States of Matter

• Solids• Liquids• Gases• Plasma

Solids• Particles are closely packed• Most solids have a specific

geometric arrangement• Have a definite shape• Have a definite volume

Liquids

• Particles move more freely than solids

• More kinetic energy than solids• Take the shape of their container• Have a definite volume

Gases• Have a lot of kinetic energy• No definite shape• No definite volume

Plasma• Most of the matter in the universe

is in the plasma state. • Plasma is a gas consisting of

positively and negatively charged particles.

• Stars, lightning, fluorescent tubes consist of plasma

Section 2: Properties of Fluids

•Buoyancy: • The ability of a fluid ~ liquid or

gas~ to exert an upward force on an object immersed in it.

Buoyancy• If the buoyant force is equal to

the object’s weight, the object will float.

• If the buoyant force is less than the object’s weight, it will sink.

Archimedes’ Principal• A buoyant force on an object is

equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the object.

                

     

The Greek Mathematician and inventor Archimedes lived during the 3rd century BC. According to history he was in the bath one day when he discovered the principle of buoyancy which is the reason why huge Greek ships weighing thousands of pounds could float on water.

He noticed that as he lowered himself into the bath, the water displaced by his body overflowed the sides and he realized that there was a relationship between his weight and the volume of water displaced. It is said that he ran

naked into the street yelling "heurEka" which is where we get our word 

"eureka!" (I found it), Greek heurEka I have found, from heuriskein to find.

Pascal’s PrincipleThe pressure applied to a fluid is

transmitted throughout the fluid.• Example: Hydraulic Lifts

                                                                           

 

Bernoulli’s Principle• As the velocity of a fluid increases, the pressure exerted by the fluid decreases.• The speed of air over a curved wing moves

faster than below the wing. The air has a longer distance, so it must travel faster.

Section 16.3

Boyle’s Law• If the pressure of a gas is decreased,

the volume will increase.•

Charles’s Law• As temperature

of a gas increases, volume increases.