9

B[p-\n-I-tem-I-Øns‚ DZbw

C¥ymkapZtemIw]mNo-\-Im-eØpw a[y-Im-eØpw hmWn-Pyhpw kmwkvIm-cnI hn\n-a-bhpw\S-∂n-cp-∂Xv C¥ymkapZw tIµo-I-cn-®m-bn-cp-∂p. ssN\-bn¬\n∂vat[yjyhgn ]Sn-™m-tdm´p-t]m-bn-cp∂ "]´p-Xp-Wn-∏mX'bpw (Silk Route)sX°pIng-°-t\-jy-bn¬\n∂p XpSßn IS¬hgn ]Sn-™mtdm- p-t]mbkap-Z-]-Y-hpw Bbn-cp∂p Cu hmWn-Py-am¿§-߃.

sKt°m- -tdma≥ kwkvIm-c-ß-fpsS ImeØpw yqU¬ Ime-L- -Ønepwa≤y-[-c-Wymgn (Mediterranean sea) ]tZ-isØ P\-߃°m-h-iy-amb]uckvXy DXv]-∂-߃ FØn-®n-cp-∂Xv Cu c≠v am¿§-ß-fn-eq-sS-bm-bn-cp-∂p.

C…mw aX-Øns‚ hym]-\-Øn-\p-tijw C¥ymkap-Z-hm-WnPyw PqXcpwAd-_n-Ifpw Xp¿°n-Ifpw \nb-¥n-®p. sN¶-S¬hgnbpw t]¿jy≥Dƒ°S¬hgn-bpap≈ hym]m-c-Øns‚ \nb-¥-W-am-bn-cp∂p Ch¿°p-≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xv. a≤y-[-c-Wym-gnsb Icn-¶-S-ep-ambn _‘n-∏n-°p∂ Xpd-ap-J-

B[p-\nItemI-Øns‚ DZbw1

`q]Sw 1 ˛ hmWn-Py-]-Y߃

`q]-Sw 1˛¬ \n∂v ][m-\-s∏´ hmWn-Py-]-Y-ß-sfbpw Ah_‘n-∏n-®n-cp∂ cmPy-ß-sfbpw Is≠Øn ]´n-I-s∏-Sp-Øp-I.

10

¢mkv X ˛ -km-aq-ly-imkvXw I

\Kcamb tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏nƒ (Ct∏m-gsØCkvXmw-_qƒ) hgn-bp≈ at[y-jy≥ hym]m-c-Øns‚ \nb-¥Ww At∏mgpw Ko°v- -tdm-am- I-®-h-S-°m-cpsS Iøn-em-bn-cp-∂p. tdmamkmamPywXI¿∂-Xn-\p-tijw bqtdm-∏n¬ ^yqU¬ hyh-ÿnXn \ne-hn¬ h∂-t∏mgpw tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m∏nƒ Xe-ÿm-\ -am°n ss_kss‚-≥kmamPyw \ne\n¬°p-∂p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.

^yqU¬ Ime-L-´-Øn¬ bqtdm-∏n¬ hn⁄m-\-Xr-jvW-bp-tSbpw bp‡n-Nn-¥-bp-tSbpw ta¬ItØm-en-°m-k` I¿i\\nb-¥-W-ta¿s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cp-∂p. F∂m¬ C°m-eØv ]uc-kvXy-tZ-isØC…m-an-I-cm-jvS-ß-fnepw C¥y-bnepw ssN-\-bnepw kmlnXyw, `uXn-I-im-kvXw, KWn-Xw,sshZy-imkvXw XpS-ßnb hn⁄m-\-ta-J-e-I-fn¬ KWy-amb ]ptcm-K-Xnbp-≠m-bn. shSn-a-cp-∂v,IS-em-kv apX-emb hkvXp-°fpw hS-°p-t\m-°n-b-¥w t]mep≈ kmt¶-XnIhnZybpw _oP-KWnXw t]mep≈ ssh⁄m-\nIhnj-b-ßfpwAd-_n-°-®-h-S-°m-¿ bqtdm-∏n-s-e-Øn®p. Ipcn-ip-bp-≤-Im-eØv Cu kmwkvIm-cn-I-_‘w IqSp-X¬i‡n-s∏-´p.

`q]Sw 2 ˛ C¥ymkap-Z-temIw

ss_kss‚-≥ kmamPywa≤y-[-c-Wym-gn-bpw Icn-¶-Sepw XΩn¬ k‘n-°p∂ t_mkvt^m-dkv (Bosphorus) IS-en-Sp-°nse X¥-]-[m-\-amb ÿm\-Øv Ko°p-Im¿ÿm]n® Hcp sNdp\K-c -am -bn -cp -∂pss_km‚nbw (Byzantium). ]mNo-\-Im-eØvKo°v˛t]¿jy≥ kwkvIm-c-ß-fpsS kwK-a-ÿm-\-am-bn-cp∂p ChnSw. ]n¬°m-eØv Cu\K-chpw Ing-°p-`m-KsØ Gjym-ssa-\dpwtdmam-km-am-Py-Øns‚ `mK-am-bnØo¿∂p.Ing°pw- ]Sn™mdpw XΩn¬ at[yjyhgn \S-∂n-cp∂ hym]m-c-Øns‚ tIµ-am-bn-cp∂p Cu] -Ww. CXns‚ hmWnPy]m[m\yw IW-°n-se-SpØv InkvXph¿jw \memw \q‰m-≠n¬tdmam NI-h¿Øn-bm-bn-cp∂ tIm¨Ãss‚-≥Cu \KcsØ Xs‚ kmam-Py-Øns‚ c≠mwXeÿm-\-am-°n. At±-l-Øns‚ kvac-W-bv°mbn \K-c-Øns‚ t]cv tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏nƒ F∂m°n am‰n. \memw \q‰m-≠ns‚ Ah-km-\-tØmsS tdmam-km-amPyw hn -Pn-°-s∏- -t∏mƒ Ing-°≥ tdmam-km-amPy-Øns‚ Xe-ÿm\w tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏nƒ Bbn. CukmamPyw ss_k-ss‚-≥ F∂ t]cnepw Adn-b-s∏-´p.

`q]Sw 2 i≤n-°p. tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏nfns‚ ÿm\w AXns‚ ]m[m\ywh¿≤n-∏n-°p-∂-sX-ßs\? N¿® sNøp.

11

B[p-\n-I-tem-I-Øns‚ DZbw

a≤y-[-c-Wym-gn tem-I-Øn-te°va≤y-[-c-Wym-gn-bn-te°v D¥n\n¬°p∂ aq∂v D]-Zzo-]p-I-fn¬ a≤y-Øn-ep-≈-XmWv C‰m-en-b≥ D]-Zzo -]v. hS°v B¬]vkv ]¿∆-Xhpw AXn\vsXm´psX°v hnim-ehpw ^e-`q-bnjvS-hp-ambsemw_m¿Un kaX-ehpw C‰-ensb a‰v D]-`qJfi-ß-fn¬ \n∂v hyXy-kvX-am-°p-∂p. C‰-en-bnse Hcp ][m-\-\-K-c-amb tdmw Bÿm-\-ambnHcp kmamPyw hf¿∂p-h-∂Xpw ]mNo-\-Im-esØkº-Øn-t‚bpw kwkvIm-c-Øn-t‚bpw tIµ-ambnAXv hnI-kn-®Xpw ap≥¢m-kn¬ \n߃ a\- n-em-°n-b-Xm-W-t√m. Cu kmamPyw XI-cp-IbpwX¬ÿm-\Øv \nc-h[n ^yqU¬ \mSp-hm-gn-IƒA[n-Im-c-ta¬°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. GXm\pw\q‰m≠pIƒ Ign-™-t∏mƒ C‰m-en-b≥ D]-Zzo-]n¬\nc-h[n I®-h-S-\-K-c-߃ Db¿∂p-h-∂p.

