 22 22 82Brunei Darussalam * * * * *Cambodia 13 14 18 18 63China 20 18 18 21 77Hong Kong 19 20 21 22 81India 23 23 23 23 92Indonesia 19 19 20 21 78Japan 18 17 17 18 70Kazakhstan 18 19 21 20 78Korea, Democratic People’s Republic of 19 19 19 20 78Korea, Republic of 21 20 20 21 81Kyrgyzstan 18 19 21 20 79Lao, People’s Democratic Republic 15 16 18 18 67Macao 18 18 18 20 74Malaysia 22 22 21 24 88Maldives * * * * *Mongolia 17 18 19 19 73Myanmar 17 17 19 20 74Nepal 19 19 21 21 79Pakistan 21 22 23 23 88Philippines 21 22 23 22 88Singapore 24 25 24 26 98Sri Lanka 20 21 22 21 83Taiwan (Republic of China) 19 18 19 20 76Tajikistan 14 15 20 17 66Thailand 18 19 18 20 75Timor-Leste * * * * *Turkmenistan 17 19 21 19 76Uzbekistan 18 19 21 20 77Viet Nam 18 17 18 20 73

europeAlbania 18 19 21 20 77Andorra * * * * *Armenia 19 20 22 21 81Austria 23 25 25 24 98Belarus 21 22 22 22 87Belgium 24 25 24 24 97Bosnia and Herzegovina 19 21 22 20 83Bulgaria 21 22 22 22 87Croatia 21 23 23 22 90Cyprus 20 21 21 22 85Czech Republic 22 23 23 22 91Denmark 23 26 26 24 99Estonia 22 24 23 23 93Faroe Islands 20 23 24 21 88Finland 23 25 23 24 95France 22 22 21 22 87Georgia 18 19 21 20 79Germany 23 24 25 24 95Greece 22 23 22 23 89Greenland * * * * *Holy See (Vatican City State) * * * * *Hungary 22 23 23 22 89Iceland 22 24 23 23 93Ireland * * * * *Italy 24 22 21 22 89Kosovo, Republic of 15 17 20 19 71Latvia 20 22 22 22 86Liechtenstein * * * * *Lithuania 20 22 22 22 86Luxembourg 23 24 24 24 94Macedonia, Former Yugoslav Republic of 19 21 22 21 84Malta * * * * *Moldova, Republic of 20 20 22 21 83Monaco 22 22 23 22 89Montenegro 18 21 21 20 81

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Table 10 (continued)

europe (cont’d)

1 Because of the unreliability of statistics based on small samples, means are not reported for subgroups of less than 30. Due to rounding, section score means may not add up to the total score mean.

2 Because of changes in region and/or country boundaries, certain countries may have been added or deleted since the previous table was published.

Netherlands 24 26 25 24 100Norway 21 24 25 23 92Poland 21 23 23 22 88Portugal 24 24 23 23 94Romania 22 23 23 23 91Russian Federation 20 21 22 21 84San Marino * * * * *Scotland * * * * *Serbia 20 23 23 21 87Slovakia 21 23 23 22 90Slovenia 23 25 24 23 95Spain 23 22 21 22 87Sweden 21 24 25 22 92Switzerland 24 25 24 23 95Turkey 19 19 20 20 78Ukraine 20 21 22 21 84United Kingdom 23 24 25 24 96

middle eAsT/NorTh AfricA Algeria 17 19 20 19 75Bahrain 16 19 22 20 78Egypt 19 20 21 21 81Gaza Strip * * * * *Iran, Islamic Republic of 20 19 20 20 79Iraq 16 18 20 18 72Israel 22 25 24 22 93Jordan 17 19 21 20 77Kuwait 14 17 20 18 70Lebanon 19 21 22 22 83Libyan Arab Jamahiriya 15 17 20 17 68Morocco 18 19 21 20 78Oman 18 18 20 18 74Palestine Territories 16 18 21 19 74Qatar 16 18 20 18 71Saudi Arabia 14 16 19 16 65Sudan 16 18 21 18 72Syrian Arab Republic 17 19 21 19 77

