Table of content · Foundation 1. Foundation types raft foundation piled and beam foundation pad...

Table of content

Foundation

1. Foundation types

raft foundation

piled and beam foundation

pad foundation

strip or trench foundation

functional analysis

2. Construction methods

in-situ cast concrete

H blocks with reo bar

functional analysis Basement

3. Capillary break

gravel

L.E.C.A. nuts

sand

functional analysis

4. Underfloor insulation

foam boards (XPS, EPS)

mineral wool

PUR -Material Rigid polyurethane foam

functional analysis

5. Floor slab

precast concrete

in situ cast concrete

functional analysis

6. Basement flooring

concrete

engineered wood

vinyl

functional analysis

7. External walls


light clinker blocks

prefabricated sandwich elements

functional analysis

8. Partition walls

light concrete/aerated concrete

tinder stud partition wall

steel frame separating wall

functional analysis

9. Ceilings

gypsum board

fermacell

magnesiacore

Ground floor

10. Floor partitions • Hollow concrete slab • In-situ concrete cast • Fligree slab panels • Functional analysis

11. Flooring • Floor tiles • Wooden floor • Carpet • Functional analysis

12. External walls • Brick-insulation-brick • Brick-insulation-clinker concrete • Brick-insulation-cellular concrete • Functional analysis

13. Partition walls • Brick walls • Concrete walls • Stud walls • Functional analysis

14. Insulation • stone wool • Polyurethane • Polystyrene • Functional analysis

1st floor

15. Storey partition

Kerto beams

I beams

Lattice beams

functional analysis

16. Bathroom flooring material

tiles

linoleum

wood

vinyl

functional analysis

17. Exterior cladding

wooden cladding

slates cladding

concrete

functional analysis

18. Flooring material

wooden floor

tiles

vinyl

functional analysis

19. 1st floor ceiling

gypsum board Ceiling

wooden ceiling

plaster boards

fermacel

functional analysis

Roof

20. Roof construction

cold roof

warm roof

inverted roof

functional analysis

21. Roof insulation

Celotex(PIR)

polystyrene

Thermisol Titan Slimline

Windows 22. Frames

aluminum clad and wood

Wood

Vinyl

23. Glazing

Gas fills

Insulated

Low-emissivity coatings Doors

24. Grand opening material

wooden door

steel door

fiberglass-composite door

aluminum door

25. Interior doors

FOUNDATION TYPE OPTIONS

Foundation types

raft foundation

piled and beam foundation

pad foundation

strip or trench foundation

functional analysis


Raft foundation

Material: Portland cement and

aggregate, usually sand and fine

gravel for high-density blocks

Weight: varies

Dimension: varies

Fire resistance: high

Diffusion open/tight: tight

Moisture sensitive: no

Danish approval: yes

Durability: very durable

U-value: exceptionally low U-values

(typically 0.15)

Rafts are an expensive form of construction, probably the most expensive type of foundation, and are

used where only a very low load can be applied, for example, on soft or variable ground.

Raft foundations are used where the ground is inherently stable but where conditions deep below the

surface, such as mining, might lead to ground movement. The reinforced raft is cast on top of consolidated

hardcore and is shaped at the edge to provide a step upon which both leafs of the wall are constructed.

The raft is a rigid slab of concrete, reinforced with steel, which spreads the building load over the whole

ground floor area.


Piled foundation




Weight: varies

Dimension: varies

Fire resistance: good





U-value:

A pile foundation is a civil engineering concept that is, at its most basic, a substructure that is supported

by piles.

Piled foundations are used where good bearing ground can only be found at deeper levels or where

physical restraints make other forms of foundation impossible.

A Piled foundation is usually carried out by specialist contractors. The piles can be dug, bored or driven

into the ground. They support a concrete ring beam or ground beam that spans from pile to pile, upon

which the house is built. This ring beam can be prefabricated but if it is cast on site it may be necessary to

have reinforcement cages ready made up to an engineer's specification.

In certain situations it may also be necessary to have compressible materials on hand to line the underside

or sides of the beam.


Pad foundation

Material: Reinforced concrete pad,

steel plates

Weight: varies

Dimension: varies






U-value:

Pad foundations are used when isolated loads need to be supported, such as columns or framed

structures. The load would be concentrated in relatively small areas of the pad with large expanses being

either non-load bearing or having lightweight loadings, meaning that small slabs to spread the load from

the skeletal structure can be cast.


Deep strip foundation




Weight: varies

Dimension: varies






U-value:

Strip foundations are the simplest and least expensive form of house foundation.

The strip foundation is basically a strip, or ribbon, of in situ concrete running under all the loadbearing

walls. This will normally include all the external walls and possibly some, or all, of the internal walls.

The depth and width of the strip depends on the building load and the nature of the ground. In many

cases these foundations do not need specialist design the foundation size can be determined by referring

to the Building Regulations.

It is often necessary to use this method in softer soils, such as sand, since they spread the load of the

building out over a greater area.

Made with reinforced steel to either top or bottom of the foundation or in some cases both.


Functional analysis

Functional analysis

All materials fulfill the demands of the building

regulations

Raft

foundation Piled and beam

foundation Pad

foundation Strip or trench

foundation

P F M P F M P F M P F M

ACOUSTIC

AESTHETICS 3 1 3 3 1 3 3 1 3 3 1 3

AGEING RESSTANCE 3 3 9 3 3 9 3 3 9 3 3 9

AVAILABILITY 3 3 9 3 3 9 3 3 9 3 3 9

COMFORT

COST 3 3 9 2 3 6 2 3 6 3 3 9

DURABILITY 3 3 9 3 3 9 3 3 9 3 3 9

EASE OF CLEANING

EASE OF FITTING 2 3 6 2 3 6 3 3 9 3 3 9

EASE OF USE

FIRE RESSTANCE 3 3 9 3 3 9 3 3 9 3 3 9

HEAT RESISTANCE 2 2 4 3 2 6 3 2 6 3 2 6

IMPACT PROOF 3 3 9 3 3 9 3 3 9 3 3 9

LOAD BEARING 3 3 9 3 3 9 3 3 9 3 3 9

NOISE RESSTANCE

PRESSURE RESSTANCE

3 3 9 3 3 9 3 3 9 3 3 9

SUITABILITY 1 3 3 2 3 6 2 3 6 3 3 9

WATER RESSTANCE 2 3 6 2 3 6 2 3 6 2 3 6

TOTAL 94 96 99 105

P: POINTS F: FACTOR M: MARK

1 - does not fulfill demands 1 - not important PxF

2 - fulfill demands acceptable 2 - less important

3 - fulfill demands completely 3 - important

CHOISE OF CONSTRUCTION: STRIP FOUNDATION

FOUNDATION CONSTRUCTION METHOD OPTIONS

Construction methods

in-situ cast concrete

H blocks with reo bar

functional analysis


In-situ cast concrete

Material: Portland cement, aggregate

and water

Weight: 2300-2500 kg/m3

Dimension: varies

Fire resistance: very good




Durability: extremely durable

U-value: bad

Concrete is one of the most durable building materials. Concrete buildings are more resistant to fire than

those constructed using wood or steel frames, since concrete does not burn. Structures made of concrete

can have a long service life.

Concrete has relatively high compressive strength, but much lower tensile strength. For this reason it is

usually reinforced with materials that are strong in tension (often steel). Concrete can be damaged by

many processes, such as the freezing of trapped water.

As concrete has a high thermal mass and very low permeability, it can make for energy efficient housing.

Concrete can be damaged by many processes, such as the expansion of corrosive products of the steel

reinforcement bars and freezing of trapped water.

Delivered to site in wet form and poured into place directly where required.

Requires construction of shuttering, reinforcement, pouring then being left to dry. This makes it very

labour intensive and time consuming but results in exactly what you want, where you want it.


H-blocks with reo bar

Material: Portland cement, cinder

aggregate and water or aerated

concrete

Weight: 460-1400 kg/m3

Dimension: 400x200mm/450x225mm





Durability: long standing material

U-value:

Hollow blocks are commonly used to create foundations and load-bearing walls for buildings. To do this,

these blocks are reinforced with tie beams as well as concrete columns. This specific type of construction

method is called concrete block structure.

H blocks are laid with reo bars on top of every course with concrete being poured into the cavity when

construction is finished.

The advantage of this system is that you can continue working much sooner than with, for example, in-

situ cast concrete.

The disadvantage is that the material costs are greater.


Functional analysis

Functional analysis

All materials fulfill the demands of the building regulations

H-blocks with reo bar

In situ cast concrete

P F M P F M

ACOUSTIC 3 1 3 3 1 3

AESTHETICS 2 3 6 3 3 9

AGEING RESSTANCE 3 3 9 3 3 9

AVAILABILITY 3 3 9 3 3 9

COMFORT NA NA NA NA NA NA

COST 2 3 6 3 3 9

DURABILITY 3 3 9 3 3 9

EASE OF CLEANING NA NA NA NA NA NA

EASE OF FITTING 2 3 6 3 3 9

EASE OF USE 2 3 6 3 3 9

FIRE RESSTANCE 3 2 6 3 2 6

HEAT RESISTANCE 3 1 3 3 1 3

IMPACT PROOF 2 1 2 3 1 3

LOAD BEARING 3 3 9 3 3 9

NOISE RESSTANCE NA NA NA NA NA NA

PRESSURE RESSTANCE 3 2 6 3 2 6

SUITABILITY 3 3 9 3 3 9

WATER RESSTANCE 2 3 6 2 3 6

TOTAL 63 75





CHOISE OF METHOD: IN SITU CAST CONCRETE

BASEMENT CAPILLARY BREAK OPTIONS

Capillary break

gravel

LECA nuts

sand

functional analysis


Gravel

Material: natural stones

Weight: 1500-1800 kg/m3

Dimension: 4-16mm





Durability: very good

U-value: N/A

Gravel is composed of unconsolidated rock fragments that have a general particle size range and include

size classes from granule- to boulder-sized fragments.

Gravel is categorized by the Udden-Wentworth scale into granular gravel (2 to 4 mm or 0.079 to 0.157 in)

and pebble gravel (4 to 64 mm). One cubic meter of gravel typically weighs about 1,800 kilograms.

Water can work its way up through the pores of a concrete slab by capillary action. This water may cause

the failure of vulnerable building materials such as flooring adhesives, gypsum board, wood, and carpets

that touch the damp concrete. However, a gravel layer beneath a slab provides a capillary break; the large

spaces between the individual stones prevent liquid water from moving up to make contact with the slab.

Gravel can be easily installed on uneven ground and levelled off ready for insulation or concrete to be

placed on top.


LECA – nuts

Material: clay


Dimension: 0,1-25mm


Diffusion open/tight: open




U-value: N/A

L.E.C.A. (Lightweight Expanded Clay Aggregate) is a lightweight expanded clay, formed by heating and

firing natural marine clay in rotary kiln at temperatures up to 1150 degrees. The yielding gases expand

the clay by thousands of small bubbles forming during heating producing a honeycomb structure. For

capillary breaking layer most commonly used size is 10-20mm.