Ad-_nIfn¬\n∂v ]uc-kvXy-tZ-isØ DXv]-∂-߃ hmßn ]›nabqtdm-∏nse `q]-`p -°-∑m¿°pw \mSp-hm-gn-Iƒ°pw Ah ssIam‰wsNbvX I®-h-S-°m-cm-bn-cp∂p Cu \K-c-ß-fn¬h-kn-®n-cp-∂-Xv. I®-h-S-Øn-\p-]p-dta ]W-an-S-]mSpw

C°q-´¿ \S-Øn-bn-cp-∂p. Aßs\ AXn-thKwC‰m-en-b≥ \K-c-ß-fn¬ Hcp hym]mcnh¿§whf¿∂p-h-∂p. \nc-h[n sNdpZzo]p-I-fm¬ Np‰-s∏´C‰m-en-b≥ D]-Zzo]v kapZbmXbv°v A\p-tbmPy-am-bn-cp-∂p. Chn-SsØ Hmtcm \K-c-Ønepw\nch[n hym]mcnIpSpw-_-߃ ]m¿Øpt]m∂p.I®-h-S-Xm-Xv]cyw ap≥\n¿Øn ]e IpSpw-_-ßfpwIqSn-tN¿∂v henbIpSpw-_-ß-fm-bn. Ch IqSn-bm-tem-Nn®mWv \K-c-ß-fn¬ `cWw \S-ØnbXv.]cº-cm-K-X-amb Zmb-Iaw hgn `cWw \S-Øn-bn-cp∂ bqtdm-∏nse CXccmPy-ß-fnse \mSp-hmgn`c-W-Øn¬ \n∂v hyXy-kvX-ambncp∂p CXv.Aßs\ a≤y-Ime cmP-hm-gvN-bn¬ \n∂v hyXy-kvX-amb Hcp c-W-coXn C‰m-en-b≥ \K-c-ß-fn¬cq]-s∏´p.

C‰m-en-b≥ \K-c-߃sh\o-kv, anem≥, ]nk, ^vtfmd≥kv, Pt\m-h,s_mtfm-W, t\∏nƒkv XpS-ßnb I®-hS\K-c-ß-fmWv a≤y[-c-Wymgn hym]m-csØ Bi-bn®vhf¿∂ph∂Xv. anem -\nse hnkvtIm -¥n,^vtfmd≥knse saZoNn XpS-ßnb kº∂

C‰m-en-b≥ \K-c-߃

C‰m-en -b≥ \K-c-ß-fpsS hf¿®, `c-W-Iaw F∂nh yqU¬coXn -bn¬ \n∂vhyXymks∏-Sm≥ Imc-W-sa¥v? N¿® sNøp.

12

¢mkv X ˛ -km-aq-ly-imkvXw I

IpSpw_-߃ \K-c-hmgvN \S-Øn. Aøm-bncwapX¬ Hcp e£w hsc P\kwJy-bp≈ \K-c-ß-fm-bn-cp∂p A∂p-≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xv. \qdv apX¬Bbncw hsc [\nI IpSpw-_-߃ Cu \K-c-ß-fpsS I®-h -Shpw `c -Whpw \nb- ¥n -®p .tIm¨Ãm‚nt\m-∏nƒ hgn-bp≈ Ic-hm-Wn-PyhpwDØ-cm-^n-°bpw ]›n-ta-jybpw \nb-¥n-®n-cp∂kapZ hmWn-Pyhpw C‰men-b≥ I®-h-S-°msc a≤y-[-c-Wym-gn-bpsS A[n-]-∑m-cm-°n. A‰vem‚nIvkapZ-Øn-te°p≈ Ihm-S-amb Pn_mƒ´dpw Ch-cmWv \nb-¥n-®n-cp-∂-Xv. Aßs\ AXp-hscC¥ym-k-ap-Z-temIw tIµ-ambn \ne-\n-∂n-cp∂hmWn-Py- -kmw-kvIm-cnI hn\n-abw ItaW a[y-[-c-Wym-gn-temIw Iø-S-°n. B[p-\nIbpK-Øns‚sh≈n\£Xw ]Sn -™m-dp -Z n -°m≥ CXvCSbm°n.

C‰m-en-b≥- \-K-c-ß-fnse kº∂IpSpw-_-߃B¿`m-S-]q¿h-amb PohnXw \bn-®p. cay-l¿ay-߃ ]Wn-Xp. AXn-\m-h-iy-amb inev]n-I-tfbpwIem-Im-c-∑m-tcbpw temI-Øns‚ ]e-`m-KØp\n∂pw hcpØn Cu \K-c-ß-fn¬ Xma-kn-∏n-®p.hnZq-c-tZ-i-ß-fn¬\n∂p-t]mepw inev]n-Ifpw Iem-Im-c-∑mcpw kmln-Xy-Im-c-∑mcpw C‰m-en-b≥ \K-c-ß-fn-se-Øn. £tbm∑p-J-amb ss_kss‚≥kmam-Py-Øn¬ \n∂p-≈-hcpw C°q- -Øn-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. ]m›m-Xy-tem-IØpw ]uc-kvXy-tem-IØpw At∂-hsc D≠m-bn-´p≈ hn⁄m-\-Øn-t‚bpw Ie-bp-tSbpw imkvX-Øn-t‚bpw h‡m-°ƒ Aßs\ Cu \K-c-ß-fn¬ FØn-s∏- p. CXvssh⁄m-\nIcwKØv ]pXnb DW¿hp-≠m-°n.

\thm-∞m\w (Renaissance)"dns\- m≥kv' F∂ ]Z-Øn-\¿Yw "]p\¿-P∑w'"\thm-t∑jw' Fs∂m-s°-bm-Wv. F∂m¬ AXn-epw Ihn™ Hc¿∞-w Cu ]Z-Øn-\p-≠v. ]Xn-∂mepw ]Xn-\©pw \q‰m-≠p-I-fn¬ C‰m-en-b≥\K-c-ß-fnepw XpS¿∂v CXcbqtdm-]y≥ cmPy-ß-fn-ep-ap-≠mb Iem-ssh-⁄m-\nIcwK-ß-fnse]pØ-≥ D-W¿hn-s\-bmWv \thm-∞m\w Ipdn°p-∂-Xv. ^yqU¬ ]`p-°-∑mcpw ItØm-en-°m-k`bpw hne-t°¿s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cp∂ ]mNo\sKt°m- -tdma≥ kwkvIm-c-ß-fpsS ]p\¿P-∑am-W-Xv. ItØm-en-°m-k` ASn-t®-ev]n-® bp‡n-cln-X-amb hnizm-ksØ \ncm-I-cn-°m-\p≈ At\z-jWXzc-bp-tSbpw hna¿i-\-_p-≤n-bp-tSbpw -ew.CXv s]s´∂v Hcp Znhkw sIm≠p≠m-b-X-√.

C‰m-en-b≥ \K-c-ß-fnse kº-∂-Ip-Spw-_-߃Xß-fpsS BVy-Xz-Øns‚ thcp-Iƒ At\z-jn®p`qXIm -e -Øn -te°v t]mbn. ]mNo\sKt°m˛tdma≥ kwkvImcIme-Øn-te°v Xß-fpsS ss]Xr-I-Øns‚ thcp-Iƒ \ofp-∂pt≠mF∂ At\z-j-W-am-bn-cp∂p AXv. CXns‚ ^e-ambn \nc-h[n Isø-gpØp ]Xn-Iƒ Is≠-Øm-\m-bn. Ch¿ \ntbm-Kn® ]fin-X-∑m¿°v Ncn-X-

C‰m-en-b≥ \K-c-߃ ]m›m-Xy-]u-ckvXy hn⁄m-\-ß-fpsS kwKa`qan-bmbn amdn-b-sX-ßs\?

Øn¬ apºn-√m-Ø-hÆw XmXv]cyw P\n-®p. CuIsø-gpØp]Xn-Iƒ hmbn®p a\- n-em-°p-∂-Xn\v]mNo\ Ko°v-˛-e-Øo≥ `mj-Iƒ ]Tn-t°-≠-Xmbn h∂p. a≤y-ImeL´-Øn¬ \ne-\n-∂ncp∂eØo≥ `mj-bn¬\n∂p hyXy-kvX-am-bn-cp∂p]mNo\ eØo≥. CXv mjm-]-T-\sØ t]m’m-ln-∏n-°p∂Xn\v Imc-W-am-bn. ]mNo-\-Im-eØv\ne-\n-∂n-cp∂ Ko°v- -e-Øo≥ `mjIƒ A°m-eØv ]tbm-KØn-en-√m-bn-cp-∂p. AXn-\m¬A∂p hf¿∂p-h-cm≥ XpS-ßn-bn-cp∂ ]mtZ-inI`mj-bmb C‰m-en-b-\n-te°v ]mNo\-Ir-Xn-Iƒ X¿÷a sNø-s∏-´p. ]pXnb IrXn-Iƒ D≠-m-bn. Aßs\ \m´p-`m-j-bmb C‰m-en-b≥ hfscthK-Øn¬ hf¿∂p.

a≤y-ImePohn-X-Øn¬ \n∂v B[p\n-I-ImePohn-XsØ th¿Xn-cn-°p∂ Nne ]Xn-`m-k-߃\thm-∞m-\-Im-eØv cq]-s∏´p h∂p. Fs¥m-s°-bmWh?