United Arab Emirates 16 18 20 18 73West Bank * * * * *Yemen 16 17 20 18 72

pAcific regioNAmerican Samoa * * * * *Australia 22 23 24 24 93British Indian Ocean Territory Cook Islands Fiji * * * * *French Polynesia 21 21 21 22 86Guam * * * * *Kiribati * * * * *Marshall Islands * * * * *Micronesia, Federated States of * * * * *Nauru * * * * *New Caledonia * * * * *New Zealand 20 22 22 22 87Niue * * * * *Northern Mariana Islands * * * * *Palau * * * * *Papua New Guinea * * * * *Samoa * * * * *Solomon Islands * * * * *Tonga * * * * *Vanuatu * * * * *

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The TOEFL Paper-Based Test (TOEFL PBT)

The paper-based version of the TOEFL test (TOEFL PBT) continues to be admin-istered on specific dates in some countries, particularly in areas where accessibility to the Internet-based test (TOEFL iBT) is a concern. Each form of TOEFL PBT consists of three separately timed sections; the questions in each section are multiple-

choice, with four possible answers or options per ques-tion. All responses are gridded on answer sheets that are scored by computer. There is also a 30-minute essay, The Test of Written English (TWE), given at each administra-tion.

• Section 1 of the test, Listening Comprehension,measures the ability to understand English as it is spoken in North America. The oral features of the language are stressed, and the problems tested include vocabulary and idiomatic expression as well as special grammatical constructions frequently used in spoken English. The stimulus material and oral questions are recorded in standard North American English; the response options are printed in the test books.

• Section 2, Structure and Written Expression, mea-sures recognition of selected structural and gram-matical points in standard written English. The language tested is formal, rather than conversa-tional. The topics of the sentences are of a general academic nature so that individuals in specific fields of study or from specific national or linguistic groups have no particular advantage.

• Section 3, Reading Comprehension, measures the ability to read and understand short passages that are similar in topic and style to those that students are likely to encounter in North American colleges and universities. Examinees read a variety of short passages on academic subjects and answer several questions about each passage. The questions test information that is stated in or implied by the passage, as well as knowledge of some of the specific words as they are used in the passage.

The total test time is approximately two and one-half hours; however, approximately three and one-half hours are needed for a test administration to admit examinees to the testing room, to allow them to enter identifying information on their answer sheets, and to distribute and collect the test materials. Language specialists prepare the material for the TOEFL test. The TOEFL Committee of Examiners establishes overall guidelines for the test content and specifications. All item specifications, questions, and final test forms are reviewed for cultural and racial bias and content appropriateness, according to established ETS procedures. For test date information, see the Information and Registration Bulletin for TOEFL PBT testing, or visit the TOEFL website at www.ets.org/toefl.

Test Preparation — Examinees registered to take TOEFL PBT re-ceive TOEFL Practice Tests, Vol-ume 1, which includes two com-plete PBT tests. In addition, sample questions are downloadable from the TOEFL website. There is no fee for these practice materials. Other TOEFL test preparation products are available for purchase. For more information about these products and ordering information, please visit the TOEFL website at www.ets.org/toefl.

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Paper-Based Test Data for 2010

In the past few years, the average total scores of those taking the PBT test for applying to graduate schools have shown a downward trend, while the total scores of those taking the PBT test for applying to undergraduate schools have remained relatively stable. This downward trend ended up in a lower average total score for the ‘graduate’ group than for the ‘undergraduate’ group. Changes in the sub-scores are not uniform between the two groups. The decreasing performance by the ‘graduate’ group can be expected as it reflects the PBT

population shifting since TOEFL iBT was rolled out worldwide. It appears that most graduate school applicants of average or high ability have opted for TOEFL iBT. This could be due to such factors as TOEFL iBT being viewed more favorably by many graduate school applicants, more graduate schools that require Speaking scores, which are not available with TOEFL PBT, and higher ability graduate school applicants tend to seek teaching or research assistantships that typically require Speaking scores.