Some characteristics of LECA are:

lightness

soundproofing by high acoustic resistance

moisture impermeable

incompressible under permanent pressure and gravity loads

non–decomposition against severe condition

fire resistant, freezing and melting resistance

easy movement and transportation

reduction of construction dead load

perfect material for drainage and filtration


Sand

Material: finely divided rock and

mineral particles

Weight: 1500-1800 kg/m3

Dimension: -

Fire resistance: fire retardant




Durability: long standing

U-value:

Sand is a naturally occurring granular material composed of finely divided rock and mineral particles

River sand has been most commonly used for the purpose of house construction but there are other

better options and alternatives which can be used for the sake of better quality and sustainable

construction practice.

The Manufactured sand has proper gradation as it is automated. It has particles from 150 microns to

4.75 mm in proper proportion. When fine particles are in proper proportion, the sand will have fewer

voids. The cement required will be less when there will be less void in sand. Such sand will be more

economical.

It is easily levelled out and it doesn’t need a good preparation of the terrain before placing the layer.


Functional analysis

Functional analysis


regulations

GRAVEL L.E.C.A. - nuts SAND

P F M P F M P F M

ACOUSTIC 0 0 0 0 0

AESTHETICS 0 0 0 0 0

AGEING RESSTANCE 3 3 9 3 3 9 3 3 9

AVAILABILITY 3 3 9 3 3 9 3 3 9

COMFORT 0 0 0 0 0

COST 3 3 9 1 3 3 2 3 6

DURABILITY 3 3 9 3 3 9 3 3 9

EASE OF CLEANING 0 0 0 0 0

EASE OF FITTING 3 3 9 3 3 9 3 3 9

EASE OF USE 3 3 9 3 3 9 3 3 9

FIRE RESSTANCE 3 1 3 3 1 3 3 1 3

HEAT RESISTANCE 3 1 3 3 1 3 3 1 3

IMPACT PROOF 0 0 0 0 0

LOAD BEARING 0 0 0 0 0

NOISE RESSTANCE 0 0 0 0 0

PRESSURE RESSTANCE 3 3 9 3 3 9 3 3 9


WATER RESSTANCE 0 0 0 0 0

TOTAL 69 63 66





CHOISE OF MATERIAL: GRAVEL

BASEMENT UNDERFLOOR INSULATION

Underfloor insulation

foam boards (XPS, EPS)

mineral wool


functional analysis


Foam Boards (XPS, EPS)

Material: plastic

Weight: 10-40 kg/m3

Dimension: varies

Fire resistance: flammable




Durability: durable

U-value:

Basements are part of a home, within the building boundary—despite repeated attempts over the years

to disconnect them from the living space. Because of this, basements should be designed and constructed

to be dry and conditioned. This is particularly important for basements that contain mechanical

equipment—a situation that is practically guaranteed in buildings that have a basement.

Basement floor slabs are best insulated underneath with rigid insulation: either extruded or expanded

polystyrene have been widely used with success.

When slab insulation is provided, a sheet polyethylene vapor barrier should be located over the rigid

insulation and in direct contact with the concrete slab. As the slab will only be able to dry upward, the

slab should be allowed to dry before finishes are applied. Impermeable interior floor finishes such as vinyl

floor coverings should also be avoided.

this board does not absorb water

is not a food source for mold, and is not subject to moisture-related damage and deterioration.

an excellent thermal insulator that increases the energy efficiency of your structures

it retains its insulating properties over time.

it provides an extra barrier against moisture infiltration


Mineral wool

Material: basalt or other minerals

often in combination with slag


Dimension:

Fire resistance: fire proof




Durability: good

U-value:

Stone wool (or mineral wool) was discovered on the islands of Hawaii at the beginning of the century. It

occurs there naturally as a byproduct of volcanic activity. In its manufactured state, stone wool combines

the power of rock with the characteristics of typical insulation wool.

Mineral wool is manufactured from basalt or other minerals often in combination with slag, a byproduct

from several industrial processes. Like fiberglass, mineral wool is available in batts and rigid (and semi-

rigid) boards; unlike fiberglass, mineral wool is rarely manufactured with a facing. And, thanks to its non-

directional fiber orientation, it also exhibits some unique and valuable characteristics.

Fire Resistant, stone wool can withstand temperatures up to 2150º F (1177º C);consequently it

does not contribute either to the development and spread of fire or the release of toxic gases

Water Repellent yet vapor permeable, stone wool has a unique orientation ideal for repelling and

draining water away from exterior walls, interior walls, industrial pipe and other assemblies

R-value unaffected by moisture

Completely resistant to rot, mildew, mold and bacterial growth- contributing to a safer indoor

environment

Dimensional stability, retains its characteristics over time

Minimal changes in size and performance are evident with changes in temperature and humidity



Weight: varies

Dimension: 1200mm x 600mm

Thickness (mm): 50, 100, 120, 130,

140, 150

Fire resistance: REI 45




Durability: very good after installation

U-value: 0,022 W/Mk

Hyfloor Under Floor Insulation has superior thickness to performance ratio allowing the lower targets

required under the new Building Regulations to be achieved with minimum thicknesses. Where Hyfloor

Insulation is used below the floor slab, lay the hardcore in layers; min 150mmmax 225mm; each layer

should be well compacted, with the surface blinded with quarry dust or sand to provide suitable surface

for laying DPM. A damp proof membrane e.g. 1200 gauge polythene or radon barrier should be laid over

blinding with joints taped to prevent passage of ground moisture, it should be carried up the wall until it

meets and seals with the DPC.

Hyfloor is an engineered T&G jointed high performance Under Floor Insulation consisting of a high

performance rigid Polyisocyanurate (PIR) core with branded gas tight facings both sides, it has a thermal

conductivity of 0.022W/mK


Functional analysis

Functional analysis


regulations

FOAM BOARDS MINERAL WOOL PUR

P F M P F M P F M

ACOUSTIC 0 0 0

AESTHETICS 0 0 0



COMFORT 0 0 0

COST 2 2 4 2 2 4 2 2 4

DURABILITY 0 0 0

EASE OF CLEANING 3 3 9 3 3 9 3 3 9

EASE OF FITTING 3 3 9 3 3 9 3 3 9

EASE OF USE 1 2 2 3 2 6 3 2 6



IMPACT PROOF 0 0 0

LOAD BEARING 0 0 0

NOISE RESSTANCE 0 0 0


SUITABILITY 3 1 3 3 3 9 3 3 9

WATER RESSTANCE 0 0 0 0

TOTAL 59 69 69





CHOISE OF MATERIAL: PUR

BASEMENT FLOOR SLAB OPTIONS

Floor slab

precast concrete


functional analysis


Precast concrete


and water

Weight: 2300-2500 kg/m3

Dimension: thickness 150-450mm,

width usually 1220mm






U-value: bad

Concrete slabs come in a variety of forms, which can be divided into two categories – precast or in situ,

depending on where the concrete was cast. Wherever the concrete is cast it may be reinforced or

prestressed. Reinforced concrete uses steel bars to resist the tension in the slab. Prestressed concrete has

high strength steel strand cast in it which compresses the concrete and maximises the benefit of concrete

compressive strengths.

Precast concrete options are cast in a factory environment and include the following prestressed concrete

options:

• Hollowcore units

• Double-tee units

• Solid concrete units




and water

Weight: 2300-2500 kg/m3

Dimension: varies






U-value: bad

In-situ concrete is the traditional form of concrete construction. Until the early part of the 20th century it

was the main method used. Systems are being developed and used in both Europe and the U.S. to allow

cast-in-place concrete to be cost and time efficient.

In developing parts of the world, in-situ concrete, which relies on higher labour input than other forms of

concrete construction, is still dominant.

Cast in-situ concrete has become a material that designers exploit for its structural qualities above all else.


Functional analysis

Functional analysis


PRECAST

CONCRETE IN SITU

CONCRETE

P F M P F M

ACOUSTIC 1 2 2 1 2 2

AESTHETICS 2 1 2 2 1 2

AGEING RESSTANCE 3 3 9 3 3 9

AVAILABILITY 3 3 9 3 3 9

COMFORT 0 0 0

COST 3 3 9 2 3 6

DURABILITY 3 3 9 3 3 9

EASE OF CLEANING 2 2 4 2 2 4

EASE OF FITTING 2 3 6 3 3 9

EASE OF USE 2 3 6 3 3 9

FIRE RESSTANCE 3 2 6 3 2 6

HEAT RESISTANCE 3 2 6 3 2 6

IMPACT PROOF 3 3 9 3 3 9

LOAD BEARING 3 3 9 3 3 9

NOISE RESSTANCE 1 1 1 1 1 1

PRESSURE RESSTANCE 3 3 9 3 3 9


WATER RESSTANCE 3 1 3 3 1 3

TOTAL 108 111





CHOISE OF MATERIAL: IN SITU CAST CONCRETE

BASEMENT FLOORING OPTIONS

Basement flooring

concrete

engineered wood

vinyl

functional analysis


Concrete


and water

Weight: 2300-2500 kg/m3

Dimension: thickness: N/A






U-value: bad

One of the simplest and least expensive options for finishing a basement concrete slab is to paint or stain

the slab.

Assuming the basement concrete slab is unsealed and still porous, a colored stain will likely penetrate

fairly well and hold its color for several years before reapplication.

A concrete paint probably will show wear in a high-traffic areas, and will require a reapplication every 3-

5 years.

An epoxy coating system, which combines a solvent-based adhesive coating with decorative (and slip-

resistant) color chips, is far tougher than a concrete paint or stain. It costs about 3 times as much as the

paint or stain but leaves a tough, industrial-looking finish.

Another option is to cover the concrete slab with an additional, thin layer of concrete that has been

pigmented with color. A thin-coat can also be stamped with a pattern to resemble brick, flagstone, and

even wood planks. Because the color is throughout the coating, it will never wear away.


Engineered wood

Material: composed of two or more

layers of wood

Weight: 8kg/m2

Dimension: 20x190x1900mm

Fire resistance:

Diffusion open/tight: varies

Moisture sensitive: varies


Durability: durable

U-value: varies

Until the advent of engineered hardwood flooring, few builders or remodelers would recommend or risk

installing a hardwood floor over a below-grade concrete surface. Because solid wood changes dimensions

with fluctuations in temperature and humidity, the chances of warping and cracking were too great. In

addition, there were few reliable options for installing wood flooring without traditional nails or screws.

Engineered wood floors, however, provide a more stable substrate for the planks while delivering the look

and feel of a solid wood floor. They feature a thin veneer layer of solid wood that is laminated to plywood

backing. Plywood is more dimensionally stable than solid wood, allowing the planks to withstand

temperature and moisture fluctuations without warping.

Engineered hardwood planks are installed one of two ways. Some varieties are designed to be glued to

the basement floor using an industrial adhesive. Others are “floated” over a layer of thin foam sheeting;

the planks are held in place by a system of interlocking ends and edges.


Vinyl

Material: ethylene and chlorine

Weight: 1000-2000kg/m3

Dimension: 300x3000x2.3mm or

400x4000x2.3mm

Fire resistance: no




Durability: good prformance

U-value:

Vinyl is not a natural substance but is a synthetic man-made material. It is a type of plastic that is made

from ethylene (found in crude oil) and chlorine (found in regular salt). When processed, both the

substances are combined to form Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) resin, or as is commonly referred to - Vinyl.