$ At\z-jWIuXpIw$ hna¿i-\-_p≤n

$ bp‡n-Nn¥

$ ]mtZ-inI`mj-I-fpsS hf¿®

$ am\-hn-IX (Humanism) a\p-jy-\mWv F√m-Øn-s‚bpw am\-Zfiw F∂ k¶ev]w

13

B[p-\n-I-tem-I-Øns‚ DZbw

\thm-∞m\w C‰-en-bn¬

C‰menb≥ \thm-∞m-\-Øns‚ XpS°w ]Xn-∂memw \q‰m-≠n¬ Pohn-®n-cp∂ s]Sm¿°ns‚(1304˛1374) kmln-Xy-kw-`m-h-\-tbm-Sp-Iq-Sn-bm-sW∂v ]d-bmw. ]mNo\ Ko°v kmln-Xy-Im-c-∑m-cpsS ssien-bn¬ a\p-jy-kvt\lkw_-‘n-bmb \nc-h[n KoX-I-߃ At±lw cNn-®p.kz¿K-ÿ-\mb ssZh-Øn-t‚bpw ]pWym-f-∑m-cp-tSbpw amemJ-am -cp -tSbpw A]-Zm -\ -ßsfhmgvØp∂ a≤y-Imekmln-Xy-ssi-en-bn¬ \n∂vhyXy-kvX-ambn shdpw a\p-jy-cpsS hnNmc-hn-Im-c -ßsf ]Xn -^-en -∏n -°p -∂-Xm -bn -cp∂ps]Sm¿°ns‚ KoX-I-߃. ^yqU¬ ]`p-°-∑m-cpsS Akm-∑m¿KnI Pohn-XsØ \nin-X-ambn]cn-l-kn-°p-∂-XmWv s_m°m-®ntbm (1313˛1371)bpsS "Z°m-a-d¨.' \qdp IY-I-fpsS kam-lm-c-ambCu IrXn-bn¬ Ad-_n-°-Y-I-fpsS (Arabian

Nights) kzm[o\w ImWmw. aX-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ Nne hnizm-k-ßsf C°m-eØv ]pd-Øn-d-ßnb "Unssh≥ tIma-Un'-t]m-ep≈ IrXn-Iƒhna¿i\ hnt[-b-am-°n-bn- p-≠v. ]mNo\ tdma≥Ihn-bmb sh¿Pn-ens\Iq´n Ihn-bmb Zms¥AIm-e-Øn¬ s]men-™p-t]mb Xs‚ ]W-bn-\n-sb-tØSn kz¿K-\-c-I-߃ kµ¿in-°p-∂-XmWv Cu IrXn-bpsS CXn-hr-Øw. Cu IrXn-Ifn -se√mw \nd -™p-\n¬°p -∂Xv \thm -∞m\aqey-ßfmb hna¿i\_p≤nbpw am\-hn-I-X-bp-am-Wv.

\thm-∞m-\-IehmkvXp-X¥w, inev]-hn-Zy, NnX-sa-gpØv F∂ocwK-ß-fnepw C‰m-en-b≥ Iem-Im-c-∑m¿ Hcp\qX\ssien-°v XpS°w Ipdn-®p. enb-\m¿tUmUmhn-©n, ssat°¬ B©-tem, Snjym≥,sUmWm-‰-tem, _qWekvIn XpS-ßnb \nc-h[nt]¿ Xß-fpsS krjvSnIƒ hgn \thm-∞m\Iesb kº-∂-am-°n. Ahym-tJybamb]p©ncn-s]m-gn-°p∂ kpµ-cnsb Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p∂"samWm-enk' F∂ H‰ NnX-Øn-eqsSXs∂A\iz-c-\m-bn-Øo¿∂p enb-\m¿tUm Umhn-©n.amem-J-am-cpsS NnX-߃ hnc-k-ambn Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p∂ a≤y-Im-e-ssi-en-bn¬\n∂v `n∂-ambn Hcpa\pjykvXobpsS `mh-Zo-]vX-amb apJ-amWv"tamWm-enk'bn¬ Z¿in-°m≥ Ign-bp-I. im¥-Kw`oc-\m-bn-cn-°p∂ tbip-hn-t\bpw kwibZrjvSn-tbmsS ]c-kv]cw ho£n-°p∂ ]¥≠p injy-∑m-tcbpw Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p∂ "Ah-km-\sØ

s]Sm¿°v

am\-hn-I-X-bpsS ]nXmhvF∂v hnfn-®Xv

F¥p-sIm-≠mhmw?

s]Sm¿°ns\

DXv]m-Z\hyh-ÿ-bn¬ h∂ am‰w GsX√mw Xc-Øn-emWv \thm-∞m\ImesØa\pjy Pohn-X-Øn¬ ]Xn-^-en-®Xv?

Zms¥

14

¢mkv X ˛ -km-aq-ly-imkvXw I

AØm-g'-Øn-epw (Last Supper), aIs‚ th¿]m-Sp-≠m-°nb ZpxJw apgp-h≥ apJØp ]Xn- -en-∏n-°p∂ "I\ym-a-dnb' (Virgin Mary) ØnepwUmhn©nbpsS am\-hn-I-X ]I-S-amWv. Iem-Im-c-

\thm-∞m\w CX-c-bq-tdm-]y≥cmPy-ß-fn¬C‰-en-bn¬ \mºn´ \thm-∞m\]ÿm\w I®-h-S-°m-cn-eq-sSbpw ]W-an-S-]m-Sp-Im-cn-eq-sSbpwCXc bqtdm-]y≥ cmPy-ß-fnepw hym]n®p.kv]m\njv, ^©v, Cw•o-jv, U®v, P¿a≥ XpSßnb]mtZ-inI`mj-Iƒ \thm-∞m\ Ime-L- -Øn¬hf-cm≥ XpS-ßn.

kv]m\njv `mj-bn¬ sk¿hmt¥ (Cervantes)cNn® IrXn-bmWv "tUm¨ Intlmt´m' (DonQuixote) bp≤-s°m-Xn-b-∑m-cmb a≤yIme-]- p-°-∑m-cpsS at\m-hn-`m-¥nsb X∑-b-Xz-tØmsS Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p∂ IrXn-bm-Wn-Xv. ]S-®-´-b-Wn™vIpXnc-∏p-d-Øp-I-bdn CS-h-gn-I-fn-eqsS ]m™p-t]m-Ip∂ Intlmt´m ]`p hgn-h-°Øp I≠ sNSn-I-sfbpw acß-sfbpw Im‰m-Sn-b-¥-ß-sfbpw a‰pwiXp-`-S-∑m-cm-sW∂ `mhØn¬ hmfp-sIm≠vAcn™p hogvØp∂ `am-fl-I-Xsb Cu IrXnAh-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p.

ItØm-en -°m -k-` -bpsS Ime-l-c -W-s∏´hnizmk]am-W-ßsf Ifn -bm -°p -∂-XmWvU®p`mj-bn¬ Cdm-kvakv cNn® "hnUvVn-ØsØ hmgvج' (In Praise of Folly) F∂IrXn.

Cw•ojv \thm-∞m\kmln-Xy-Øn\v XpS°w Ipdn-°p-∂Xv sP^n -tNm-k-dpsS "Im‚¿_dn IY-'

samWm-enkAh-km-\sØ AØmgw

s\-∂-Xn-\p-]p-dta c‡-Nw-I-a-W-sØ-°p-dn®pwb¥-∏-d-°-en-s\-°p-dn®pw hnh-cn-°p∂ imkvX-⁄-\m-bn-cp∂p Umhn©n F∂v At±-l-Øns‚Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ sXfn-bn-°p-∂p.

hneyw tjIvkv]n-b¿

(Canterbury Tales) I-tfmsSbmWv. F¶nepw]Xn\mdmw \q‰m-≠n-emWv Cw•ojv kmlnXywX\na ssIh-cn°p-∂-Xv. temI-]-kn-≤-\mb\mSI-IrØv hneyw -tj-Ivkv]n-bdpw A‘IhntPm¨ an¬´Wpw Cu Ime-L-´-Ønse Cw•ojvkmln-Xy-Im-c-∑m-cn¬ ]ap-Jcm-Wv.

cmjvSobNn¥\thm∞m\ImesØ cmjvSobNn¥-I-cn¬]apJ-\m-bn-cp∂p C‰-en-°m-c-\mb \nt°m-tfm-am°ysh√n. At±-l-Øns‚ "cmPmhv' (ThePrince) F∂ IrXn B[p -\nIcmjvSobNn¥bv°v XpS°w Ipdn-°p-∂p. Acm-P-IXzw\nd™ ^yqU¬ \mSp-hmgn`c-W-Øn¬ \n∂vthdn v ]Pm-h-’e\pw P\-ln-X-]m-e-I-\p-amb Hcp`c -Wm -[n -Im -cn -sb -bmWv "cmPm -hn - ' eqsSam°ysh√n AhXcn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv.