14 ▶▶▶▶▶▶▶▶▶▶▶▶▶▶▶▶▶▶▶▶▶▶▶▶▶▶▶▶▶▶▶▶▶▶▶▶▶▶▶▶▶▶▶▶▶▶▶▶▶▶▶▶▶▶

Table 12. Percentile Ranks for Paper-Based TOEFL Scores—Total Group

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68666462605856545250484644424038363432

99989589847566554433231494211

999793908376685950403022151063211

9996928679705948382921141064221

660640620600580560540520500480460440420400380360340320

999693877970594736251711631

MeanS.D.

53.16.7

52.17.6

51.97.3

MeanS.D.

52465

Table 11. Observed Minimum and Maximum Paper-Based TOEFL Section and Total Scores

Section Min . Max .1. Listening Comprehension 31 68

2. Structure and Written Expression 31 68

3. Reading Comprehension 31 67

Total 310 677

Table 13. Percentile Ranks for Paper-Based TOEFL Scores—Graduate-Level Students*

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68666462605856545250484644424038363432

100989691867768574633221484211

9997949184766758483728201395311

999692857868574534251812853211

660640620600580560540520500480460440420400380360340320

99979388807058463423159521

MeanS.D.

52.96.4

52.37.3

52.47

MeanS.D.

52662

*Based on examinees who indicated that they were applying for admission to colleges or universities as graduate students.

In 2010 TOEFL PBT was administered six times at preestablished testing centers throughout the world. The data presented below are based on candidates who took the paper-based TOEFL test between January and December 2010.

Table 11 gives actual ranges of observed scores for the period from January 2010 through December 2010. The percentile ranks for section and total scale scores are shown in Table 12 for the total group. In Tables 13–16, examinees are classified by their reason for taking the test.

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Table 14. Percentile Ranks for Paper-Based TOEFL Scores— Undergraduate-Level Students*

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68666462605856545250484644424038363432

99979284776758483828191173211

98959086797163554637282014953111

9895918578706050393022161174321

660640620600580560540520500480460440420400380360340320

989489827465564534241610631

MeanS.D.

54.46.8

538

51.87.6

MeanS.D.

53068

*Based on examinees who indicated that they were applying for admission to colleges or universities as undergraduate students.

Table 15. Percentile Ranks for Paper-Based TOEFL Scores— Other Students*

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68666462605856545250484644424038363432

100999693898479716251413021105221

99989593908680766960524131231711532

999895928782766960524231221610742

660640620600580560540520500480460440420400380360340320

999896928682766859483728191052

MeanS.D.

50.27.1

48.48.3

48.18

MeanS.D.

48972

*Based on examinees who indicated that they were applying for admission to schools other than colleges or universities, e.g., secondary schools.

Table 16. Percentile Ranks for Paper-Based TOEFL Scores—Applicants for Professional License*

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68666462605856545250484644424038363432

10099989489766347352417117321

100999897938982746350362214953211

1009998958877644936241611753211

660640620600580560540520500480460440420400380360340320

100999896908064493320138532

MeanS.D.

53.75.8

50.26.3

51.56

MeanS.D.

51853

*Based on examinees who indicated that they were taking TOEFL to become licensed to practice their professions in the United States or Canada.

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Tables 17 and 18 present means and standard deviations of section and total scores separately for male and female examinees tested between January and December 2010.