Vinyl installs easily over a concrete slab, but it’s critical to make sure the surface is smooth, as

imperfections are sure to show through and possibly damage the flooring. A thicker (and more expensive)

grade of vinyl flooring may help hide slight bumps in the concrete.

Resilient vinyl flooring is durable, moisture-proof, and maintenance-free. Sheet vinyl comes in 12-foot-

wide rolls that virtually eliminate seams. Self-sticking vinyl tiles are ideal for do-it-yourself installations.

There are an enormous variety of colors and styles from which to choose. In general, thicker vinyl

translates to higher quality and cost. Thicker vinyl can feature a textured surface, and some types have

the appearance of real stone and wood.


Functional analysis

Functional analysis


regulations

CONCRETE ENGINEERED

WOOD VINYL

P F M P F M P F M

ACOUSTIC 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2

AESTHETICS 2 2 4 3 2 6 3 2 6



COMFORT 2 2 4 2 2 4 2 2 4

COST 3 3 9 1 3 3 2 3 6

DURABILITY 3 3 9 2 3 6 3 3 9


EASE OF FITTING 3 2 6 2 2 4 3 2 6

EASE OF USE 3 1 3 3 1 3 3 1 3



IMPACT PROOF 3 3 9 2 3 6 1 3 3




SUITABILITY 3 3 9 3 3 9 3 3 9

WATER RESSTANCE 3 3 9 2 3 6 3 3 9

TOTAL 115 85 96





CHOISE OF MATERIAL: CONCRETE

BASEMENT EXTERNAL WALL OPTIONS

External walls


light clinker blocks

prefabricated sandwich elements

functional analysis




and water

Weight: 2300-2500 kg/m3

Dimension: varies






U-value: bad

Concrete has relatively high compressive strength, but much lower tensile strength. For this reason it is

usually reinforced with materials that are strong in tension (often steel). Concrete can be damaged by

many processes, such as the freezing of trapped water.

As concrete has a high thermal mass and very low permeability, it can make for energy efficient housing.

Concrete can be damaged by many processes, such as the expansion of corrosive products of the steel

reinforcement bars and freezing of trapped water.

Delivered to site in wet form and poured into place directly where required.

Requires construction of shuttering, reinforcement, pouring then being left to dry. This makes it very

labour intensive and time consuming but results in exactly what you want, where you want it.


Light clinker blocks

Material: Portland cement, cinder

aggregate and water or aerated

concrete


Dimension: 400x200mm/450x225mm





Durability: long standing material

U-value:

Light clinker blocks are made using cast concrete with cinder aggregate; and can also be produced using

aerated concrete. Cinder blocks are called breeze blocks in Britain.

A concrete block is primarily used as a building material in the construction of walls. It is sometimes called

a concrete masonry unit (CMU). A concrete block is one of several precast concrete products used in

construction. The term precast refers to the fact that the blocks are formed and hardened before they are

brought to the job site. Most concrete blocks have one or more hollow cavities, (to reduce weight or

improve insulation) and their sides may be cast smooth or with a design. In use, concrete blocks are

stacked one at a time and held together with fresh concrete mortar to form the desired length and height

of the wall.

Hollow blocks are commonly used to create foundations and load-bearing walls for buildings. To do this,

these blocks are reinforced with tie beams as well as concrete columns. This specific type of construction

method is called concrete block structure.

The use of blockwork allows structures to be built in the traditional masonry style with layers (or courses)

of staggered blocks. Blocks come in many sizes.

H blocks are laid with reo bars on top of every course with concrete being poured into the cavity when

construction is finished.

The advantage of this system is that you can continue working much sooner than with, for example, in-

situ cast concrete.

The disadvantage is that the material costs are greater.


Prefabricated sandwich elements

Material: concrete

Weight: varies

Dimension: varies






U-value: depends on the insulation

Sandwich elements of concrete are an effective and reliable basement solution, which secure optimal and

unbroken cavity wall insulation from ground level to foundation.

Sandwich elements consist of two concrete leaves with an insulation layer in between. The external leaf

is generally in architectural concrete. The internal leaf is in grey concrete and may be designed as load

bearing or non-load-bearing. Load bearing means that it is supporting the floors and the structure above.

Self-bearing means that it is only supporting the self-weight of the façade.

Internal load bearing leaf is produced in variety of thickness between 100 mm and 150 mm, insulation

layer starting from 50 mm and up; the external leaf is in variety of thickness between 60 mm and 100 mm

Internal and external concrete leaves are connected via the flexible reinforcement and the load of the

self-weight external leaf is transmitted to the internal load bearing leaf.

Maximum length of facades is 12 m, height – 3,8 m. For residential buildings it is recommended to use the

façade elements of maximum 7,5 m length.

Precast concrete elements - sandwich walls – are perfectly suited to residential construction, first of all

because of perfect thermal insulations.

Houses made of precast concrete elements, will be warm and efficient.


Functional analysis

Functional analysis


regulations

IN SITU CAST CONCRETE

LIGHT CLINKER BLOCKS

PREFABRICATED ELEMENTS

P F M P F M P F M

ACOUSTIC 1 2 2 1 2 2 3 2 6

AESTHETICS 3 1 3 3 1 3 3 1 3



COMFORT 0 0 0 0 0

COST 2 3 6 1 3 3 2 3 6

DURABILITY 3 3 9 2 3 6 3 3 9

EASE OF CLEANING

EASE OF FITTING 2 3 6 2 3 6 3 3 9

EASE OF USE 0 0 0 0 0



IMPACT PROOF 2 3 6 2 3 6 3 3 9

LOAD BEARING 3 3 9 2 3 6 3 3 9

NOISE RESSTANCE 2 3 6 1 3 3 3 3 9


SUITABILITY 3 2 6 3 2 6 3 2 6


TOTAL 100 85 113





CHOISE OF MATERIAL: PREFABRICATED

SANDWICH ELEMENTS

BASEMENT PARTITION WALL OPTIONS

Partition walls

light concrete/aerated concrete

tinder stud partition wall

steel frame separating wall

functional analysis


Light concrete/aerated concrete

Material: fine aggregates, cement,

and an expansion agent



Fire resistance:




Durability: medium

U-value: 0,14 W/m2K

Autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC) is made with fine aggregates, cement, and an expansion agent that

causes the fresh mixture to rise like bread dough. In fact, this type of concrete contains 80 percent air. In

the factory where it is made, the material is molded and cut into precisely dimensioned units.

Cured blocks or panels of autoclaved aerated concrete are joined with thin bed mortar. Components can

be used for walls, floors, and roofs. The lightweight material offers excellent sound and thermal insulation,

and like all cement-based materials, is strong and fire resistant. In order to be durable, AAC requires some

type of applied finish, such as a polymer-modified stucco, natural or manufactured stone, or siding.

durability and dimensional stability, AAC resists water, rot, mold, mildew, and insects

units are precisely shaped and conform to tight tolerances

fire resistance is excellent, and because it is noncombustible, it will not burn or give off toxic fumes

the light weight means that R-values for AAC are comparable to conventional frame walls, but

they have higher thermal mass, provide air tightness, and as just noted, are not combustible

that light weight also gives a high sound reduction for privacy, both from outside noises and from

other rooms when used as interior partition walls


Tinder stud partition wall

Material: Timber studs, plasterboard

Weight: varies

Dimension: varies

Fire resistance:


Moisture sensitive: yes


Durability: poor

U-value:

Load-bearing and non-load-bearing stud walls may be built of wood, aluminum, or cold-formed steel.

Basic framing consists of vertical structural members, or studs, seated on a bottom, horizontal, bearing

member, called a sole plate, and capped with a horizontal tie, called a top plate. In addition, diagonal and

horizontal bracing may be applied to the framing to prevent racking due to horizontal forces acting in the

plane of the wall.

Advantages of wood construction include light weight and ease of fabrication and assembly, especially in

the field.

Constructed from timber for the frame, with insulation and covered with sheets of plasterboard or similar

material.


Steel frame separating wall

Material: Timber studs, plasterboard

Weight: varies

Dimension: varies

Fire resistance:




Durability: poor

U-value:

Aluminum and cold-formed steel construction offer the advantages over wood of incombustibility and

freedom from warping, shrinking, swelling, and attack by insects. Studs may be provided with punched

openings, which not only reduce weight but also permit passage of pipe and conduit without the necessity

of drilling holes in the field.

Metal framing is not so easy to cut and fit in the field as wood. Hence, prefabrication of metal walls in

convenient lengths is desirable. Metal members are manufactured with a variety of widths, leg

dimensions, lengths, and thicknesses. Steel studs, for example, are available as C shapes, channels and

nailable sections; that is, attachments can be nailed to the flanges.


Functional analysis

Functional analysis


regulations

LIGHT

CONCRET TINDER STUD STEEL FRAME

P F M P F M P F M

ACOUSTIC 1 1 1 3 1 3 3 1 3

AESTHETICS 3 1 3 3 1 3 3 1 3



COMFORT 0 0 0 0 0

COST 2 3 6 2 3 6 2 3 6

DURABILITY 3 3 9 1 3 3 2 3 6


EASE OF FITTING 2 2 4 3 2 6 3 2 6




IMPACT PROOF 2 3 6 1 3 3 1 3 3

LOAD BEARING 3 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 1


PRESSURE RESSTANCE 0 0 0 0 0

SUITABILITY 3 2 6 3 2 6 3 2 6


TOTAL 82 62 68





CHOISE OF MATERIAL: LIGHT CONCRETE

BASEMENT CEILING OPTIONS

Ceilings

gypsum board

fermacell

magnesiacore

functional analysis


Gypsum board

Material: gypsum

Weight: 7kg/m2


Fire resistance:




Durability: poor

U-value:

Gypsum is a cementious material composed of at least 70% of CaSO4 2H2O by weight. It is a main

ingredient of many building products.

This product consists of a core of set gypsum surfaced with specifically manufactured paper firmly bonded

to the core. It is designed to be used without addition of plaster for walls, ceilings, or partitions and

provides a surface suitable to receive either paint or paper.

Gypsum board is extensively used in ‘‘drywall’’ construction, where plaster is eliminated. It is also available

with one surface covered with aluminum or other heat-reflecting type of foil, or with imitation woodgrain

or other patterns on the exposed surface so that no additional decoration is required.

The types of gypsum board generally available include wallboard, backing board, core board, fire-resistant

gypsum board, water-resistant gypsum board, gypsum sheathing, and gypsum form board.


Fermacell

Material: gypsum and cellulose fibers

recycled from waste paper

Weight: 1100-1200 kg/m3


Fire resistance: non-flammable




Durability: moderate

U-value:

Fermacell is made from gypsum and recycled paper fibres. These two natural raw materials are mixed

with water, without any other binders being added. The mixture is then pressed into stable boards under

high pressure, dried, coated with a water repellent, and cut to the required sizes. The gypsum reacts with

the water, penetrating and enveloping the fibers. This produces high stability and non-combustibility.

Because of their material composition, fermacell boards are suitable for general construction, fire

protection, and wet rooms.

Fermacell gypsum board offers installers speed and flexibility as no wet trades are needed on site as a

skim plaster type finish with Fermacell Fine Surface Treatment (FST) can be achieved without the need for

plastering.