15

B[p-\n-I-tem-I-Øns‚ DZbw

Zmcn-Zyw, Zpcn-Xw, AIaw F∂n-h-I-sfm-∂p-an-√m-ØXpw ÿnXn-k-a-Xzhpw kt¥m-jhpw \ne-\n¬°p-∂-Xp-amb Hcp km¶-ev]nItemIsØhn`m-h\w sNøp-∂-XmWv Cw•ojv aX-]-fin-X-

\mb k¿ tXm-akv aqdns‚ "Dt´m]y' (Utopia)F∂ IrXn. "Dt´m]y' F∂ hm°n-\¿Yw "Fßp-an-√mØ CSw' F∂m-Wv. ]n¬°m-eØv tkmjy-enÃv Bi-b-߃°v Cu IrXn ]tNm-Z-\-ta-In-.

\thm-∞m-\-Im-esØ Ie-bn-epw- km-ln-Xy-Ønepw ]Xn- -en® am\-hn-I-X, bp‡n-Nn-¥, hna¿i\_p≤n Ch A°m-esØ cmjvSob Nn¥-bn¬ ]Xn-^-ent®m?N¿® sNøp.

aX\-ho-I-cWw (Reformation)bqtdm-∏n¬ kmaq-ly-˛-km-º-ØnI cwK-ß-fn¬D≠mb am‰-߃ aX-Po-hn-X-Ønepw ]Xn- -en-®p.]Xn-\mdmw \q‰m-≠n¬ bqtdm-∏nse ItØm-en°mk`-bn-ep-≠mb \ho-I-c-W-i-a-߃ aX\ho-I-cWw AYhm s]m -Â v \ho-I-c-Ww F∂v Adn-b-s∏-´p. CXn\papºv Xs∂ k`bv°pt\scFXn¿∏p-Iƒ Db¿∂ph∂n-cp-∂p. DZm-l-c-W-Øn\vHmIvkv^Unse tPm¨ ssh¢n^v (1324˛1384),]ml-bnse tPm¨ l v (1369˛1415) F∂n-h¿k -bn¬ \ne-\n-∂n-cp∂ Agn-a-Xn-tbbpw sFln-I-X-tbbpw tNmZyw sNbvXp. Ah-sc√mw in£n-°-s∏-´p. Ah-cpsS DZ-y-a-߃s°m∂pw-Xs∂Imcy-amb Ne-\-߃ D≠m-°p-hm≥ km[n-®n-√.

tdmanse sk‚ v ]ot‰gvkv tZhm-ebw

[¿Ω-\n -jvT -cmb At\Iw hni- zm -kn -Iƒ,]tXyIn®v \K-c-hm-kn-Iƒ, ]utcm-ln-X-y -taJebnse Agn-a-Xn-Iƒ ImcWw sshZn-I-hr-Øn-bn¬ ]th-in-°p-hm≥ Iq´m-°m-Xmbn. bqtdm-∏ns‚ ]e- m-KØpw aX-\n-µ-bn¬ G¿s∏-Sp-∂-h-cpsS FÆw h¿≤n®p. hmWn-Py-Ønep≠mbhf¿®-bmWv as‰mcp LSIw. ]pXp-Xmbn hf¿∂p

h∂ hym-]mcnh¿§w k`m-ÿm-]-\-ß-sf-°mƒcmPm-°-∑msc ]n¥m-ßn.

]Xn-\mdmw \q‰m-≠n¬ ItØm-en°mk` Hcpkmº-ØnI ]Xn-k-‘nsb t\cn-´p. sk‚ v-]ot‰gvkv tZhm-e-b-Øns‚ ]p\¿\n¿ΩmWwt]mep≈ \nc-h[n ]≤-Xn-Iƒ h≥ kmº-ØnI_m[-yX D≈-Xm-bn-cp-∂p. CXp adn-I-S-°m≥ItØm-en°m k`-bn¬ am¿∏m∏ [mcmfw ]Z-hn-Iƒ krjvSn®v hn‰p. Gsd A]-Io¿Øn-I-c-ambas‰mcp \S-]-Sn -bm-bn -cp -∂p "]m]-]-cn -lmchnev]\'. ]m]-]-cn-lm-c-Øn-\p≈ D]m-[n-bmbnkm[m -cW°m¿°v "]m]-ap -‡n -]Xw'(Indulgences) hn‰p k` ]W-ap-≠m-°n. A[n-ImcZp¿hn-\n-tbmKw hf-sc-b-[nIw h¿≤n®p.

am¿´n≥ eqY-¿tdmanse sk‚ v ]ot‰gvkv tZhm-ebw ]pXp-°n-∏-Wn -bm -\p≈ [\-k-am -l-c -W-Øn -\mbn"]m]ap‡n]Xw' hnev°p-∂-Xnse A[m¿Ωn-I-Xsb tNmZyw sNbvX aX-]-fin-X-\m-bn-cp∂pam¿´n≥ eqY¿. P¿Ω\n-bnse hn‰≥_¿Kvk¿∆Iem-im-e-bn¬ ssPh-imkvX s]m^-k-dm-bn-cp∂p At±-lw. Xs‚ hmZ-K-Xn-Iƒ hni-Z-am-°p∂ "95 kn≤m-¥-߃' (Ninety -five Theses)At±lw Xøm-dm-°n. At±lw CXp hn‰≥_¿Kv

am¿´n≥ eqY¿

16

¢mkv X ˛ -km-aq-ly-imkvXw I

tZhm-e-b-Øns‚ hmXn-en¬ BWn ASn®p Xq°n.ItØm-en-°m-k-`-bn¬ \n∂v t]m∏v am¿´n≥eqYsd ]pd-Øm-°n. CXn-s\-Xnsc ]Xn-tj-[n-®-h-cmWv s]m´-Âp-Iƒ.

A®Snb¥-Øns‚ I≠p-]n-Sn-Ø-tØmSpIqSn thZ-]p-kvXIw km[m-c-W-°m-cpsS ssII-fn¬ FØn-tN¿∂p. Cßs\ thZ-]p-kvX-Iw t\cn´p hmbn°m-\m-bXv k`-bn¬ \ne-\n-∂n-cp∂ Agn-a-Xn-tbbpwaqey-Nyp-Xntbbpw Xpd∂p Im´p-∂-Xn\v P\-ßsfklmbn®p. CtXmsS eqY-dpsS Bi-b-߃°vP¿Ω-\n-bnepw ]pdØpw hym]-I-amb kzoIm-cyXD≠m-bn.

kzn‰ vk¿em‚n¬ Dƒdn°v kznwK vfnbpw^m≥kn¬ tPm¨ Im¬hn-\p-am-bn-cp∂p aX-\-ho-I-c-W-Øn\v t\XrXzw \¬In-b-Xv. tPm¨Im¬hns‚ A\p-bm-bn-Iƒ lyqKvt\m´p-Iƒ F∂t]cn¬ Adn-b-s∏- p. Cw•-≠nse aX-\-ho-I-c-W-Øn\v cmjv Sobkz`mhw D≠m-bn -cp -∂p.AhnSsØ cmPmhv sl≥dn F´m-a-\mWv AXn\pt\XrXzw \¬In-b-Xv. Fen-k-_Øv cm⁄n-bpsS`c-W-Im-eØv Cw•-≠n-\p-amXw _m[-I-ambBw•n-°≥ k` \ne-hn¬ h∂p.

hn‰≥_¿Kv tZhm-e-b-Øns‚ hmXn¬

\thm-∞m\w apt∂m-´p-h® Bi-b-ßfmWv ItØm-en°mk`-bn¬ am‰-߃°vImc-W-am-bXv˛Cu A`n-]mbw ]cn-tim-[n-°p-I.