Table 17. Means and Standard Deviations for Paper-Based TOEFL Section and Total Scores, Males*

Group

Section 1 Listening

Comprehension

Section 2 Structure and

Written Expression

Section 3 Reading

ComprehensionTotal Scale

Score

Total Group*

Graduate Level**


Other Students**


52.86.7

52.76.4

53.97.0

51.17.5

53.56.2

52.17.7

52.57.4

52.68.1

50.48.3

50.36.4

52.17.3

52.87.0

51.77.7

50.48.1

51.56.2

52366

52763

52769

50773

51854



Table 18. Means and Standard Deviations for Paper-Based TOEFL Section and Total Scores, Females*

Group

Section 1 Listening

Comprehension

Section 2 Structure and

Written Expression

Section 3 Reading

ComprehensionTotal Scale

Score

Total Group*

Graduate Level**


Other Students**


53.66.6

53.36.3

54.96.7

51.86.9

53.85.5

52.17.6

52.27.2

53.37.8

50.37.3

50.26.3

51.67.2

52.07.0

51.97.4

49.97.7

51.56.0

52465

52562

53467

50667

51852



17 ▶▶▶▶▶▶▶▶▶▶▶▶▶▶▶▶▶▶▶▶▶▶▶▶▶▶▶▶▶▶▶▶▶▶▶▶▶▶▶▶▶▶▶▶▶▶▶▶▶▶▶▶▶▶

Tables 19 and 20 may be useful in comparing the performance on the TOEFL PBT test of a particular student with that of other students from the same native country and with that of students who speak the same language. ETS, creator of the TOEFL test, does not endorse the practice of ranking countries on the basis of TOEFL scores, as this is a misuse of data. The TOEFL test provides accurate scores at the individual level; it is not appropriate for comparing countries. The differences in the number of students taking the test in each country, how early Eng-lish is introduced into the curriculum, how many hours per week are devoted to learning English, and the fact that those taking the test are not representative of all English speakers in each country or any defined population make ranking by test score meaningless.

Table 19. Paper-Based TOEFL Total and Section Score Means1 — All Examinees Classified by Native Language

Language Sect

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Afrikaans * * * *Akan * * * *Albanian * * * *Amharic 55 54 53 544Arabic 52 49 49 502Armenian * * * *Assamese * * * *Azerbaijani 52 54 53 527Bambara * * * *Belarusian * * * *Bemba * * * *Bengali * * * *Berber * * * *Bikol * * * *Bosnian * * * *Bulgarian * * * *Burmese 53 55 53 536Catalan * * * *Cebuano * * * *Chichewa 55 59 54 557Chinese 54 52 52 528Croatian * * * *Czech * * * *Danish 62 61 60 610Dutch 59 57 54 566Dyula * * * *Efik * * * *English 55 57 53 553Estonian * * * *Ewe 47 50 48 486Farsi 52 52 52 519Fijian * * * *Finnish * * * *French 52 52 52 519Fulah * * * *Ga * * * *Galician * * * *Georgian * * * *German 60 58 56 578Greek * * * *Gujarati 58 53 54 549Hausa * * * *Hebrew 62 56 58 586Hiligaynon * * * *Hindi 58 55 54 555Hungarian * * * *Icelandic 63 62 61 620Igbo 51 55 51 522Iloko * * * *Indonesian 55 51 53 529Italian 57 57 57 570Japanese 55 53 53 537Javanese * * * *Kannada * * * *Kanuri * * * *Kazakh 51 50 50 505Khmer * * * *Kikuyu * * * *Kinyarwanda 49 52 50 502Konkani * * * *Korean 53 52 53 527Kurdish 50 48 48 488Lao * * * *

