Summer Tasks

These consist in giving in:

63. A summary or diagram in English of each unit written by hand.

64.The answers to ALL the questions and fotocopies included.

65. A glossary, per unit, of the most important concepts studied.

QUESTIONS

Reproduction.

66. Which two types of reproduction have we studied? Explain them and give examples.

67. Draw and label the female and male external and internal reproductive system.

68. Explain how identical twins and non-identical twins are formed.

69. If you were designing a new species, which type of fertilisation would you make it have? Why? [Remember this will depend on the characteristics the species has].

70. Why do sperm cells have so many mitochondria?

71. Explain all you can about: seminal vesicles; implantation; cervix; labia minora; IVF; lactation; health problems during old age; birth.

72. Explain how nutrients, oxygen and waste products are exchanged between the mother and the developing baby.

73.Explain the secondary sexual characters for girls or boys.

74. Read the following sentences and say whether they are true or false. If false rewrite them so that they become true:

• Sperm have a flagellum to help them cling to the cervix.

• Ova move thanks to the zona pellucida.

• The nucleus of sex cells has 46 chromosomes.

• Semen is sperm + substances produced in the prostate gland.

• Urine and semen use the same duct in men.

• The menstrual cycle lasts 30 days.

• Women usually release an ovum in day 20 of the menstrual cycle, so they are fertile from day 20 to day 23.

• The womb and the uterus are the same thing.

• The amniotic sac protects the baby during pregnancy.

• In sexual intercourse the penis is put inside the uterus.

75. Explain the ONLY contraceptive methods that prevent STD.

Living things & their organisation

9. What were anatomists interested in when they studied the human body?

10. Why was the development of the electron microscope essential?

11. Why do we say the body is a collection of systems?

12. What is the liver made up of?

13. Which are the basic units or building blocks of life? Set five examples.

14. Which is the body’s main energy rich nutrient?

15. Which role do proteins play in the body?

16. Which is the main component of cell membranes?

17. Why do the respiratory system & circulatory system need to work together?

18. Which is the function of the digestive system?

19. What is responsible for the body’s movement?

20. Why is our body waterproof?

21. State the fuctions of the skeletal system.

22. Which are the parts of the cells in our body?

23. Name the function the following have: mithocondrion; cell nucleus; cell membrane; chloroplasts and cytoplasm.

24. Why can you be sitting here smiling while you complete all these lovely summer tasks?

Microorganisms & disease. Immunity

76. Explain the defferences between viruses and bacteria.77. Which is the treatment for common cold and influenza?78. Which is the function of phagocytes and lymphocytes?79. This summer I went with my family to have some ice creams. My mother & I got terribly

sick & had terrible diarrhoea. We went to tell the ice cream man. He apologized & said there had been some electrical power cuts & the freezers had stopped working for a while. What happened to my mother & I? (TRUE STORY)

80. Our friend Ana went to Togo to spend the summer. She took some special tablets to put in the water she drank. Why? Do you know any other methods that would solve this problem?

81. What is the difference between passive immunity and natural or active immunity.82. What is a pathogen? What is a microorganism?83. Do antibiotics kill viruses?84. What are white blood cells?85. Are viruses living things?86. What is health according to the WHO?87. Explain the following terms: measles, malaria, fungus, virus, Strep Throat, Bateria,

Sympthoms, Immune system, Cholera, Tuberculosis, Headache, Sore Throat, Rash, Protozoa, Ringworm, HIV.

Digestion & food

88. Read the following sentences and say whether they are true or false. If false rewrite them so that they become true:

• Enzymes released into the stomach start the process of digestion.• The esophagus is a soft, muscular tube that moves food from the pharynx to the

stomach.• As you swallow, muscles in the esophagus contract in waves to move food down.• The stomach hold up in the highly basic environment needed to break down food.• The jejunum is the first section of the small intestine.• The pancreas makes hormones (including insulin) to regulate the blood glucose level &

also makes enzymes to break down food in the intestines.• The main function of the liver is storing energy and helping the body get rid of toxins

(poisons).• The large intestine consists of the cecum, colon & rectum. This is the area where most

fiber is absorbed.• The appendix is attached to the small intestine. When it gets inflamed, it is called

appendicitis.• The rectum stores feces until they leave the body through the anus.• Digestion begins in the stomach. As teeth grind food into smaller pieces, saliva starts to

break down proteins.• Egestion is the act of taking food into the mouth.• Special chemicals called enzymes are released to break down the food.• Too much salt in food makes it more difficult for the heart to pump the blood because

the blood pressure decrease.• A healthy diet has all of the nutrients required by the body without fats.• Carbohydrates are used for growth and repair of cells.• Fats give us energy.• Vitamins & minerals are needed to help special chemical reactions in the body.• Carbohydrates are made of simple sugars.• Carbohydrates provide us instant energy.

89. Where does the energy originally come from?90. Which are the nutrient types scientists classify food in?91. What are carbohydrates and proteins used for?92. What happens when human beings lack vitamin A, C or D. 93. Give 3 examples of proteins in your body. Detail their function.94. What happens to Benedict’s solution in the presence of sugar?95. How does the emulsion test work?96. What is amylase?97. Say if the following statements are true or false, If false rewrite them so that they

become true:• Enzymes released into the stomach start the process of digestion.• As you swallow, muscles in the oesophagus contract in waves to move food down.