]Xn-\-ho-I-cWw(Counter Reformation)s]m´- v \ho-I-c-W-Øns‚ e-ambn ItØm-en°mk`-bv°p-≈nepw ]cn-jvI-cWia-߃D≠m-bn. ]Xn-\-ho-I-cW]ÿm\w, ItØm-en°m \ho-I-cWw, ItØm-en°m ]p\-cp-≤m-cWwFs∂ms° CXv Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. 1534˛¬ t]mƒc≠m-a≥ am¿∏m-∏-bmbn ÿm\-ta‰ tijamWvk`-bn¬ ]cn-jv°-cWw Bcw-`n-®Xv. ItØm-en°mk`bv-s°-Xnsc Db¿∂p-h-∂ hna¿i-\-ßsf ]Xn-tcm-[n-®Xv 1545 apX¬ 1563 hscP¿Ω\n-bnse sS‚n¬ \S∂ aXta[m-hn-I-fpsSkan-Xn-bm-Wv. CtXmsS k`-bpsS `c-W-Øn¬]cnjvI-c-W-߃°v XpS-°-am-bn.

CX-\p-k-cn®v ]pØ≥Nn¥-Iƒ Dƒs°m-≈p∂]pkvX-I-ßsf k`m-hn-cp-≤-hpw kZm-Nm-c-hn-cp-≤-hp-sa∂v Btcm-]n®v ItØm-en-°-mk` \ntcm-[n-®p . Ch-bpsS ]´n -I ""kqNnI'' (Index)F∂dnbs∏Sp-∂p. ssZh-\n-µ-sb∂ Ip‰w hnNm-cW sNøm≥ k` ""C≥Izn-kn-j≥'' (Inquisition)

F∂ tImSXn ÿm]n-®p. Ip‰-°m-sc∂v sXfn-™-hsc I¿i\ambn in£n-®p; an°-h-scbpwNp´p-sIm-∂p.

Ct·-j-ykv etbmf (1491-˛1550) F∂ kv]m\ojvhnap‡`S≥ ÿm]n® Cutimk` (Society ofJesus) Bbn-cp-∂p ]Xn-\ho-I-c-W-Øn-\p≈

Ct·-jykv etbmf

as‰mcp LS-Iw. Xo¿Øpw ]´m-f-am-Xr-I-bn¬ Nn´-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-Xm-bn-cp-∂p Cu -k`. etbm-f-bpsSt\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ aX-]-Nm-c-W-Øn-\mbn cq]o-I-cn®-XmWv Pkyq´v ]mXncn kwLw (Jesuit Order).

17

B[p-\n-I-tem-I-Øns‚ DZbw

aXØns‚ t]cn-ep≈ bp≤-߃aX\ho-I-cWw \nc-¥cbp≤-߃°v CS-bm-°n.Ch-bnse ][m-\-s∏´ bp≤w ap∏Xp sIm√w\o≠p\n∂p. ItØm-en-°-\mb lm_vkv_¿KvcmPmhpw P¿Ω-\n-bnse s]m´-Ã≥kv cmP-Ip-amc\pw XΩn-em-bn-cp∂p CXv. aX-]-c-amb Imc-W-ß-ƒ°p]pdta ]mtZ-in-I-amb X¿°-ßfpw CXn-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. B -y-¥-c-cm-jvSo-bhpw A[n-Im-c-X¿°-ßfpw CXn¬ IS∂pIqSn. ItaW an°bqtdm-]-y≥ i‡n-Ifpw Cu bp≤-Øn¬ tN¿∂p.bp≤w bqtdm-∏n¬ h≥ \mi\jvS-߃ D≠m-°n.

[mcmfw Bfp-Iƒ bp≤waqehpw AXn-e-[nIw t]¿bp≤m-\-¥c £ma-Ønepw acn-®p. shÃv m-enb(Westphalia) DS-º-Sn-bn-eqsS (1648) bp≤w Ah-km-\n-®p. Cu DS-ºSn hnip≤tdma≥km-am-PywBkvSn-b, kvs]bn≥, ^m≥kv, kzo-U≥ XpS-ßnbcmPy-߃ XΩnep≠m-°nb kam-[m\ DS-º-Sn-I-fpsS kam-lm-c-am-bn-cp-∂p. cmjvSt\Xm-°-∑m¿]ckv]cw _‘-s∏ v AXn¿Øn-Iƒ AwKo-I-cn-°m≥ Xocp-am-\n-®-XmWv Cu DS-º-Sn-bpsS Hcpt\´w. bqtdm-∏n¬ am¿]m-∏-bpsS cmjvSo-bm-[n-ImcwC√m-Xm-bn. bqtdm-∏n¬ tZi-cm-jvS-ß-fpsS DZ-b-Øn\v CXv hgn-sh-®p.

s]m´Ã‚ v \ho-I-c-W-Øn-t‚bpw ]Xn-\-ho-I-c-W-Øn-t‚bpw][m\hi-߃ Is≠Øp-I.

`qan-im-kvX-]-c-amb I≠p-]nSpØ-߃ (Geographical Discoveries)]Xn-\©pw ]Xn-\mdpw \q‰m-≠pIfn¬ bqtdm-]y≥cmP-y-߃ \S-Ønb `qan-im-kvX-]-c-amb ]c-y-th-j-W-ß-fpw ]pXnb q]-tZ-i-ß-fpsS Is≠-Øepwkap-Z-k-©m-c-]m-X-I-fpsS I≠p-]n-SpØhpwNcnX-Øn¬ Hcp ]pXnb A[-ym-b-Øn\v XpS°wIpdn-®p. Cu I≠p-]n-Sn-Ø-߃°v \nc-h[n LSI-߃ Imc-W-ambn´p≠v. hym]m-cm-h-iy-Øn-\mbn]uckvXy tZi-tØ°v bmX-sNbvX am¿t°mt]mtfm-bpsS k©m-c-I-Y-Iƒ°v bqtdm-∏n¬hfsc-tbsd ]Nmcw In´n. k©m-c-I-Y-Iƒ ssN\,C¥y XpS-ßnb cmPy-ß-fpsS kº-∂-X-tbbpwP\Pohn -XtØbpw Ipdn® v Adn -bm -\p≈Pn⁄mk D≠m-°n.

Ing°p\n∂p≈ kpK-‘-Z-h-y-ßfpw a‰p hne-]nSn-∏p≈ km[-\-ßfpw At\-z-jn-°p∂-Xn-\mWv qan-im-kvX-]-c-amb I≠p-]n-SpØ-߃ Bcw- n-®Xv.C‰m-en-b≥ \K-c-߃ \ne-\n¿Øn-t∏m∂ a≤y-[-c-Wymgn hym-]-mc-Øns‚ IpØI Ah-km-\n-∏n-°m-\mbn kvs]bn≥, t]m¿®pK¬ F∂oA‰vem‚nIv i‡n-Iƒ ian-®p. Gjybn¬\n∂p≈ Nc-°p-Iƒ sN¶-S¬hgnbpw t]¿jy≥Dƒ°-S¬hgnbpamWv bqtdm-∏n-te°v FØn-bncp-∂Xv. F∂m¬ Cu am¿§-߃ Ad-_n-I-fpsS \nb-¥-W-Øn-em -bn -cp -∂XpsIm≠v kpc-£n-X-ambncp∂n-√. bqtdm-]y-∑m¿°v sNe-th-dnb Ic-

am¿§w D]-tbm-Kn®v Ing-t°m´v bmX-sN-tø≠nh∂p. Xp¿°n-Iƒ 1453˛¬ tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏nƒ]nSn-®-S-°n-b-tXmsS B Ic-am¿§hpw hnt—-Zn-°-s∏- p. AtXmsS bqtdm]y-∑m¿°v C¥ybn-te°pwa‰v Gj-y≥ cmPy-ß-fn-te°pw bmX sNøp-hm≥kap-Z-Øn-eqsS amX-ap≈ ]pXnb Hcp -am¿§wI≠p-]n-Sn-t°-≠Xv AX-y-¥m-t]-£n-X-am-bn.