Language Sect

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Latvian * * * *Lingala * * * *Lithuanian 58 54 54 553Luba-Lulua * * * *Luo * * * *Macedonian * * * *Madurese * * * *Malagasy 51 53 52 518Malay * * * *Malayalam 57 51 53 536Mandingo * * * *Marathi * * * *Marshallese 52 48 45 486Mende * * * *Mongolian * * * *Mossi 48 55 51 513Nauru * * * *Nepali 51 50 49 500Norwegian 63 61 60 613Nyanja * * * *Oriya * * * *Oromo 50 52 52 514Palauan 54 53 49 520Pohnpeian * * * *Polish 58 53 53 547Portuguese 55 53 54 540Punjabi * * * *Pushto 52 52 50 515Romanian 59 58 57 578Russian 55 53 53 536Samoan * * * *Serbian * * * *Shona * * * *Sinhalese 54 51 51 518Slovak * * * *Slovenian * * * *Somali * * * *Spanish 57 55 55 558Sundanese * * * *Swahili 55 55 53 543Swedish 62 59 58 601Tagalog 56 53 53 540Tajik 51 48 48 491Tamil * * * *Tatar * * * *Telugu 55 53 52 534Thai 49 48 49 486Tibetan * * * *Tigrinya 53 55 54 541Tonga * * * *Turkish 51 51 51 510Turkmen 53 50 49 505Twi * * * *Ukrainian 55 51 51 523Urdu 56 54 54 548Uzbek * * * *Vietnamese 54 53 52 530Wolof * * * *Xhosa * * * *Yapese * * * *Yoruba * * * *Zulu * * * *

1 Because of the unreliability of statistics based on small samples, means are not reported for some language subgroups.

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(continued)

Table 20. Paper-Based TOEFL Total and Section Score Means1—All Examinees Classified by Geographic Region and Native Country2

Geographic Region and Native Country Se

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AfricA

Angola 51 49 48 496Benin * * * *Botswana * * * *Burkina Faso 48 52 50 499Burundi 46 49 47 471Cameroon 50 54 50 514Cape Verde 49 46 46 467Central African Republic * * * *Chad * * * *Comoros * * * *Congo 46 49 46 470Congo, The Democratic Republic of 48 50 49 488Cote d Ivoire * * * *Djibouti * * * *Equatorial Guinea * * * *Eritrea 54 57 55 553Ethiopia 55 54 53 542Gabon * * * *Gambia * * * *Ghana * * * *Guinea 47 49 48 478Guinea-Bissau * * * *Kenya 53 57 54 546Lesotho * * * *Liberia 49 51 47 491Madagascar 52 53 52 521Malawi 55 59 53 556Mali * * * *Mauritania * * * *Mauritius * * * *Mozambique * * * *Namibia 56 57 54 556Niger 51 55 51 524Nigeria 51 55 51 520Reunion * * * *Rwanda 49 52 50 503Senegal * * * *Sierra Leone 53 56 51 530Somalia 47 55 51 513South Africa 57 59 53 563Swaziland * * * *Tanzania, United Republic of 56 57 54 557Togo 47 50 48 487Tunisia 50 50 50 498Uganda * * * *Zambia * * * *Zimbabwe 58 62 56 586

AmericA

Anguilla * * * *Argentina * * * *Aruba 61 58 56 583Barbados * * * *Belize * * * *Bolivia * * * *Brazil 57 54 56 559Canada * * * *Chile * * * *Colombia 55 51 53 529Costa Rica * * * *Cuba 53 50 53 520Dominica * * * *Dominican Republic 59 58 56 577Ecuador * * * *El Salvador * * * *French Guiana * * * *Grenada * * * *Guadeloupe * * * *Guatemala * * * *Guyana * * * *Haiti 52 49 48 495Honduras * * * *Jamaica * * * *Martinique * * * *Mexico 57 55 56 560Netherlands Antilles * * * *Nicaragua * * * *Panama * * * *Paraguay * * * *Peru * * * *Puerto Rico * * * *St. Lucia * * * *Suriname 57 56 52 551Trinidad and Tobago * * * *United States 57 54 54 549Uruguay 60 58 59 589Venezuela 57 53 54 549