Magnesiacore

Material: Magnesia cement,

aggregates and water

Weight: 1000 kg/m3

Dimension: thickness 3-20mm, size up

to 122x244

Fire resistance: high



Danish approval: Certified in

Euroclass System that Denmark is a

member of


U-value:

Magnesiacore™ Technology uses proprietary processes with magnesium oxide compounds to deliver a

versatile, non-combustible, and unique board material. This hard, inert and paperless construction panel

has superior qualities over panels made from gypsum, cement, clay, wood and/or paper.

environmentally friendly

salt, fire, moisture, heat and mold resistant construction board

insects and rodents can't feed on

sound attenuating material

breathable and porous for strong coating and adhesive bond

ideal for basements, garages, washrooms, wet pool areas and laundry rooms


Functional analysis

Functional analysis


regulations

GYPSUM BOARD FERMACELL MAGNESIACORE

P F M P F M P F M

ACOUSTIC 3 2 6 3 2 6 3 2 6

AESTHETICS 3 2 6 3 2 6 2 2 4



COMFORT 0 0 0 0 0

COST 2 3 6 2 3 6 1 3 3

DURABILITY 2 3 6 3 3 9 3 3 9


EASE OF FITTING 3 3 9 3 3 9 3 3 9



HEAT RESISTANCE 0 0 0 0 0

IMPACT PROOF 1 1 1 2 1 2 2 1 2




SUITABILITY 3 3 9 3 3 9 3 3 9


TOTAL 66 80 69





CHOISE OF MATERIAL: FERMACELL

GROUND FLOOR PARTITION OPTIONS

Floor partition

Hollow core concrete floor slab

In situ cast concrete floor

Pre-cast concrete

Functional analysis


Hollow core concrete

Material: concrete

Weight: varies

Dimension: h-max 400mm


Diffusion open/tight:


Danish approval:


U-value:

A hollow core slab, also known as a voided slab, hollow core plank or simply a concrete plank is a precast

slab of pre-stressed concrete typically used in the construction of floors in multi-story apartment

buildings. The slab has been especially popular in countries where the emphasis of home construction has

been on precast concrete, including Northern Europe and UAE socialist countries of Eastern Europe.

Precast concrete popularity is linked with low-seismic zones and more economical constructions because

of fast building assembly, lower self-weight (less material), etc.


In-situ concrete cast


aggregate.

Weight: varies

Dimension:




Danish approval:


U-value:

Concrete is one of the most durable building materials. Concrete buildings are more resistant to fire than

those constructed using wood or steel frames, since concrete does not burn. Structures made of concrete

can have a long service life.

Delivered to site in wet form and poured into place directly where required. Requires construction of

shuttering and reinforcement, pouring then being left to dry. This makes it very labor intensive and time

consuming but results in exactly what you want, where you want it.


Filigree slab panels

Material: concrete

Weight: 125 kg/m2

Dimension: thickness 5 cm or more




Danish approval:

Durability: durable

U-value:

The Filigree Wide slab method is a process for construction of concrete floor decks from two

interconnected concrete placements, one precast in a factory, and the other done in the field. The method

was developed during the late 1960s by Harry H. Wise as a more efficient and economic construction

process than conventional cast-in-place technologies.

The system is designed as a one-way continuous span slab supported on continuous span beams. An

analysis of the slab take into account the width of the beams, as the deeper beams behave as slab

haunches, proving greater stiffness to the slab near a support.

The top reinforcement design for the slabs should be done at both the beam center lines, and at the beam

faces. This is because the negative slab moments are typically much less at a beam face, allowing a

reduction in the top reinforcement required.


Functional analysis

Functional analysis


IN SITU CAST CONCRETE HOLLOW SLAB FLIGREE SLAB

P F M P F M P F M

ACOUSTIC 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2

AESTHETICS 3 1 3 3 1 3 3 1 3



COMFORT 0 0 0 0 0

COST 2 3 6 2 3 6 2 3 6

DURABILITY 3 3 9 2 3 6 3 3 9

EASE OF CLEANING

EASE OF FITTING 2 3 6 3 3 9 3 3 9




IMPACT PROOF 2 3 6 2 3 6 2 3 6

LOAD BEARING 3 3 9 3 3 9 3 3 9



SUITABILITY 2 2 4 3 2 6 1 2 2


TOTAL 90 92 91





CHOISE OF MATERIAL: HOLLOW SLAB

GROUND FLOOR FLOORING OPTIONS

Flooring

Floor tiles

Wooden floor

Carpet

Functional analysis


Floor tiles

Material: clay, concrete

Weight: varies

Dimension: varies f. ex. -

100mmx100mm , 150mmx150mm

Fire resistance: very high



Danish approval:

Durability: very

U-value: Lambda 1.0 W/mK

Natural clay floor tiles have been used for centuries as a hard, durable floor surface and finish for both

domestic and agricultural ground floors. The two types of tile may be distinguished as floor quarries and

clay floor tiles. The word quarry is derived from the French ”carr”, meaning square.

Ceramic tiles are a popular choice of flooring due to their aesthetic appeal, as well as their durability and

easy care. Glazed ceramic tiles resist stains, odors and dirt and can be cleaned with a damp mop or

common household cleaners. A properly installed ceramic tile floor will outperform and outlast nearly any

other floor covering product created for the same application.


Wooden floor

Material: varies

Weight: varies

Dimension: varies

Fire resistance: varies


Moisture sensitive: varies

Danish approval:

Durability: varies

U-value: 0.18 W/mK

Natural wood floor finishes such as boards, strips and blocks are used for the advantage of the variety of

color, grain and texture of this natural material, which is warm, resilient, and comparatively quiet

underfoot.

Floorboards may be used as a floor surface to timber and to concrete floors. Either plain edge or tongued

and grooved boards are used. The boards are nailed to wood battens set in a screed or to battens secured

in floor clips. More usually, wood strip flooring is used , which are strips of hardwood or softwood of good

quality, specially selected so as to be particularly free of knots, are prepared in widths of 90mm or less

and 19, 21 or 28mm in thickness.

Wood block floor finish- Blocks of wood are used as a floor finish where resistance to heavy wear is

required, as in halls ,corridors and schools ,to provide a surface which is moderately resilient, warm and

quiet underfoot. An advantage of the comparatively thick blocks is that after wear the top surface may be

sanded to reduce the block to a level surface. The blocks are usually 229 to 305mm long by 75mm wide

by from 21 to 40mm thick and are laid on the floor in a bonded, herringbone or basket weave pattern.


Carpet

Material: varies

Weight: varies

Dimension: varies

Fire resistance: poor



Danish approval:

Durability:

U-value:

Carpet is commonly made in widths of 4m and 5m in Europe and it is fixed to a floor over a cushioned

underlay (pad) using nails, tack strips, adhesives, or occasionally decorative metal stair rods. For

environmental reasons, the use of wool, natural bindings, natural padding, and formaldehyde-free glues

is becoming more common. These options are almost always at a premium cost, though with no sacrifice

to performance.

Carpet is a warm floor covering that is very easy and fast to install, comes in many colors and designs &

it is also very good at acoustic dampening.

The disadvantages include that it doesn’t wear well, stains very easily, gathers dust & molds if exposed to

moisture.


Functional analysis

Functional analysis


regulations

FLOOR TILES WOODEN FLOOR CARPET

P F M P F M P F M

ACOUSTIC 2 2 4 2 2 4 3 2 6

AESTHETICS 3 3 9 3 3 9 3 3 9



COMFORT 3 3 9 3 3 9 3 3 9

COST 3 3 9 3 3 9 3 3 9

DURABILITY 3 2 6 2 2 4 1 2 2

EASE OF CLEANING 3 3 3 3 9 2 3 6

EASE OF FITTING 3 3 9 3 3 9 3 3 9

EASE OF USE



IMPACT PROOF 2 2 4 2 2 4 2 2 4

LOAD BEARING 0 0 0 0

NOISE RESSTANCE 0 0 0 0


SUITABILITY 3 2 6 2 2 4 2 2 4


TOTAL 107 98 86





CHOISE OF MATERIAL:FLOOR TILES

GROUND FLOOR EXTERNAL WALL OPTIONS

1. External walls

Brick-insulation-brick

Brick-insulation-clinker concrete

Brick-insulation-cellular concrete

Functional analysis


Brick-insulation-brick

Material: Clay based bricks- insulation

material - clay based bricks.

Weight: 4.0 KN/ m2 + insulation.

Dimension: standard-228x108x54mm




Danish approval:

Durability: high

U-value: varies

Heavy external walls are usually made as combination walls, i.e. a cavity wall where vertical load is

accepted by the inner leaf while resistance to wind load is established by the inner leaf and outer leaf in

combination. The outer leaf is usually a brick wall, while the inner leaf can be a brick wall.

More time consuming because of the brick work but provide good sound and heat insulation and most

importantly resistance to rain penetration.

The inner leaf made of bricks is very resistant to the vertical loads.


Brick-insulation-cellular concrete

Material: Aerated concrete

Weight: varies

Dimension: varies




Danish approval:


U-value: varies

It is a highly thermally insulating concrete-based material used for both internal and external construction.

Besides AAC's insulating capability, one of its advantages in construction is its quick and easy installation,

because the material can be routed, sanded, or cut to size on site using standard carbon steel power tools.

It can be both blocks and wall panels.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_insulation

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wood_router


Brick-insulation-clinker concrete blocks

Material:

Weight: varies

Dimension: varies




Danish approval:


U-value: varies

Concrete blocks are made from cast concrete, e.g. Portland cement and aggregate, usually sand and

fine gravel for high-density blocks. Lower density blocks may use industrial wastes as an aggregate.

Lightweight blocks can also be produced using aerated concrete.

Clinker blocks use clinker as aggregate. In non-technical usage, the terms cinder block and breeze block are

often generalized to cover all of these varieties.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casting

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concrete

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portland_cement

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Construction_aggregate

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravel

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_waste

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autoclaved_aerated_concrete

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinker_(waste)


Functional analysis

Functional analysis


BRICK CELLULAR CONCRETE

CLINKER CONCRETE

P F M P F M P F M

ACOUSTIC 2 2 4 2 2 4 2 2 4

AESTHETICS 2 2 4 2 2 4 2 2 4



COMFORT 0 0 0 0 0

COST 2 3 6 2 3 6 2 3 6

DURABILITY 3 3 9 3 3 9 3 3 9

EASE OF CLEANING 0 0 0

EASE OF FITTING 3 3 9 3 3 9 3 3 9

EASE OF USE 2 3 6 3 3 9 3 3 9



IMPACT PROOF 2 3 6 3 3 9 3 3 9

LOAD BEARING 3 3 9 3 3 9 3 3 9



SUITABILITY 3 3 9 3 3 9 3 3 9


TOTAL 107 113 113





CHOISE OF MATERIAL: CLINKER CONCRETE


Brick walls

Material: brick

Weight: 168 mm wall-2.9 KN/m2

Dimension: varies (1/2 brick wall,

1+1/2 brick wall )




Danish approval:

Durability: durable

U-value: lambda-0,6 W/mK

A partition wall is a wall for the purpose of separating rooms, or dividing a room.

A load bearing internal wall is a wall carrying a vertical load from other building components such as roof

and storey partitions end should be constructed as 168 mm brick walls.

Partition walls may be constructed with bricks.