]Xn-\©mw \q‰m≠ns‚ Bcw-`tØmsS hen∏wIqSnb I∏-ep-Iƒ \n¿Ωn-°-s∏- p. hS-°p-t\m-°n-b-¥-Øns‚ sa®-s∏´ cq]w, BkvtSm-em_vF∂ ]pXnb D]-I-cWØns‚ D]-tbmKw F∂nh

am¿t°m t]mtfm

18

¢mkv X ˛ -km-aq-ly-imkvXw I

bqtdm-∏n¬ hym]-I-am-bn. \o≠ I∏¬ bmX-Iƒ\S-Øp-∂-Xn\v ]m›m-X-y-\m-hn-Isc CXv ]m]vX-cm°n. t]m¿®pKokp-Imcpw kvs]bn≥Im-cp-am-bn-cp∂p Cu cwKØv ap≥ \S-∂-h¿. \mhn-I-\mbsl≥dn cmP-Ip-am-c≥ bph-P-\-ßsf \mhnIhnZy]cn-io-en-∏n-°p-hm\pw kapZ]c-y-th-jWw \S-Øp-hm\pambn t]m¿®p-K-en¬ Hcp ]T-\-tIµw Bcw-`n-®p. 1488˛¬ Cu ]T-\-tI-µ-Øn¬s∏-´-h¿_¿Ø-tem-antbm Ubkv F∂ t]m¿®p-Kokv\mhn-Is‚ t\Xr-X-z-Øn-¬ B^n-°≥ `qJ-fi-Øns‚ sXs° A‰-Øp≈ ap-\ºn-seØn.Ad_n°S¬ apdn®pIS∂v C¥y-bn-se-Øm-sa∂vt]m¿®p-Ko-kp-Im¿ ]X-ym-in-®p. CtXØpS¿∂v a‰vcmPy-ßfpw kap-Z-]-cy-th-jW-ß-fn¬ G¿s∏- p.`qan Dcp-≠-Xm-I sIm≠v -]Sn-™m´p t]mbm¬Ing-°≥ cmPy-ß-fn-seØmw F∂ bp‡n D]-tbm-Kn®p ]pd-s∏´ kv]m\njv \mhn-I-\mbInÃ^¿ sImfw-_kv 1492˛¬ Ata-cn-°bpsSIngt° Xoc-sØ-Øn. ]m›m-Xy-tem-I-Øn\v CXv""]pXnb temIw'' (New World) Bbn-cp-∂p.1498˛¬ hmkvtIm- U- Km-a-bpsS t\Xr-X-z-Øn-ep≈Hcp kwLw KpUv tlm∏v ap\ºv Np‰n C¥-y-bn-seØn.

InÃ- ¿ sImfw-_-kns‚ BZy k©m-c-]Yw (C≥sk-‰n¬ InÃ- ¿ sImfw-_-kv)

KpUv tlm∏v ap\ºvC¥-y-bn-te°v Hcp kap-Z-am¿§w Is≠-Øp-∂-Xn-\mbn t]m¿®p-K-ense cmPm-hmb tPm¨c≠m-a≥ _¿Øtem-antbm Ub- ns‚ t\Xr-X-z-Øn¬ Hcp kwLsØ Ab-®p. B^n-°≥`qJ-fi-Øns‚ sXt° ap\-ºn-se-ØnbAt±l-Øn\v i‡-amb sImSp-¶m‰v aqewapt∂m´v bmX sNøm≥ Ign-™n-√. B ap\-ºn\v tI∏v Hm^v tÃmwkv (Cape of Storms)F∂ t]cv \¬In Ubkv t]m¿®p-K-en-te°vaSßn. F∂m¬ Cu ap\-ºns‚ I≠p-]n-SpØwC¥-y-bn-te°v Hcp kap-Z-am¿§w Is≠-Øm-sa∂ ]Xo£ \¬Ip∂p F∂Xns‚ASnÿm\-Øn¬ tPm¨ c≠m-a≥ AXn\vkp]Xo£m ap\ºv (Cape of Good Hope) F∂t]cv \¬In.

19

B[p-\n-I-tem-I-Øns‚ DZbw

1519˛¬ t^Un-\m≥Uv aK-√s‚ t\Xr-X-z-Øn¬Hcp ]c-y-th-jW kwLw temIw Np‰m-\p≈ BK-l-Øn¬ ]Sn-™mtdm v ]pd-s∏´p. nen-∏n≥kn¬h®v ]mtZ-inIP\-ß-fp-am-bp≈ G‰p-ap-´-en¬At±lw sIm√-s∏-´p. kl-\m-hn-I¿ 1522˛¬kvs]bn-\n¬ aS-ßn-sb-Øn. temIw Np‰n k©-cn-°pI F∂ ZuXyw Aßs\ ]q¿Øn-bm-bn.CtXØpS¿∂v bqtdm-∏nse Ht´sd cmPy-߃kap-Zm-¥cbmX-I-fn¬ G¿s∏-´p. hS-°≥Atacn°-bpsS Xoc-]-tZ-i-ß-fn¬ ]c-y-th-jWwsNøp-hm-\mbn ]pd-s∏´ Cw•o-jv-˛- -^©v kwcw- -ß-fn¬ BZy-tØXv 1497˛¬ tPm¨ Im_ v t\Xr-Xzw \¬In-b-Xm-Wv. Cßs\ \yqs^u≠vem≥Uv,em_-tUm¿, lUvk¨ t_ apX-emb ÿe-߃Cw•o-jp-Im¿°pw ^©p-Im¿°pw FØn-t®-cm-hp∂ ÿe-ß-fm-bn.

`qan-imkvX]c-amb I≠p-]nSpØ-ß-fpsS ^e-߃`qan-im-kvX-]-c-amb I≠p-]n-SpØ-߃°pw ]cy-th-j-W-߃°pw Zqc-h-ym-]-I-amb ^e-߃D≠mbn-. Gj-y≥ cmP-y-ß-fp-am-bp≈ kar-≤-ambhym-]mcw bqtdm-∏p-Im-cpsS [\-ÿnXn sa®-s∏-Sp-Øn. CXv sImtfm-Wn-b¬ kmam-P-y-ß-fpsS DZ-b-Øn\v hgn-sX-fn-bn®p. ]∏mb, t\¥-°mb,IS®-°, Nmb, ]pI-bne apX-emb Im¿jnI hn`-h-߃ ]e \mSp-I-fnepw ]N-cn-®p. AtXm-sSm∏wh≥tXmXn¬ sh´n-∏n-Sp-Øhpw IpSn-tb-‰hpw\S∂p. ASn-a-°-®-h-Shpw A]-[m-\-a-√mØ Xc-Øn¬ a\pjy hn\n-a-b-Øn\v hgnh®p. Ch-sb√mwXs∂ ]cn-ÿn-Xn, kwkvIm-cw, Irjn CX-ymZntaJ-e-I-fn¬ kaq-e-amb ]cn-h¿Ø-\-߃°vImc-W-am-bn.

sXs° Ata-cn-°-bnse C≥Im, abm, tSmƒs‰Iv,Akv-s‰Iv F∂o kwkvIm-c-߃ tImf\oI-c-WsØØpS¿∂v \mam-h-ti-j-ambn. bqtdm]y≥am¿ sIm≠ph∂ ]I¿®-h-ym-[n-I-fmb hkqcn,s]mß≥]\n apX-em-b tcmK-߃ kz-tZin P\-kw-J-y -bpsS \s√mcp ]¶ns\ XpS®pam‰n.]d¶n∏pÆv apX-emb tcmK-ßfpw Cßs\]S¿∂p.

Gjy-bn¬ bqtdm-]-y -∑m-cpsS ]Yae£ywhym]mcIpØ-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. CXn-\mbn Ah¿cmjvSnbm[n-Imcw Iø-S-°p-hm\pw ssk\n-I-

hmkvtIm U Kma

]´nI ]q¿Øn-bm-°pI

\mhn-I≥ cmPywIs≠-Ønb

cmPyw

tPm¨ Im-_´v Cw•≠v \yq^u≠vem‚ v

_m¬t_mh kvs]bn≥ ]\ma

I_mƒ t]m¿Øp-K¬ _ko¬

.......... .......... ..........

.......... .......... ..........

20

¢mkv X ˛ -km-aq-ly-imkvXw I

i‡n D]-tbm-Kn®v ÿe-߃ ]nSn-s®-Sp-°p-hm-\p-w XpS-ßn. CtXmsS Gj-y-bnepw B^n-°-bnepw h≥tXm-Xn¬ tImf-\o-I-cWØn\pXpS-°-ambn. tImf-\n-Ifnse kº-∂-amb ]IrXnhn`-h-߃ ItaW bqtdm-]-y≥ kmam-P-y-߃°-[o-\-am-bn. tImf-\n-I-sf sIm≈bSn®v bqtdm-]y¿kº∂-cm-bn.