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Afghanistan 52 51 49 506Azerbaijan 52 54 53 531Bangladesh * * * *Bhutan 54 53 51 527Brunei Darussalam * * * *Cambodia * * * *China, People's Republic of 54 53 53 531Hong Kong 57 51 52 533India 57 53 54 544Indonesia 55 51 53 529Japan 55 53 53 537Kazakhstan 52 51 50 508Korea, Democratic People's Republic of * * * *Korea, Republic of 52 52 53 525Kyrgyzstan 52 52 51 516Lao, People's Democratic Republic * * * *Macao * * * *Malaysia * * * *Maldives * * * *Mongolia * * * *Myanmar 53 55 53 536Nepal * * * *Pakistan 55 53 53 536Philippines 56 53 53 538Sri Lanka 54 51 51 518Taiwan 53 50 51 514Tajikistan 51 48 48 491Thailand 49 48 49 486Turkmenistan 53 51 50 514Uzbekistan * * * *Viet Nam 54 53 52 530

europe

Albania * * * *Armenia * * * *Austria * * * *Belarus 55 54 54 542Belgium * * * *Bosnia and Herzegovina * * * *Bulgaria * * * *Croatia * * * *Cyprus * * * *Czech Republic * * * *Denmark 62 61 60 609Estonia * * * *Faroe Islands * * * *Finland * * * *France 54 53 55 542Georgia * * * *Germany 60 57 56 575Greece * * * *Hungary * * * *Iceland 63 62 61 620Italy 57 56 56 563Kosovo * * * *Latvia * * * *Lithuania 58 55 54 557Luxembourg * * * *Macedonia, Former Yugoslav Republic of * * * *Moldova, Republic of * * * *Monaco * * * *Montenegro * * * *Netherlands * * * *Northern Ireland * * * *Norway 63 61 60 613Poland 58 53 53 547Portugal * * * *Romania 59 58 58 583Russian Federation 57 54 54 549Serbia * * * *Slovakia * * * *Slovenia * * * *Spain 55 55 55 551Sweden 62 60 58 601Switzerland 59 59 58 586Turkey 51 51 51 510Ukraine 56 53 52 535United Kingdom * * * *Wales * * *

19 ▶▶▶▶▶▶▶▶▶▶▶▶▶▶▶▶▶▶▶▶▶▶▶▶▶▶▶▶▶▶▶▶▶▶▶▶▶▶▶▶▶▶▶▶▶▶▶▶▶▶▶▶▶▶

Table 20 (continued)

Table 21 presents the overall percentile ranks of TWE® (Test of Written English™) scores. In 2010, the TWE test was administered with TOEFL PBT on all test dates. The TWE test is holistically scored using a criterion-referenced 6-point score scale. Further information can be found in the Test of Written English Guide.

1 Because of the unreliability of statistics based on small samples, means are not reported for some native country subgroups.2 Because of changes in region and/or country boundaries, certain countries may have been added or deleted since the previous table was published.


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middle eAsT/NorTh AfricA

Algeria 50 50 49 497Egypt 55 51 53 532Gaza Strip 53 53 52 526Iran, Islamic Republic of 52 52 52 520Iraq 50 48 48 485Israel 62 56 57 584Jordan 54 51 51 520Kuwait * * * *Lebanon * * * *Libyan Arab Jamahiriya 52 48 49 495Morocco * * * *Oman * * * *Palestinian Territory 52 51 51 513Qatar * * * *Saudi Arabia 52 47 47 485Sudan 51 50 50 503Syrian Arab Republic 53 51 51 518United Arab Emirates * * * *Yemen 52 50 49 503


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pAcific regioN

American Samoa * * * *Australia * * * *Fiji * * * *French Polynesia * * * *Marshall Islands 52 48 46 487Micronesia, Federated States of 52 48 46 488Nauru * * * *Palau 54 53 49 521Papua New Guinea * * * *Samoa * * * *Solomon Islands * * * *Tonga * * * *

Table 21. Percentile Ranks for TWE Scores

TWE Score Percentile Rank

6.05.55.04.54.03.53.02.52.01.51.0

99989284603620841

MeanS.D.

3.70.9

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