Chapter 16 Study Chapter 16 Study GuideGuide

Four States of MatterFour States of Matter

SolidsSolids– low KE - particles vibrate but low KE - particles vibrate but

can’t move aroundcan’t move around

– atoms held tightly into placeatoms held tightly into place

– definite shape & volumedefinite shape & volume

Four States of MatterFour States of Matter

LiquidsLiquids– higher KE - particles can move higher KE - particles can move

around but are still close around but are still close togethertogether

– no definite shapeno definite shape

– definite volumedefinite volume

Four States of MatterFour States of Matter

GasesGases– high KE - particles can high KE - particles can

separate and move throughout separate and move throughout containercontainer

– no definite shape & volumeno definite shape & volume

– move more quickly than move more quickly than particles that make up solidsparticles that make up solids

Four States of MatterFour States of Matter

PlasmaPlasma– very high KE – made up of charged very high KE – made up of charged

particles (+/-)particles (+/-)

– gas-like, indefinitegas-like, indefiniteshape & volumeshape & volume

– most common statemost common state

of matterof matter

– starsstars

Pressure

• Pressure is the amount of force exerted per unit of area, or P = F/A.

• Pressure is measured in a unit called Pascal (Pa), the SI unit of pressure.

• Most matter expands when heated.

Heating CurvesHeating Curves

Heat of FusionHeat of Fusion– energy required to change from solid to energy required to change from solid to

liquidliquid– some attractive forces are brokensome attractive forces are broken

Heating CurvesHeating Curves

Heat of VaporizationHeat of Vaporization– energy required to change from liquid to energy required to change from liquid to

gasgas– all attractive forces are brokenall attractive forces are broken

Archimedes’ PrincipleArchimedes’ Principle

Archimedes Archimedes - - Whether an object will sink or float in a fluidWhether an object will sink or float in a fluid

ViscosityViscosity– Resistance to flow by a fluidResistance to flow by a fluid

More water needs to be displaced in order to cancel weight ball floats lower in the water.Not enough water is displaced in order to cancel weight ball sinks.

Archimedes’ PrincipleArchimedes’ Principle Archimedes’ PrincipleArchimedes’ Principle

– the buoyant force on an object in a fluid is the buoyant force on an object in a fluid is equal to the weight of fluid displaced by the equal to the weight of fluid displaced by the objectobject

Very little water needs to be displaced in order to cancel weight ball floats on surface.

View animations produced by students at Poly Prep Country Day School in Brooklyn, New York.

View Buoyancy JAVA Applet.

Archimedes’ PrincipleArchimedes’ Principle Buoyant ForceBuoyant Force

– upward force exerted by a fluid on an upward force exerted by a fluid on an immersed objectimmersed object

– buoyant force > weightbuoyant force > weight

– buoyant force = weight buoyant force = weight

– buoyant force < weightbuoyant force < weight

balloon rises

balloon sinks

balloon floats

V

T

Charles’ LawCharles’ Law

• According to Charles’s law, the volume of a gas increases with increasing temperature, (at constant pressure)

DIRECT

2

2

1

1

T

V

T

V

Pascal’s PrinciplePascal’s Principle Pascal’s PrinciplePascal’s Principle

– pressure applied to a fluid is transmitted pressure applied to a fluid is transmitted unchanged throughout the fluidunchanged throughout the fluid

A

FP

2

2

1

1

AF

AF

Pascal - hydraulics

Boyle’s LawBoyle’s Law When the volume of a gas decreases, When the volume of a gas decreases,

its pressure increases (at constant its pressure increases (at constant temp).temp).

P

VP1V1= P2V2

INVERSE

• As the volume is As the volume is increased, the increased, the pressure will pressure will decrease. decrease.

Bernoulli’s PrincipleBernoulli’s Principle

Bernoulli’s PrincipleBernoulli’s Principle

– as the velocity of a fluid increases, the as the velocity of a fluid increases, the pressure exerted by the fluid decreasespressure exerted by the fluid decreases

– why planes flywhy planes fly

Thermal ExpansionThermal Expansion

When concrete When concrete absorbs heat, it absorbs heat, it expands. Then when expands. Then when it cools, it contracts. it cools, it contracts.

If expansion joints are If expansion joints are not used, the concrete not used, the concrete will crack when the will crack when the temperature changes. temperature changes.

•If you place a balloon in a freezer the molecules will slow down and the balloon will shrink as the volume decreases

Charles’ LawCharles’ Law

Charles’ LawCharles’ Law

Absolute Zero Absolute Zero - Temp at which...- Temp at which...– the volume of a gas would equal zero.the volume of a gas would equal zero.– all particle motion would stop.all particle motion would stop.

-273°Cor0 K