]m›mXy bqtdm-]y≥ cmPy-ß-fmb kvs]bn≥,t]m¿®p-K¬, Cw•-≠v, ^m≥kv XpS-ßnb cmPy-߃ temIhym]m-c-Øns‚ IpØI ssIb-S-°n.CtXmsS a[y-[-c-Wymgn tIµambn D≠m-bn-cp∂hym]mcw £bn®p.

tImf\oI-c-W-Øns‚ ^e-ambn kmwkvIm-cnIambn Ing°pw ]Sn™mdpw XΩn-ep≈ hnShvh¿≤n -®p. tImf\nIfnse kwkvIm-csØXI¿°m-\p≈ ia-ßfpw D≠m-bn.

tImf-\n-I-fp-am-bp≈ hym]m-c-_‘w bqtdm-]y≥cmPy-ß-fn¬ kº-∂-cmb a[y-h¿§-Øns‚ DZ-b-Øn\v Imc-W-am-bn. tImf-\n-h¬°-c-W-Øns‚^e-ambn ]gb ssIhmbv]m kº-Zmbw_m¶nwKv kºZmb-Øn\v hgn-am-dn. I®-h-S-°m-cpsS t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ Iq´p-S-a°-º-\n-Iƒ (JointStock Companies) \ne-hn¬ h∂p. Cw•ojvCuÃn¥ym Iº\n AXn-s\m-cp-Zm-l-c-W-am-Wv.

"`qan-im-kvX-]-c-amb I≠p-]n-SpØ-ßfpw kapZk©m-c-Øn¬ ssIh-cn® ]ptcm-K-Xnbpw bqtdm-∏ns‚ cmjvSobLS-\-bnepw kmº-ØnI taJ-e-bnepw am‰-ß-ƒ°v Imc-W-am-bn'˛Cu \nco-£Ww N¿® sNøpI.

imkvX-]p-tcm-KXnHcp ]pXpbpK-Øns‚ Bcw`w Ipdn-®p-sIm≠vimkvX-Nn-¥-bn¬ hºn® ]ptcm-KXn D≠m-bn.XØ-z-Nn-¥-I¿ temIsØ ]pXnb coXn-bn¬t\m°n°m-Wm\pw ]]©]Xn-`m -kßsfhniZo-I-cn-°p-hm\pw \ho\am¿§-߃ ]co-£n®p.enb-\m¿tUm Umhn©n F∂ _lpapJ ]Xn`-i-cocimkvX-tØbpw ]Ir-Xn-tbbpw kq£-va-ambn \nco-£n®v NnX-߃ hc-®p.

]]-©-Øns‚ tIµw `qan-bm-sW∂v hni-z-kn-®n-cp∂ ImeØv kqc -y -\mWv tIµw F∂vkucbqYkn≤m-¥-Øn-eqsS ka¿∞n-®XptIm∏¿\n°- m-Wv (1473˛1543). F∂m¬ At±-l-Øns‚ Bi-b-߃ A°m-eØv kzo-I-cn-°-s∏´n√. ]n∂oSv Keo-entbm Keoen (1564˛1642)Zqc-Z¿in\nbpsS klm-b-tØmsS tIm∏¿ \n°- ns‚ kn≤m¥w ÿnco-I-cn-®p. Cßs\ `ua-tI-µn-X-amb k¶-ev]sØ \ncm-I-cn-®Xphgna\pjys‚ temIho£Ww ]msS amdn .

tIm∏¿ \n°kv Keo-en-tbm-bpsS sSen-kvtIm∏v (C≥sk-‰n¬ Keo-en-tbm)

21

B[p-\n-I-tem-I-Øns‚ DZbw

""]n≥kn∏n-b- am-Ø-am-‰n°'' F∂ hnipXKŸ-Øn-¬ sFk-Iv \-yq-´≥ (1643˛1727) BI¿jWkn≤m-¥hpw Ne\\nb-a-ßfpw Bhn-jv°-cn-®p.

sshZ-y-im-kvXw, ck-X-¥w, KWn-X-im-kvXw,Du¿÷-X-¥w, Pohn-I-fpsS imkvXobh¿§o-I-cWw, Im¥-i-‡n-tb-bpw sshZ-yp-Xn-tbbpw ]‰n-bp≈ ]pXnb Adnhv F∂nh Cu Ime-L- -Øn¬henb apt∂‰w ssIh-cn-®p.

I≠p-]n -SpØ-߃°pw imkvXm-t\-z -j-W-߃°pw Hcp ]≤Xn Bhn-jv°-cn-®p-sIm≠vKeoentbm imkvX-hn-π-h-Øn¬ \n¿Æm-bI ]¶vhln-®p. Cu ]≤-Xn-Iƒ ]n≥Xp-S¿∂ BZy-Im-e-imkvX⁄∑mcm -bn -cp∂p ^m≥kn -kvt_°Wpw sZ°m¿Øpw (Descartes). tPym-Xn-im-

kvXw, `uXn-I-imkvXw, Poh-imkvXw, icoc-imkvXw F∂n-h-bn¬ hºn® t\ -߃°v hgn-sbm-cp-°n. Imƒ en-\-bkv (Carl Linneaus) F∂kzo-Unjv imkvX-⁄≥ kky-imkvXw, P¥p-im -kv Xw, sshZy -imkvXw F∂n -h -bn¬it≤bamb kw`m-h-\-Iƒ \¬In. Pohn-I-fpsSimkvXob h¿§o-I-c-W-Ønt‚bpw B[p-\nI ]cn-ÿn-Xn-im-kvX-Ønt‚bpw ]nXm-hmbn Ct±lwAdn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. kk-y-ß-fp-tS-bpw arK-ß-fp-tSbpwh¿§o-I-c-W-Øn-\mbn c≠p `mK-ß-fp≈ \ma-I-cW]-≤Xn (Binomial nomenclature) Ct±lwBhn-jvI-cn-®p.

\thm∞m\Øn\p-tijw imkvX-Øn-ep-≠mb]ptcm-KXn Ncn-X-Øn¬ Hcp ]pXpbpKw krjvSn®p.

k¿ sFkIv \yq´¨ Imƒ en\-bkv

\thm-∞m\ImesØ Nn¥-Ifpw Bi-b-ßfpw a\p-jy-Po-hn-XsØ am‰n adn-°p∂-Xn\v t]c-I-amb \nc-h[n ]pXnb I≠p]nSpØ-߃°v hgn-sh-®p. Hmtcm I≠p]nSpØhpw D≠m-°nb am‰-߃ Is≠-Ømtam?

⁄mt\m-Zbw (Enlightenment)

\thm-∞m\Ime- -Øns‚ apJy]h-W-X-I-fmbbp‡n-t_m-[hpw am\-hn-I-Xbpw ⁄mt\m-ZbIme-Øpw Bh¿Øn-°-s∏- p. bp‡n-bpsS amXwASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ uXnItemI-tØbpw AXn¬a\p-j-ys‚ ÿm\-tØbpw ho£n-°m≥ ian-°p∂ ss[jWnI-ap-t∂-‰-am-bn-cp∂p ⁄mt\m-Zbw. aX-hn-i-zm-khpw At\-z-j-W-t_m-[hpwXΩn-ep≈ kwL-´\w CXns‚ khn-ti-jXBbn-cp-∂p. hkvXp-X-I-fnepw sXfn-hp-I-fnepwDu∂nb bp‡n-bn-eqsS Imc-y-߃ Adn-bp-hm\pwA]-K-Yn-°p-hm\pw PRm-t\m-ZbbpK-Øn-se-

Nn¥-I-∑m¿ ian-®p. C°meØv ap∂n´p\n∂][m-\-s∏´ Bi-b-ßsf Xmsg-∏-d-bp∂ coXn-bn¬ Npcp-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv:

$ ka-Im-en-Im-hÿ ]ptcm-K-Xn-bp-tS-Xm-Wv.

$ bp‡n-bm-Wv ⁄m\-Øn-te°p \bn-°p∂sX‰p-]-‰mØ hgn-Im´n.

$ a\pj-y\p am‰p-hm≥ Ign-bmØ I¿i\\nb-a-ß-fm¬ \nb-¥n-°-s∏-Sp∂ Hcp b¥-amWv]]-©w.

$ G‰hpw efn-Xhpw kzm- m-hn-I-hp-amb kaq-l-amWv DØ-aw.

$ P∑]m]w Fs∂m-∂n-√.