This is called mextalsis.• The stomach has a basic environment generated by the hydrochloric alkali, it is

needed to break down food.• The jejunum is the first section of the small intestine.• The pancreas makes hormones (including insulin) to regulate the blood glucose

level & also makes enzymes to break down food in the intestines. Problems with insulin can cause diabetes.

• The liver has 1 main function: producing starch.• The appendix is attached to the oesophagus. When it gets inflamed, it is called

appendicitis.• The rectum stores calcium until it leaves the body through the anus.

• Special chemicals called enzymes are released in digestion to break down the food.• A healthy diet has all of the nutrients required by the body without fats.• Carbohydrates are used for growth and repair of cells.• Vitamins & minerals are needed to help special chemical reactions in the body.• Carbohydrates are made of simple sugars.

98.a. Name 3 ways by which the surface area of the intestine is increased and

explain them.b. Why is it important to increase the surface area in the intestines?c. Name the 3 processes involved in the absorption of nutrients and explain them.

Breathing and circulatory systems

99. Design an experience that demonstrates we exhale carbon dioxide.

100.Why do we breathe when we are asleep?

101.2cm2 of boiled egg white (containing undigested protein) is put into a series of test tubes labelled A, B, C and D. Substances are added to the tubes as shown in the following table:

Tube A B C D

Substances added

1 cm3 acid,1 cm3 water

1 cm3 acid,1 cm3 boiled protease

1 cm3acid,1 cm3 protease

1cm3 water,1 cm3protease

Time for solution to be clear (min)

Still cloudy after 30 mins 20 2 15

The tubes where placed in a beaker of warm water (37ºC) and the time for the liquid to become clear was recorded.

d. Why were the test tubes placed in a beaker at 37ºC?e. List the reactions in order, fastest first.f. Why did some solutions become clear?g. What was the effect of the acid in the reaction?h. State the tubes you compared to give your answer to part c). Explain your

reason.i. Suggest why boiling the protease slowed down the reaction.j. What is the purpose of tube A in the experiment

102.Thoroughly explain the following terms: ventilation, gas exchange, heart valves, veins, heart attack or emphysema.

103.My friend Alex is a heart surgeon. They have brought him a human heart to practice and analyse it. He does not know which is the left or which is the right-hand side. Can you help him?

104.Look at the following diagram. Answer the questions linked to each number. Then complete it by colouring in red the blood rich in oxygen, and in blue the blood rich in carbon dioxide.

1. a)Type of vessel:______________________ b)Name:_____________________________

2. What is the name of the process that takes place here?______________________________________

3. a) Type of vessel:______________________ b) Name:_____________________________

4. Chamber:____________________________

5. a) Name:_____________________________

b) Function:__________________________

6. Chamber:____________________________

7. Chamber:____________________________

8. Name:_______________________________

9. How are the walls of these vessels?______________________________________

10. Why are these valves present?______________________________________

11. Which process takes place here?______________________________________

12. a) Type of vessels:_________________

b) How are the walls of these vessels? Why?________________________________

Rocks & minerals

105.Yesterday I found this new on the newspaper. My mother thinks that this is not a true story. What do you think? Explain it briefly with the proper terms you have studied in this unit.

By Malcolm Prior BBC News Online, Berkshire

Mrs Tandy intends to have the diamonds set in rings

The moment Lin Tandy was handed the diamond made to commemorate her husband's death, she was filled with emotion. This was because the £2,250 pale yellow gem was made from the ashes of the 56-year-old geologist himself. Mrs Tandy has become the first person in the UK to receive a diamond from LifeGem - the firm which offers to turn cremated human remains into gems.

106.What is a crystal? Set three examples.107.We have two samples of different minerals, which we will call A & B. If we try to

scratch mineral A with the sample of mineral B, we find that we cannot. On the other hand, mineral A scratches mineral B easily. What conclusion can we draw from this experiment? Use the adequate vocabulary you have studied in this unit like Mohs’ scale and hardness.

108.What is the difference between a rock and a mineral? Give examples of both.109.My friend Tomeu is a geologist. He gave me this strange object in my 21st birthday. I

do not remember what it is. The only thing I can remember is that he said: “This is the ore of iron. You would obtain the iron by treating the ore in a blast furnace”. I also remember that he told me that this is a shape we find this in nature, and explained why. Unfortunately, Tomeu has died, and has been turned into a diamond.

a. What did Tomeu give me as a present? Try to use chemical and geological terms (like crystal, colour, lustre, etc…) because Tomeu cannot help me anymore.

b. Why does it have this cubic shape if it is natural?c. Explain the last thing he said to me: “This is the ore of iron. You would obtain

the iron by treating the ore in a blast furnace”.

110.Look at the rock samples on the desk. Explain all you can about two of them (type of rock or mineral, classification within its group, characteristics, formation & any other thing you know).

111.Explains in which type of rocks you would never find fossils. Why?112.My family has a house in the NW of Spain. There I can see that:

d. There are different trees to the ones I can see in Majorca. Does this have anything to do with the type of rocks and terrain? Explain your answer.

e. The roofs of the houses are made from different materials to the ones I can see in Majorca. Why is this so? Which materials?