Brick partition walls are time consuming to build but sturdier than stud walls. They are sometimes left as

finished walls but are most commonly covered with plaster and painted or wall papered.

There are no requirements for heat insulation of internal walls between heated rooms.


Concrete walls

Material: concrete

Weight: varies

Dimension: varies




Danish approval:

Durability: durable

U-value:

100 mm clinker concrete wall fulfil the requirements for BS building component 60 for storey heights up

to 2.6 m.

Easier and faster construction then masonry brick wall.

Can be left as a finished wall in areas such as garages and possibly basements, but in occupied rooms

would normally be finished with some sort of surface such as plaster.


Stud walls

Material: Timber/steel studs,

insulation & plasterboard or similar

Weight: varies

Dimension: Wooden stud walls with

45 x 95 mm studs per 600 mm




Danish approval:

Durability: poor

U-value:

A stud partition is an easy way to divide an internal room, it is really a temporary structure which can be

removed if the use of the area changes.

Steel stud walls clad with at least 12 mm plasterboard usually fulfil the requirements for non-bearing BD-

building component 3.

Very easy and quick to build but with low fire resistance.


Functional analysis

Functional analysis


regulations

BRICK CONCRETE STUD WALL

P F M P F M P F M

ACOUSTIC 2 2 4 2 2 4 2 2 4

AESTHETICS 2 2 4 2 2 4 2 2 4



COMFORT 0 0 0 0 0

COST 2 3 6 2 3 6 2 3 6

DURABILITY 3 3 9 3 3 9 3 3 9


EASE OF FITTING 3 3 9 3 3 9 3 3 9

EASE OF USE 2 3 6 3 3 9 2 3 6



IMPACT PROOF 3 3 9 3 3 9 2 3 6

LOAD BEARING 3 3 9 3 3 9 3 3 9



SUITABILITY 3 3 9 3 3 9 3 3 9


TOTAL 110 113 95





CHOISE OF MATERIAL: CONCRETE

1ST FLOOR INSULATION OPTIONS

Insulation

Mineral wool

Polyurethane

Polystyrene

Functional analysis


Stone wool

Material: melted raw materials

Weight: varies

Dimension: varies

Fire resistance: Euroklasse A1



Danish approval:

Durability: high

U-value: λD = 33 mW/mK

A unique feature of Rockwool stone wool products is their fire-resistant properties. Rockwool insulation

is made up of at least 95% stone wool and it has a melting point above 1,000 ºC. Because of its non-

combustibility, there is no contribution to the fire load within buildings. As a result, using Rockwool

insulation products in a building allows for improved fire safety.

Rockwool has developed a high alumina, low-silica stone wool to replace traditional stone wool (Guldberg

et al.; IARC Monograph). When tested on animals, this type of stone wool is found to be non-carcinogenic

(IARC Monograph; IARC Press Release; Kamstrup et al.): its chemical composition increases biosolubility

and results in a fast elimination of the fibers from the lungs. High-alumina, low-silica wool dissipates

approximately 10 times faster from the lungs than traditional stone wool (Guldberg et al.; IARC

Monograph).

Rockwool® insulation products are probably the most sustainable solution.


Polyurethane foam

Material: Polyurethane

Weight: 30kg/m3

Dimension: varies




Danish approval:

Durability: high

U-value: lambda-0.026

Polyurethane foam has good thermal insulating properties, low moisture-vapor permeability, high

resistance to water absorption, relatively high mechanical strength and low density. In addition, it is

relatively easy and economical to install.

Foam can also be produced in situ by a variety of means, as follows:

It can be poured in place. This involves mixing the chemicals either manually or by mechanical means and pouring in open moulds or spaces where insulation is required. The mixture creates a foam and solidifies. If necessary, the solidified foam can be cut to the required size or shape.

It can be sprayed directly onto a solid surface using guns that mix and atomize the foam as it is being applied. For example, fish holds or tanks can be sprayed directly on the outside surface and inaccessible areas may be sprayed on and built up without the need of moulds. The foam will adhere to itself and most metals, wood and other materials. It can also be injected into a cavity (e.g. it can be used for moulded insulated boxes). Spray and injection techniques are becoming the most widely used for the installation of rigid polyurethane foam in ships and fishing vessels.

In frothing, the mixture of chemicals is dispensed partially pre-expanded, like an aerosol cream. Appropriate equipment, including an extra blowing agent, is required for immediate pre-expansion. The final phase of expansion takes place as the chemical reaction reaches completion. This technique is used when rigid foams/panels with a high strength-weight ratio are required


Polystyrene

Material: Polystyrene

Weight: varies

Dimension: varies




Danish approval:

Durability: durable

U-value: Lambda 0.034-0.038W/m

Hard Polystyrene Foam Boards are insulation materials produced by molding sprayed styrene resin

polymerization under pressure (Extruded Polystyrene – XPS) or by pressing polystyrene grains into molds

expanded under steam or in hot water with the help of steam again (Expanded Polystyrene – XPS).

The most general usage area of polystyrene foam for heat insulation purposes are at Constructions; wall,

ceiling, roof and prefabricated elements

The reason Expanded Polystyrene (EPS) is such a good insulating material is the millions of air pockets

which are formed when the blocks are molded. These pockets impede the flow of heat, making EPS an

excellent insulator -- keeping things cool in the summer and warm in the winter. High quality EPS wall

insulation is available in a variety of sizes. Sheets can be installed on the outside of wall framing or

between the studs as is currently being done in areas where flooding has become routine. Unlike

fiberglass insulation, EPS absorbs very little moisture and as soon as the source is removed will dry out

completely and quickly.


Functional analysis

Functional analysis

All materials fulfil the demands of the building

regulations

STONE WOOL POLYURETHANE POLYSTYRENE

P F M P F M P F M

ACOUSTIC 0 0 0 0

AESTHETICS 0 0 0 0 0



COMFORT 0 0 0 0 0

COST 2 3 6 2 3 6 2 3 6

DURABILITY 3 3 9 3 3 9 3 3 9


EASE OF FITTING 3 3 9 3 3 9 3 3 9

EASE OF USE 3 3 9 3 3 9 3 3 9



IMPACT PROOF 2 2 4 3 2 6 3 2 6

LOAD BEARING 3 3 9 3 3 9 3 3 9



SUITABILITY 3 3 9 2 3 6 3 3 9


TOTAL 95 91 94





CHOISE OF MATERIAL: STONE WOOL

1ST FLOOR STOREY PARTITION OPTIONS

Storey partition options

Kerto beams

I beams

Lattice beams

functional analysis


Kerto beams

Material: Timber

Weight: 480 kg/m3

Dimension: 21-69mm

Fire resistance: 0,7-0,75 mm/min


Moisture sensitive: Yes, should not

beexposed to moisture.


Durability: Renewable and recyclable

U-value:

Kerto-beams combines excellent technical performance with ease of use. Its essential qualities include

strength, dimensional precision and stability. It is the ideal choice for beams whenever long spans are

required.

One of the notable features of Kerto-beam is that the grains run longitudinally through all the layers. The

finished panel is cross-cut and rip-sawn to order. Kerto-beam is normally supplied in the form of straight

beams but it can also be specially cut and shaped as required.

Environmentally friendly construction material Renewable and recyclable wood is a highly eco-effective

building material throughout its life cycle. Wood raw material comes from the sustainably managed and

PEFC-certified forests of Metsä Group's Finnish forest owner members, ensuring that the origin of the raw

material is traceable. The manufacture of wood products consumes small amount of energy and results

in low carbon dioxide and other emissions. In addition, wooden structures operate as carbon sinks. The

manufacturing is mainly based on renewable energy, and the energy and material efficiency of the

production processes is continuously being improved.


I-beams

Material: Timber

Weight: 4,2 - 5,4 kg/m

Dimension: Varies

Fire resistance: ?


Moisture sensitive: Yes


Durability: recyclable and renewable

Metsä Wood Finnjoists (FJI) are manufactured from high quality oriented strand board (OSB3) web, and

flanges made from our own Kerto laminated veneer lumber (LVL). Our engineered timber i-beam joists

deliver strength and rigidity, virtually eradicating floor movement and its associated problems, resulting

in greater floor performance.

Kerto is incredibly strong and dimensionally stable, and it does not distort or shrink. It derives its high

strength from the homogeneous bonded structure and is an excellent flange material. The end product is

an i-beam which is lightweight yet incredibly strong, resulting in a quick and reliable installation.

http://www.metsawood.com/global/Products/kerto/Pages/Kerto.aspx


Lattice beams

Material: timber/steel

Weight:?

Dimension: various sizes

Fire resistance:




Durability:

U-value:

“Metal-webs continue to win market share over the competition by simply being a better product” says

Karl. “Once converted to metal-web, many contractors and builders won’t go back to using products that

don’t have the advantages of metal web” he adds.

Metal-web joists are lightweight composite structural beams consisting of timber flanges joined by a

lattice of pressed steel connector plates. The result is a strong joist with plenty of space between the

timbers to accommodate wiring, pipework and other services.

Metal-web joists share the same nail-plate design concept as modern trussed rafters and have been seized

upon by truss manufacturers seeking a second string to their bow.

Developed a decade ago, initially as a total floor solution, the easi-joist® system offers excellent

versatility when designing floors, roofs, or walls. You can expect unrivalled performance from

minimal material usage, with fewer webs required and up to 20% less timber used.


Functional analysis


regulations

Kerto beams I-beams Lattice beams

P F M P F M P F M

ACOUSTIC

AESTHETICS 1 3 3 1 3 3 2 3 6

AGEING RESSTANCE


COMFORT 2 1 2 2 1 2 3 1 3

COST 2 3 6 2 3 6 2 3 6

DURABILITY 3 3 9 3 3 9 3 3 9


EASE OF FITTING 2 3 6 2 3 6 3 3 9

EASE OF USE



IMPACT PROOF 2 2 4 3 2 6 3 2 6

LOAD BEARING 3 3 9 3 3 9 3 3 9

NOISE RESSTANCE


SUITABILITY 3 3 9 3 3 9 3 3 9


TOTAL 68 79 95





CHOICE OF MATERIAL: LATTICE BEAMS

1ST FLOOR WET ROOM MATERIAL OPTION

Wet room material options

tiles

linoleum

wood

vinyl

functional analysis


Tiles

Material: ceramic or stone

Weight:

Dimension: 300-600 mm2

Fire resistance: Good

Diffusion open/tight: Tight

Moisture sensitive: No

Danish approval: Yes

Durability:

U-value: 1.0 W/mK

A tile is a manufactured piece of hard-wearing material such as ceramic, stone, metal, or even glass,

generally used for covering roofs, floors, walls, showers, or other objects such as tabletops. Alternatively,

tile can sometimes refer to similar units made from lightweight materials such as perlite, wood, and

mineral wool, typically used for wall and ceiling applications. In another sense, a tile is a construction tile

or similar object, such as rectangular counters used in playing games (see tile-based game). The word is

derived from the French word tuile, which is, in turn, from the Latin word tegula, meaning a roof tile

composed of fired clay.

Tiles are often used to form wall and floor coverings, and can range from simple square tiles to complex

mosaics. Tiles are most often made of ceramic, typically glazed for internal uses and unglazed for roofing,

but other materials are also commonly used, such as glass, cork, concrete and other composite materials,

and stone. Tiling stone is typically marble, onyx, granite or slate. Thinner tiles can be used on walls than

on floors, which require more durable surfaces that will resist impacts.