22

¢mkv X ˛ -km-aq-ly-imkvXw I

CXn-eqsS Db¿∂p-h∂ Bi-b-ßfpw A`n-]m-b-ßfpw Hcp ]cn-[n-hsc imkvX-Ønt‚bpw atX-XcNn¥-bp-tSbpw ]Nm-c-Øn\p Imc-W-ambn.

cmjvSobkaq-l-ß-fpsS amdn-h-cp∂ Bh-i-y-߃°v A\p-k-cn-®p≈ ]pXnb Dƒ°m-gvN-Iƒ⁄mt\m-Z-b-bp-K-Øn¬ Dcp-Øn-cn-™p-h-∂p.\oXn\ymbw, Imcy-\n¿∆l-Ww, \nb-a-\n¿ΩmWwF∂o aq∂v imJ-I -fn -embn A[n -Imcwth¿Xncn®p \n¿Øn-bm¬ IqSp-X¬ cmjvSob kzm-X-¥yw D≠m-Ip-sa∂v sam¥-kvIyq hni-z-kn-®p.AtXm-sSm-∏w-Xs∂ \nb-¥-W-ßfpw k¥p-en-Xm-h-ÿbpw F∂ cmjvSobXØ-z-im-kvXhpwAt±lw hnI-kn-∏n-s®-Sp-Øp.

aX-k-zm-X-¥yØn\pw kz-X-¥-hm-Wn-Pyw Dƒs∏-sS -bp≈ ]uc-k-zm -X - ¥-y -߃°pw th≠nthmƒØ-b¿ hmZn®p. At±lw kmaq-ln-I-]cnjvIm-c-ßsf i‡ambn ]n¥p-W-®p. Ak-ln-jvWpX, aX-]-c-amb ISpw-]n-SpØ-߃ F∂n-h-bp-tSbpw ka-Im-enI hy-h-ÿ-bp-tSbpw \ninXhna¿i-I-\m-bn-cp-∂p thmƒØ-b¿. ASn-ÿm-\-]cambn a\p-j-y≥ \√-h-\m-sW∂v dqt mhnizkn®p; ss\k¿Kn-Im-h-ÿ-bn¬ ""\√-h-\mbIm´m-f≥'' (Noble Savage). \√ a\p-j-ysc Ak-¥p-jvScpw Agn-a-Xn-°mcpw B°n-Øo¿°p∂-Xvkaq-l-Ønse A\p-`-h-ß-fmWv. DS-º-Sn-I-fpsSASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ BWv a\p-j-y\pw kaq-l-hp-ambn D≈ _‘w D≠m-bn-h-∂Xv F∂v At±-l-wXs‚ "tkmj-y¬ tIm¨SmIvSv' (Social Contract)F∂ KŸ-Øn¬ hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂p.

km£-c-cmb P\-ß-fn¬ ⁄mt\m-Z-b-Øns‚h‡m-°-fmb ^ne-tkm-^p-Iƒ (Philosophes)imkvXw ]N-cn-∏n®p. imkvX kwL-S-\-I-fpsSDZ-b-Øn\v imkvXob hn]vfhw Imc-W-ambn.ap≥]v ]d™ F≥ssk-t¢m-∏o-Uo°p-]p-dta a‰p

Cw•-≠n¬ \n∂mWv XpS -ßn -b -sX-¶nepw⁄mt\m-ZbØns‚ G‰hpw tijvT -ambBhnjv°m-c-߃ \S∂Xv ^m≥kn¬ Bbn-cp-∂p. sZ°m¿Øv, kv]nt\m-km F∂n-h-cpsS tlXp-hm-Z-amWv ⁄mt\m-Z-b-Øn\p t]c-I-am-b-sX-¶nepw Cu apt∂-‰-Øns‚ bYm¿∞ kjvSm-°ƒk¿ sFkIv \yq- \pw (1642˛1727), tPm¨ tem°pw(1632˛1704) Bbn-cp-∂p. ]]-©-sØ-°p-dn®v Hcpb¥\njvT-amb hni-Zo-I-cWw \¬Im≥ Ign™pF∂-XmWv \yq-´s‚ t\´w. hn⁄m\kn≤m-¥-Øns‚ ]nXm-hmbn Adn-b-s∏-Sp∂ tem°v Adn-hns‚ Dd-hnSw Cµn-b-⁄m-\-am-sW∂pw hmZn-®p.

⁄mt\m-ZbIme Nn¥-I¿sZ\n- Zn-Ztdm (Denis Diderot) 1713 - 1784

sam¥-kvIyq (Montesquieu) 1689-1755

thmƒsØ-b¿ (Voltaire) 1694 - 1778

dqt m (Rousseau) 1712-1778

CΩm-\p-th¬ Im¥v(Immanuel Kant) 1724-1804tXmakv s]bv≥(Thomas Paine) 1737-1809tXmakv Pt -gvk¨(Thomas Jefferson) 1743-1826

`mj, kmln-X-yw, \mS-Iw, \nb-aw, XØ-z-im-kvXw,KWn-X-imkvXw F∂n-ßs\ hnhn[ hnj-b-ß-fn¬ X¬∏c-\m-bn-cp∂p ZnZ-tdm. aXw sh®p-]p-e¿Øn-bn-cp∂ hni-zm-ksØ At±lw i‡n-bp‡w FXn¿Øp. 18˛mw \q‰m-≠nse Hcp Iq´w^©v Fgp-Øp-Im-cpsS teJ-\-k-am-lm-c-amb"F≥ssk-t¢m-]o-Uo' (Encyclopaedie) F∂KŸ-]-c-º-c-bpsS FUn-‰-dm-bn-cp∂p Ct±-lw.

thmį-b
dqt m

23

B[p-\n-I-tem-I-Øns‚ DZbw

Nne ssh⁄m-\nI]Xn-I-Ifpw ]pXnb ]T-\-߃°v ]NmctaIn.

⁄mt\m-Z-b-amWv At\-z-j-W-Øn\pw I≠p-]nSpØ-Øn\pw th≠n-bp≈ imkvXo-b-coXnkm¿∆-XnI-am-°n-b-Xv. "kX-y-sØ-°p-dn®pw'"]]©-]Xn-`m-k-ß-sf-°p-dn®pw' Bfp-IƒPn⁄mk ImWn-°p-hm≥ Bcw-`n-®p. `c-Ww,

cmjvSo-bw, Ah-Im-i-߃ F∂o hnj-b-ß-sf-Ip-dn®v XØz-Nn-¥-I-∑m¿ Fgp-Xp-hm≥ XpS-ßn.CsX√mw Xs∂ ]Xn-s\´pw ]sØm-ºXpw \q‰m-≠p-I-fn¬ bqtdm-∏nepw a‰n-S-ß-fnepw D≠mbcmjvSobhnπ-h-ßsf KW-y-ambn kzm-[o-\n-®p.bp‡n-bn-eq-∂n-b Is≠-Ø-ep-Iƒ°m-bp≈ XzcIme-L-´-Øns‚ apJ-ap-Z-bmbn.

]h¿Ø-\-߃

$ \mSp-hm-gn-Ø-Øns‚ XI¿®-bpw hmWn-Py-]p-tcm-K-Xn-bpw bqtdm-]y≥ \thm-∞m-\-Øn\v hgn-sbm-cp-°n. C‰-en-bpsS kmaq-ly-km-lN-cy-߃ ]cn-tim-[n®v Cu ]kvXm-h\ hne-bn-cp-Øp-I.

$ A®Snb¥-Øns‚ hc-thmsS bqtdm-∏n¬ aXØns‚bpw hn⁄m-\Øns‚bpw -km-ln-XyØns‚bpw cwK-ß-fn¬ Fs¥√mw am‰-ß-fmWv D≠m-bXv?

$ \thm-∞m\mi-b-߃ bqtdm-∏nse a\pjyPohn-X-Øns‚ kakvXtaJ-e-I-fnepw i‡-amb kzm[o\w sNep-Øn. Cu ]kvXm-h-\-bpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ \thm-∞m\ Bi-b-ß-tfbpw Ah-bpsSkzm[o-\-tØbpw Ipdn®v N¿® sNøpI.

$ \thm-∞m\ ImesØ NnX-ßfpsS B¬_w Xøm-dm-°p-I.

$ P¿Ω-\n-bn¬ Bcw-`n® aX-\-ho-I-cWw bqtdm-∏n-s\-bmsI kzm[o-\n-®-sX-ß-s\? N¿® sNøp-I.

$ `qanimkvX]c-amb I≠p]nSpØ-߃ temI-Øns‚ta¬B[n]Xyw ÿm]n-°p-hm≥ bqtdm-∏ns\ klm-bn-®-sX-ßs\? N¿®sNbvXv \nK-a-\-߃ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-I.

$ ⁄mt\m-ZbNn¥-bpsS ASn-ÿm\]c-amb Bi-b-߃ imkvX-cw-KsØ ]ptcm-K-Xn°v Fßs\ klm-b-I-ambn? hniIe\wsNbvXv Ipdn∏v Xøm-dm-°p-I.

$ `qan-imkvX-]-c-amb I≠p]nSpØ-ß-ƒ GsX∂pw, AXn\v t\XrXzw\¬In-b-h¿ Bscm-s°-sb∂pw ]´nIs∏SpØpI.