Chapter 3

1. SOLIDS1. SOLIDS Have a definite

shape and volume. Least amount of

movement of particles.

Particles often arranged in a regular pattern, and tightly packed.

2. LIQUIDS2. LIQUIDS No definite shape, but

do have a definite volume.

A liquid will assume the shape of its container.

Particles are close together but move about freely.

3. GASES3. GASES No definite shape

nor volume Can fill any

container Particles are spread

out and move very fast. (1000 mph)

PLASMAPLASMAMost common

phase of matter in the universe.

Not found on earth.

Where can this be found?

Kinetic TheoryKinetic TheoryAll particles of matter are in

constant motion. Solids, liquids, and gases.

There are also forces of attraction between particles

PressurePressureA force exerted over a certain

areaMeasured in newtons/m2 or

pascals (Pa)

3 Factors that affect pressure:3 Factors that affect pressure:

1) Temperature

2) Volume

3) Number of particles

Charles’ LawCharles’ Law

The volume of a fixed amount of gas varies directly with the temperature in degrees kelvin of a gas.

Example:– Hot air balloons

Boyle’s LawBoyle’s Law

Named after Irish chemist Robert Boyle.

The volume of a fixed amount of gas varies inversely with the pressure of a gas.

Example:– Balloon in vacuum

Combined Gas LawCombined Gas Law When you look at the effect of both

temperature and pressure on a closed system of gas at the same time.

Formula:

P1V1/T1 = P2V2/T2

Phase ChangesPhase Changes

ALL ARE PHYSICAL CHANGES The six types are:

– Melting, freezing, vaporization, condensation, sublimation, and deposition

What happens to temperature What happens to temperature and heat energy during a phase and heat energy during a phase

change?change?

There is always a change in heat energy. Endothermic = heat energy is absorbed Exothermic = heat energy is released Temperature always remains constant.

Melting and freezingMelting and freezing

Melting Changing from a solid

to a liquid. The substance absorbs

energy

Freezing Changing from a

liquid to a solid. The substance releases

energy

vaporizationvaporization

Change of a substance from a liquid to a gas.

Must absorb energy.

2 types:1. Boiling2. Evaporation

EVAPORATIONEVAPORATION

Vaporization occurring at the surface of the liquid only.

BOILINGBOILING

Vaporization throughout the liquid.

Can you boil water when it is Can you boil water when it is cold?cold?

Boiling point depends on air pressure.

EARTH MOON

CondensationCondensation

Change of a gas to a liquid.

Releases heat energy

SublimationSublimation

Changing directly to a gas from the solid phase skipping the liquid state.

ex. – dry ice, iodine, ice and snow

DepositionDeposition

Changing directly from a gas to a solid. Frost forming on windows from the

humidity in the air.

ASSIGNMENTASSIGNMENT

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