Linoleum

Material: rubber, polyvinyl chloride

Weight: 1200 kg/m3

Dimension: Comes in rolls

Fire resistance: not good, releases

toxic chemicals when burning.

Diffusion open/tight: T



Durability:

U-value: 0,2 W/mK

Linoleum is a floor covering made from materials such as solidified linseed oil (linoxyn), pine rosin, ground

cork dust, wood flour, and mineral fillers such as calcium carbonate, most commonly on a burlap or canvas

backing; pigments are often added to the materials.

The finest linoleum floors, known as 'inlaid', are extremely durable; they were made by joining and

inlaying solid pieces of linoleum. Cheaper patterned linoleum came in different grades or gauges, and

were printed with thinner layers which were more prone to wear and tear. High quality linoleum is flexible

and thus can be used in buildings where a more rigid material (such as ceramic tile) would crack.

Linoleum as a floor covering has been largely replaced with polyvinyl chloride (which is often colloquially

but incorrectly also called "linoleum"), which has similar properties of flexibility and durability, but which

has greater brightness and translucency and which is relatively less flammable. The fire-retardant

properties of PVC are due to chlorine-containing combustion products, some of which are highly toxic.

Dioxins are released by burning PVC.[3] While the polymer itself is generally considered safe, additives

such as plasticizers and unintentional impurities such as free monomers are considered a hazard by some:

see the health and safety section of the main PVC article for more information and references.

Because it is made of organic materials and is purportedly non-allergenic in nature, high quality linoleum

is still in use in many places (especially in non-allergenic homes, hospitals and health care facilities).

Linoleum tiles can be made to various designs and inlaid with various colors to form patterns reflecting

the shape and use of a room.

Linoleum is used in break dancing as an alternative to cardboard as it provides a large, slick and durable

surface.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyvinyl_chloride


Vinyl

Material: polyvinyl chloride

Weight: 1390 kg/m3

Dimension: varies





Durability: Easy to set up, easy to

clean, non-toxic

U-value: 0,17 W/mK

Are you looking for an affordable way to bring new life to your floors? Then vinyl flooring might be the

solution you have been waiting for. Tough, durable, easy to clean and even easier to fit, vinyl flooring has

many advantages. Check out the Homebase range of colours and styles and see how versatile it can be.

With vinyl flooring bathroom spaces can have a waterproof base. Likewise, with vinyl kitchen surfaces are

easy to clean in the event any spillages occur - simply wipe down and it looks good as new. Vinyl flooring

tiles are easy to lay and stick down, allowing you to cover large spaces for little expenditure. Alternatively,

sheet vinyl flooring is simply cut to the required size with little fuss.

However you want your floors to look, whether you fancy a traditional or contemporary style, there is a

vinyl type to suit. As well as vinyl, Homebase also stocks a selection of carpet tiles and laminate flooring,

in addition to all the hand tools to help you lay your new floor. When it's this easy, there's no excuse not

to get the job done!


Functional analysis


regulations

Tiles Linoleum Vinyl

P F M P F M P F M

ACOUSTIC 3 3 9 2 3 6 2 3 6

AESTHETICS 3 3 9 1 3 3 2 3 6

AGEING RESISTANCE 3 3 9 1 3 3 2 3 6


COMFORT 2 3 6 1 3 3 3 3 9

COST 2 3 6 3 3 9 3 3 9

DURABILITY 3 3 9 2 3 6 3 3 9


EASE OF FITTING 2 2 4 3 2 6 3 2 6

EASE OF USE 2 2 4 3 2 6 3 2 6



IMPACT PROOF 1 2 2 2 2 4 3 2 6

LOAD BEARING

NOISE RESISTANCE

PRESSURE RESISTANCE

SUITABILITY 3 3 9 2 3 6 3 3 9


TOTAL 103 75 104





CHOICE OF MATERIAL:VINYL

1ST FLOOR EXTERIOR CLADDING

Exterior cladding

Wooden cladding

Slates cladding

Concrete

functional analysis


WOODEN CLADDING

Material: timber

Weight:

Dimension: varies

Fire resistance: low, but can be

impregnated with chemicals to

prevent burning


Moisture sensitive: depends on

impregnation


Durability: depends from the type of

the timber

U-value: 0,12-0,18 W/mK

Timber cladding provides a highly attractive and durable external finish which is renewable, reusable,

biodegradable and contains minimal embodied energy.

Russ wood have extensive experience in advising clients on material selection and careful detailing, which

are key to ensuring that every project looks fantastic, and meets its performance objectives.

From our sawmill in the Scottish Highlands we manufacture cladding to each client’s specification, with a

wide range of customization options including; species, profile, fire retardant treatment, size and grade.

We also have an in-house state-of-the-art coating facility, where we can vacuum coat cladding in the color

of your choice, in order to produce a consistent finish which will last.


Slates cladding

Material: fine-grained, foliated,

homogeneous metamorphic rock

Weight: 2000-2800 kg/m3

Dimension: varies





Durability: renewable, recyclable,

very long lifetime

U-value: 2,2 W/mK

The principles of vertical slating are similar to those of roof slating generally, although substantially fewer

slates are required per square metre, as headlaps can be reduced to 50mm and sidelaps can also be

reduced.Installation is made quick and easy by using stainless steel nail hooks rather than nails to fix the

slates. By using shaped slates or slates having different colours or textures, striking decorative finishes can

be created on the façade of any development.

TEGRAL SLATES QUALITY & DURABILITY

All of our products have been tested using accelerated age testing techniques and provide a life

expectancy of over 60 years. They come with a 10 year colour stability guarantee, are frost resistant and

impermeable and therefore provide excellent weather resistance. They are resistant to insects, mould

damage, impact damage and are non-combustible (EN 13501-1) and UV stable. They are approved for use

by the BBA under Agreement Certificate No6/4346.


Concrete finish

Material: concrete

Weight:

Dimension: comes in fluid form

Fire resistance: good, does not

release toxic chemicals and cannot be

set on fire




Durability: can be recycled, long

lifetime

Concrete has been recorded in existence as long ago as 7,000BC. It was used by the ancient Egyptians and

the Romans used it to build the Colosseum and Hadrian's Wall. Throughout history, concrete has proven

itself to be a most flexible and durable construction material.

Today, modern technology has led to high performance concrete with super-tensile load qualities. Also,

by the substitution of Portland cement with fly ash (fa) or ground granulated blastfurnace slag (ggbs) in

the mix, the resulting concrete is stronger still and often used in bridges or in structures exposed to

corrosive sea salts.

Concrete's long life means that is more likely that a concrete building will come to the end of its life

because no further use can be found for it, rather than a case of the concrete having failed due to age. In

these cases, demolition is not always the automatic course. Structures can often be stripped back to their

concrete core, then rebuilt to new, contemporary specifications.


Functional analysis


regulations

Wooden cladding Slates cladding Concrete

P F M P F M P F M

ACOUSTIC 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2

AESTHETICS 3 3 9 3 3 9 2 3 6



COMFORT 3 3 9 2 3 6 2 3 6

COST 3 3 9 1 3 3 2 3 6

DURABILITY 2 3 6 3 3 9 2 3 6


EASE OF FITTING 2 2 4 3 2 6 1 2 2

EASE OF USE



IMPACT PROOF 3 2 6 1 2 2 1 2 2

LOAD BEARING


PRESSURE RESSTANCE

SUITABILITY 3 3 9 1 3 3 1 3 3


TOTAL 93 83 81





CHOICE OF MATERIAL: WOODEN CLADDING

1ST FLOOR FLOORING MATERIAL OPTIONS

Flooring material

Wooden floor

Tiles

Vinyl

functional analysis


Wooden floor

Material: timber

Weight: 700 kg/m3

Dimension: varies

Fire resistance: depends on the

impregnation

Diffusion open/tight: open/tight

Moisture sensitive: yes/no depends


Durability: recyclable

U-value: 0,18 W/mK

Boral 19mm solid strip flooring is available in a wide variety of Australian hardwood species with a range

of Janka (hardness) ratings. Some species are subject to state availability.

The profile consistency across the entire 19mm solid strip flooring range provides mixed board width

design options and multi-directional board laying

The tongue and groove design includes a structural secret nail pocket designed to seat boards better

Blackbutt and Spotted Gum have a natural fire resistance. Their fire retarding properties, make them

suitable for use in many bushfire prone areas under Australian Standard AS3959.

Boral 19mm solid strip flooring can handle foot traffic as soon as it is laid, allowing for other trades on the

job before a final sanding and application of the finish

Solid hardwood floors are excellent for asthmatics as they do not harbour dust mites or other allergens

A timber sub-floor gives easy access to the underfloor for plumbing or ducted heating, or to repair wiring

Timber is one of the world’s few truly renewable resources

Building a sustainable future - Boral Timber hardwoods have full Chain of Custody certification aligned

with the Australian Forestry Standard (AFS)


Tiles

Material: ceramic or stone

Weight:

Dimension: 300-600 mm2


Diffusion open/tight: Tight



Durability:

U-value: 1.0 W/mK

A tile is a manufactured piece of hard-wearing material such as ceramic, stone, metal, or even glass,

generally used for covering roofs, floors, walls, showers, or other objects such as tabletops. Alternatively,

tile can sometimes refer to similar units made from lightweight materials such as perlite, wood, and

mineral wool, typically used for wall and ceiling applications. In another sense, a tile is a construction tile

or similar object, such as rectangular counters used in playing games (see tile-based game). The word is

derived from the French word tuile, which is, in turn, from the Latin word tegula, meaning a roof tile

composed of fired clay.

Tiles are often used to form wall and floor coverings, and can range from simple square tiles to complex

mosaics. Tiles are most often made of ceramic, typically glazed for internal uses and unglazed for roofing,

but other materials are also commonly used, such as glass, cork, concrete and other composite materials,

and stone. Tiling stone is typically marble, onyx, granite or slate. Thinner tiles can be used on walls than

on floors, which require more durable surfaces that will resist impacts.


Vinyl

Material: polyvinyl chloride

Weight: 1390 kg/m3

Dimension: varies






clean, non-toxic

U-value: 0,17 W/mK

Are you looking for an affordable way to bring new life to your floors? Then vinyl flooring might be the

solution you have been waiting for. Tough, durable, easy to clean and even easier to fit, vinyl flooring has

many advantages. Check out the Homebase range of colours and styles and see how versatile it can be.

With vinyl flooring bathroom spaces can have a waterproof base. Likewise, with vinyl kitchen surfaces are

easy to clean in the event any spillages occur - simply wipe down and it looks good as new. Vinyl flooring

tiles are easy to lay and stick down, allowing you to cover large spaces for little expenditure. Alternatively,

sheet vinyl flooring is simply cut to the required size with little fuss.

However you want your floors to look, whether you fancy a traditional or contemporary style, there is a

vinyl type to suit. As well as vinyl, Homebase also stocks a selection of carpet tiles and laminate flooring,

in addition to all the hand tools to help you lay your new floor. When it's this easy, there's no excuse not

to get the job done!


Functional analysis


regulations

Wooden floor Tiles Vinyl

P F M P F M P F M

ACOUSTIC 2 3 6 3 3 9 2 3 6

AESTHETICS 3 3 9 2 3 6 2 3 6



COMFORT 3 3 9 2 3 6 2 3 6

COST 2 3 6 2 3 6 3 3 9

DURABILITY 3 2 6 3 2 6 2 2 4


EASE OF FITTING 3 3 9 1 3 3 2 3 6

EASE OF USE 3 3 9 2 3 6 2 3 6



IMPACT PROOF 3 2 6 1 2 2 3 2 6

LOAD BEARING

NOISE RESSTANCE

PRESSURE RESSTANCE

SUITABILITY 3 3 9 2 3 6 1 3 3


TOTAL 105 87 76





CHOICE OF MATERIAL:WOODEN FLOOR

1ST FLOOR CEILING OPTIONS

Ceiling options

gypsum board

wooden ceiling

plastered ceiling

Fermacel

functional analysis


Gypsum board

Material: gypsum

Weight: 7kg/m2


Fire resistance:




Durability: poor

U-value:

Gypsum is a cementious material composed of at least 70% of CaSO4 2H2O by weight. It is a main

ingredient of many building products.

This product consists of a core of set gypsum surfaced with specifically manufactured paper firmly bonded

to the core. It is designed to be used without addition of plaster for walls, ceilings, or partitions and

provides a surface suitable to receive either paint or paper.

Gypsum board is extensively used in ‘‘drywall’’ construction, where plaster is eliminated. It is also available

with one surface covered with aluminum or other heat-reflecting type of foil, or with imitation woodgrain

or other patterns on the exposed surface so that no additional decoration is required.

The types of gypsum board generally available include wallboard, backing board, core board, fire-resistant

gypsum board, water-resistant gypsum board, gypsum sheathing, and gypsum form board.


Wooden ceiling

Material: made of pine, larch or oak

Weight: 500 kg/m3

Dimension: standard size 85-100 x 18-

20 mm, length up to 6m

Fire resistance: class 2 cladding





U-value:

Wood is the best choice of a material, when it comes to indoor and outdoor habitable climate.

High-technological manufacturing.

Quality controlled production.

Controlled moisture content 8-12% .

Constant fire class product quality.

Can be coloured.

Internal cladding is generally manufactured out of pine. Cladding made of larch and oak – only by the

customer request.

Benefits

Ceilings of wood molding and profile boards are cheap.

Wooden ceilings are quick and easy to set up.

Wooden ceilings are light and therefore does not put special demands on loft constructions

strength.


Plastered ceiling

Material: made of pine, larch or oak

Weight: 500 kg/m3

Dimension: standard size 85-100 x 18-

20 mm, length up to 6m






clean, non-toxic

U-value: 0,17 W/mK

Appropriate for older homes, which are kept in the original style. It is easy to clean as it can be washed

over with a damp cloth.

Drawbacks

A plastered ceiling is more difficult and time consuming to set up than a plaster ceiling.

A plastered ceiling is substantially more expensive than a plaster ceiling.

A plastered ceiling is plastered with mortar the same way you can polish the facade of a house.

Plastered ceilings are gradually mostly in older homes and apartments. The plastered ceilings

are becoming rarer and rarer, because it is quite difficult and time consuming to establish it.

Older plastered ceilings are often cracks.

It is not cheap to establish a plastered ceiling. You'll count on about 1,000 kr. Incl.VAT per. square meter

(May 2008). It takes about three times as long to set up a plastered ceiling as it takes to put a plaster

ceiling up.


Fermacell

Material: gypsum and cellulose fibers

recycled from waste paper

Weight: 1100-1200 kg/m3


Fire resistance: non-flammable




Durability: moderate

U-value:

Fermacell is made from gypsum and recycled paper fibres. These two natural raw materials are mixed

with water, without any other binders being added. The mixture is then pressed into stable boards under

high pressure, dried, coated with a water repellent, and cut to the required sizes. The gypsum reacts with

the water, penetrating and enveloping the fibers. This produces high stability and non-combustibility.

Because of their material composition, fermacell boards are suitable for general construction, fire

protection, and wet rooms.

Fermacell gypsum board offers installers speed and flexibility as no wet trades are needed on site as a

skim plaster type finish with Fermacell Fine Surface Treatment (FST) can be achieved without the need for

plastering.


Functional analysis

Functional analysis


Gypsum board

ceiling Wooden ceiling

Plastered ceiling Fermacell

P F M P F M P F M P F M

ACOUSTIC 3 2 6 3 2 6 3 2 6 3 2 6

AESTHETICS 3 3 9 3 3 9 2 3 6 3 3 9

AGEING RESSTANCE 2 3 6 2 3 6 2 3 6 2 3 6

AVAILABILITY 3 3 9 3 3 9 2 3 6 3 3 9

COMFORT

COST 3 3 9 3 3 9 3 3 9 3 3 9

DURABILITY 3 3 9 2 3 6 3 3 9 3 3 9

EASE OF CLEANING 2 3 6 2 3 6 2 3 6 2 3 6

EASE OF FITTING 3 3 9 3 3 9 3 3 9 3 3 9

EASE OF USE 3 3 9 3 3 9 3 3 9 2 3 6

FIRE RESSTANCE 3 3 9 1 3 3 2 3 6 3 0

HEAT RESISTANCE

IMPACT PROOF 2 3 6 2 3 6 2 3 6 2 3 6

LOAD BEARING

NOISE RESSTANCE

PRESSURE RESSTANCE 3 2 6 3 2 6 3 2 6 3 2 6

SUITABILITY 3 3 9 3 3 9 3 3 9 3 3 9

WATER RESSTANCE 2 2 4 2 2 4 2 2 4 2 2 4

TOTAL 106 97 97 94





CHOICE OF MATERIAL:GYPSUM BOARD

1ST ROOF CONSTRUCTION OPTIONS

Roof construction

cold roof

warm roof

inverted roof

functional analysis


Cold roof

Material: Mineral wool, roof finish,

timber, roofing tiles

Weight: varies

Dimension:

Fire resistance: R60 (REI)





U-value: 0,15 W/mK

A cold roof or a ventilated roof is often constructed of timber or timber based materials, where over the

insulation materials is a ventilated cavity. The temperature inside will be lower than the temperature

inside the building.

Advantages: by ventilating the construction the water can vapor if a crack in the construction occurred.


Warm roof



Weight: varies

Dimension:






U-value: 0,15 W/mK

The warm roof is characterized by, that the insulation is laid direct on top of the load bearing structure, and is without ventilation openings. The roof construction will then have the same temperature as room below. The construction is characterized by having a very little – and therefore harmless – supply of moisture from the room underneath. The moisture does not need to be removed by ventilation. With this construction you are expanding the living space in the house by providing insulated area in the

attic.


Inverted roof



Weight: varies

Dimension:






U-value: 0,15 W/mK

Inverted roof is characterized by that the roof covering is laid under the insulation layer, most of the

surface water will be from above the insulation, but a small part will run down between the insulation

joints. The advantage with this construction is that the roof covering lies protected from high temperature

differences and ultraviolet rays, underneath the insulation.

Insulation capability will be reduced with 10 – 15% because of water penetration/evaporation into the

insulation. The layer of insulation is protected by placing protective fiber sheet, opened for water

penetration.

The insulation must be fixed to prevent wind suction by placing layer of gravel or stones on top of the

insulation.


Functional analysis

Functional analysis


Cold roof Inverted roof Warm roof

P F M P F M P F M

ACOUSTIC

AESTHETICS 2 2 4 2 2 4 3 2 6



COMFORT

COST 2 3 6 2 3 6 3 3 9

DURABILITY 2 3 6 2 3 6 2 3 6


EASE OF FITTING 3 3 9 3 3 9 3 3 9

EASE OF USE



IMPACT PROOF 2 3 6 3 3 9 3 3 9

LOAD BEARING 2 2 4 2 2 4 2 2 4



SUITABILITY 3 3 9 3 3 9 3 3 9


TOTAL 93 96 101





CHOICE OF CONSTRUCTION: WARM ROOF

1ST ROOF INSULATION OPTIONS

Roof insulation

Celotex(PIR)

polystyrene


functional analysis


Celotex(PIR)

Material Rigid polyurethane foam

Weight: varies

Dimension: 1200mm x 600mm

Thickness (mm): 50, 100, 120, 130,

140, 150

Fire resistance: REI 45




Durability: very good after installation

U-value: 0,025-0,027 W/mK

PIR insulation is a new type of wall insulation made of rigid boards covered with multi-layer aluminum foil

on both sides, increasing the insulating ability.

PIR insulation has a lower U-value and helps to slim down exterior walls, increasing the habitable floor

space: “Insulation the slim way”.

With their optimal insulating performance, insulation materials made of rigid polyurethane foam

(PUR/PIR) are very versatile.

The products range from insulation boards for roofing, walls, floors and ceilings, to window frame

insulation and foam sealants, through to metal-faced sandwich panels for industrial buildings.

Danish Building Industry Energy Award winner.

In addition the products can cope with light foot traffic or loading which is an important consideration in

flooring and flat roofing applications.


Polystyrene

Material: Polystyrene

Weight: varies

Dimension: varies




Danish approval:

Durability: durable

U-value: Lambda 0.034-0.038W/m

Polystyrene insulation for flat roofs comes in two forms – expanded and extruded.

Expanded polystyrene is made up of polystyrene mixed with a foaming agent. When exposed to heat the

material expands and traps warmth. It has a thermal resistance value of 3.80.

Extruded polystyrene is made of polystyrene that is heated, exposed to atmospheric conditions and then

expanded. Its thermal resistance value is 5, making it a good choice for your

Expanded Polystyrene (EPS) stands the test of time, and EPS roof insulation is a proven performer in

roofing applications. Field studies of EPS roof installations that are 20 to 25 years old and older show that

EPS roofing insulation performs well in roof applications.

EPS roof insulation U-values remain stable over its entire life



Material: Rigid polyurethane foam

Weight: varies

Dimension: varies

Fire resistance: REI45





U-value: Lambda 0.023W/m

Thermisol Titan Slimline is a new type of wall insulation made of rigid PIR insulation boards covered with

multi-layer aluminum foil on both sides, increasing the insulating ability.

20 mm of mineral wool can been glued on one side to render the board even more airtight.

Titan Slimline has a lower U-value and helps to slim down exterior walls, increasing the habitable floor

space: “Insulation the slim way”.

With their optimal insulating performance, insulation materials made of rigid polyurethane foam

(PUR/PIR) are very versatile.

The products range from insulation boards for roofing, walls, floors and ceilings, to window frame

insulation and foam sealants, through to metal-faced sandwich panels for industrial buildings.

Danish Building Industry Energy Award winner


Functional analysis

Functional analysis


regulations

Celotex (PIR) Polystyrene Termisol Titan

Slimline

P F M P F M P F M

ACOUSTIC 3 1 3 3 1 3 3 1 3

AESTHETICS 2 3 6 3 3 9 3 3 6



COMFORT 2 2 2 3 2 1 3 2 6

COST 3 3 9 3 3 9 3 3 9

DURABILITY 2 3 3 3 3 9 3 3 9

EASE OF CLEANING NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

EASE OF FITTING 3 3 9 2 3 6 3 3 9

EASE OF USE 3 2 6 3 2 6 3 2 6



IMPACT PROOF 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2

LOAD BEARING 3 3 9 3 3 9 3 3 9



SUITABILITY 2 3 6 3 2 6 3 3 9

WATER RESSTANCE NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

TOTAL 98 104 114





CHOICE OF MATERIAL: TERMISOL

WINDOW FRAME OPTIONS

Window frames

Aluminum clad and wood

Wood

Vinyl


Wood

Material: wood

Weight: varies

Dimension: varies

Fire resistance: bad



Danish approval:

Durability: durable

U-value: varies

Wood window frames insulate relatively well, but they also expand and contract in response to weather

conditions. Wood frames also require regular maintenance.


Aluminium clad and wood

Material: Wood and aluminium

Weight: varies

Dimension: varies

Fire resistance: avarege



Danish approval:

Durability: good

U-value: varies

Aluminum-clad wood windows offer the extreme strength and durability of aluminum frame windows and

the warm comforting aesthetics of real wood.

With proper care and maintenance, aluminum-clad windows can last for decades


Vinyl

Material: PVC

Weight: varies

Dimension: varies

Fire resistance:



Danish approval:

Durability: good

U-value : varies

Vinyl window frames are usually made of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) with ultraviolet light (UV) stabilizers to

keep sunlight from breaking down the material. Vinyl window frames do not require painting and have

good moisture resistance. The hollow cavities of vinyl frames can be filled with insulation, which makes

them thermally superior to standard vinyl and wood frames.


Functional analysis

Functional analysis


regulations

WOOD +

ALUMINUIM WOOD VINYL

P F M P F M P F M

ACOUSTIC 3 3 9 3 3 9 3 3 9

AESTHETICS 3 3 9 3 3 9 3 3 9



COMFORT 0 0 0 0 0

COST 3 3 9 3 3 9 3 3 9

DURABILITY 2 3 6 3 3 9 2 3 6


EASE OF FITTING 3 3 9 3 3 9 3 3 9

EASE OF USE 3 3 9 3 3 9 3 3 9



IMPACT PROOF 2 2 4 2 2 4 2 2 4

LOAD BEARING 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0



SUITABILITY 3 3 9 3 3 9 3 3 9


TOTAL 107 107 110





CHOICE OF MATERIAL: VINYL

WINDOW GLAZING OPTIONS

Glazing

Gas fills

Insulated

Low-emissivity coatings


Gas fills

Material: gas

Weight: varies

Dimension: varies




Danish approval:


U-value: varies

To improve the thermal performance of windows with insulated glazing, some manufacturers fill the space

between the panes with inert gas -- commonly argon or krypton -- that has a higher resistance to heat

flow than air.


Insulated

Material: air gap

Weight: varies

Dimension: varies




Danish approval:


U-value: varies

Insulated window glazing refers to windows with two or more panes of glass. To insulate the window, the

glass panes are spaced apart and hermetically sealed, leaving an insulating air space. Insulated window

glazing primarily lowers the U-factor, but it also lowers the SHGC ( solar heat gain coefficient ).


Low-emissivity coatings

Material: thin metal layer

Weight: varies

Dimension: varies




Danish approval:


U-value: varies

Low-emissivity (low-e) coatings on glazing or glass control heat transfer through windows with insulated

glazing. Windows manufactured with low-e coatings typically cost about 10% to 15% more than regular

windows, but they reduce energy loss by as much as 30% to 50%.

A low-e coating is a microscopically thin, virtually invisible, metal or metallic oxide layer deposited directly

on the surface of one or more of the panes of glass. The low-e coating lowers the U-factor of the window,

and different types of low-e coatings have been designed to allow for high solar gain, moderate solar

gain, or low solar gain. A low-e coating can also reduce a window's VT unless you use one that's

spectrally selective.

http://www.energy.gov/energysaver/articles/energy-performance-ratings-windows-doors-and-skylights#ufactor

http://www.energy.gov/energysaver/articles/energy-performance-ratings-windows-doors-and-skylights#vt


Functional analysis

Functional analysis


regulations

GAS FILLS INSULATED LOW-

EM.COATING

P F M P F M P F M

ACOUSTIC 3 3 9 3 3 9 3 3 9

AESTHETICS 3 1 3 3 1 3 3 1 3



COMFORT 0 0 0 0 0

COST 3 3 9 3 3 9 3 3 9

DURABILITY 2 3 6 3 3 9 2 3 6


EASE OF FITTING 3 3 9 3 3 9 3 3 9

EASE OF USE 3 3 9 3 3 9 3 3 9



IMPACT PROOF 2 2 4 2 2 4 2 2 4

LOAD BEARING 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0



SUITABILITY 3 3 9 3 3 9 3 3 9


TOTAL 75 78 75





CHOICE OF MATERIAL: INSULATED

GRAND OPENING DOOR OPTIONS

Grand opening material

wooden door

steel door

fiberglass-composite door

aluminum door


Wooden door

Material: wood

Weight: varies

Dimension: varies

Fire resistance:



Danish approval:

Durability: durable

U-value: varies

Entry doors must be tough enough to withstand wind, rain, scorching sun, and would-be intruders, yet

handsome enough to make a good first impression. Unfortunately, meeting those needs is a tall order for

many front doors.

Wood doors are the most common. Versatility and beauty are their strong suit. Natural-finish stock and

custom wood doors come in oak, cherry, walnut, mahogany, maple, fir, and pine. You'll also find paint-

grade doors in several softwood varieties, such as pine and western hemlock.

Many stock wood doors are a sandwich of wood-veneer skins over an engineered-wood core. This

configuration minimizes the expansion and contraction that cause warping.


Steel door

Material: steel, wood and foam

insulation

Weight: varies

Dimension: varies

Fire resistance:



Danish approval:

Durability: durable

U-value: varies

A steel door is your best bet if security and durability are top priorities. Steel units are stronger than wood

or fiberglass doors, and they won't crack or warp. Any dents or dings on these doors can be pulled and

puttied with an auto-body repair kit.

Steel doors also cost the least.

All steel doors have an inner frame made of wood or, for greater strength, steel. The cavities within the

frame are filled with high-density foam insulation. Premium doors typically have a 24-gauge skin and a

steel frame, though some offer heavier-gauge steel (represented by a lower number). The surface usually

is smooth or has an embossed wood-grain pattern.

Most steel doors are coated with a baked-on polyester finish that requires periodic repainting. Premium

versions get a vinyl coating similar to the one on vinyl-clad windows for greater weather resistance. Some

even have a stainable wood-fiber coating or, on really high-end versions, a laminated-wood veneer.


Fiberglass-composite door

Material: fiberglass, wood and foam

insulation

Weight: varies

Dimension: varies

Fire resistance:



Danish approval:

Durability: durable

U-value: varies

Fiberglass-composite doors are tough and maintenance-free, and are a smart choice for harsh or humid

climates. They mimic the look of wood with wood-grain texturing and can be stained to match oak, cherry,

walnut, and a variety of other woods. Beneath their molded surface is a framework of wooden stiles and

rails, including wood edges for the lockset. Voids in the framework are filled with polyurethane-foam

insulation.

Fiberglass-composite doors carry long warranties. For example, Pease Industries backs its models for as

long as you own the house. But because installation affects longevity, these lengthy warranties usually

come only on complete entry systems that include the frame.


Functional analysis

Functional analysis


regulations

WOODEN

DOOR STEEL DOOR FIBERGLASS COMPOSITE

DOOR

P F M P F M P F M

ACOUSTIC 0 0 0 0 0

AESTHETICS 3 3 9 3 3 9 3 3 9



COMFORT 0 0 0 0 0

COST 1 3 3 2 3 6 3 3 9

DURABILITY 3 3 9 3 3 9 3 3 9


EASE OF FITTING 3 3 9 3 3 9 3 3 9

EASE OF USE 3 3 9 3 3 9 3 3 9



IMPACT PROOF 2 3 6 3 3 9 2 3 6




SUITABILITY 3 3 9 3 3 9 3 3 9


TOTAL 108 120 120





CHOICE OF MATERIAL: FIBERGLASS COMPOSITE DOOR

INTERIOR DOOR OPTIONS

STAIRCASE OPTIONS

Stairs

Steel Stairs

Wooden stairs

Glass stairs

Functional analysis

STAIRCASE OPTIONS

Steel Stairs

Material: Steel

Weight: Varies

Dimensions: Varies

Fire resistance: BD 60

Diffusion tight/open: Tight



Durability: Long standing

U-value: -

Steel Stairs can be manufactured to any width, rise and going in accordance with the Technical Building Regulations. Steel stairs are without any doubt the strongest stairs with their greatest asset being that they take a while to burn or melt in a fire. Steel stairs also have great benefits for structural strength in different forms of fabrication. Steel stairs

can be made longer and stronger than wood stairs therefore the distance between the two floors can be

further apart.

STAIRCASE OPTIONS

Wooden stairs

Material made of: usually oak,

mahogany and sometimes pine

Weight: Varies

Dimensions: Varies

Fire resistance: Low

Diffusion tight/open: -

Moisture sensitive: Yes


Durability: Good

U-value: -

Timber wooden staircases are generally commonly used as a result of distinct reasons.

Timber stairs are constructed with hardwood; consequently, they’re sturdy as well as tough.

They are a decorative feature of any home.

Timber wooden staircases include the cheapest set of staircases to locate, this also relies within the sort

of wood used.

Wood might be carved or maybe cut straight into distinct shapes as well as designs; as a result, they can

be flexible enough when installing.

STAIRCASE OPTIONS

Glass stairs

Material : Glass +steel/ aluminium

Weight: Varies

Dimensions: Varies


Diffusion tight/open: Tight



Durability: Long standing

U-value: -

Glass stairs create an exclusive look in any setting and the glass treads combine brilliantly with other materials. In fact, glass stairs offer you a wealth of possibilities. By combining different materials, a glass staircase will fit into both a residential or a business space, as well as into a modern or classic interior.

Glass stairs make good use of a number of the overall properties and characteristics of glass. For example,

you can see through glass and it also lets the light in. It keeps its shape in a whole range of temperatures,

enjoys unlimited availability, resists scratches, is good for the environment and comes in various

dimensions and thicknesses. Glass also has a high level of tensile flexing strength, which makes it very

attractive for making stairs out of glass. Glass stairs can be produced in a variety of models, just like other.

STAIRCASE OPTIONS

Functional analysis

Functional analysis


regulations

STEEL STAIR WOODEN STAIR GLASS STAIR

P F M P F M P F M

ACOUSTIC

AESTHETICS 2 3 6 2 3 6 3 3 9



COMFORT 3 3 9 3 3 9 3 3 9

COST 2 3 6 2 3 6 2 3 6

DURABILITY 3 3 9 3 3 9 3 3 9

EASE OF CLEANING

EASE OF FITTING 3 3 9 3 3 9 3 3 9

EASE OF USE 3 2 6 3 2 6 3 2 6



IMPACT PROOF 3 2 6 3 2 6 2 2 4

LOAD BEARING 3 3 9 3 3 9 3 3 9

NOISE RESSTANCE


SUITABILITY 2 3 6 3 2 6 3 3 9

WATER RESSTANCE

TOTAL 108 105 115





CHOICE OF MATERIAL: GLASS STAIR

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