Spring Thesis Final Proposal Proposal.pdfThe Final Proposal is intended to summarize the intentions...

Spring Thesis Final Proposal

Recovery—King Hall Galley Renovation

Annapolis, Maryland

Tom Horensky

Construction Management Option

Advisor: Dr. Rob Leicht

March 14, 2011

Penn State AE Senior Thesis Capstone Project

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Recovery – King Hall Galley Renovation March 14, 2010

The Final Proposal is intended to summarize the intentions for the Thesis Investigation that will be

occurring throughout the Spring 2011 semester. Each of the three proposals contained in this report is

first presented in the form of a problem. Based on the problem or opportunity for improvement, a set

of goals is laid out describing how the research topics hope to improve the Recovery – King Hall Galley

Renovation project. A detailed set of research methodologies are then provided followed by the

resources that will be utilized to conduct the research. Finally, the expected outcomes are presented,

including cost, schedule, and constructability implications. These analyses are expected to develop

during the research process with the input of the Penn State AE advisors.

Technical Analysis 1: MEP Schedule Acceleration

MEP installation is a critical portion of the King Hall Galley project. It is so important that it lies on the

project schedule’s critical path. There is a tremendous opportunity that exists with the MEP

coordination and installation for a schedule acceleration utilizing some very traditional techniques as

well as some recent innovative research in construction methods. This analysis will combine the

different efforts to produce an MEP delivery that is ahead of schedule. Initially, the potential for

overtime will be researched and this will be used to determine how much extra work can be performed

during a typical week. Additionally, an investigation into the diminishing returns of working excessive

amounts of overtime will be conducted to determine the maximum hours that employees should be

working. Prefabrication will also be explored as a method of acceleration. The implications of

prefabricated MEP systems will require substantial exploration to determine if prefabrication is feasible

for a renovation project with the intriguing circumstances that King Hall possesses.

Technical Analysis 2: Design/Assist MEP Subcontracts

Integrated delivery systems are a critical industry issue and one that will be researched relative to the

King Hall Galley renovation to determine if the lifecycle of the project’s MEP work can be expedited.

The goal of this research topic will be to investigate if bringing the mechanical and plumbing contractors

into the design phase of the project could have reduced coordination time and therefore allowed for the

prefabrication analysis and an overall more constructible design. This analysis will primarily be a

comparative study between the electrical contractor, which was hired as a design/assist partner, and

the mechanical contractor, which was hired after the design was 100% complete.

Technical Analysis 3: Redesign of the Interior Masonry Columns

The existing galley contains interior load bearing brick columns of a very substantial size. Due to the age

of these columns, a significant amount of repair is necessary to bring them back to a sufficient structural

integrity and aesthetically pleasing nature. Rather than pursue the very inefficient process of locating all

of the structural defects, research will be conducted to determine the feasibility of re-shoring and

demolishing the columns in order to replace them with steel or cast-in-place concrete columns. The

driving factor in this investigation will be a constructability review along with a presentation of the

schedule and cost implications of changing the design.

Executive Summary

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Technical Analysis 4: Chiller Replacement

In addition to the typical cooling loads that a building is subject to, the King Hall Galley also has four

freezers and 11 refrigerators that require intense temperature control. These units call for a dedicated

65 ton nominal capacity chiller to serve only those 15 refrigerated spaces. The originally specified unit

was an air-cooled system designed to be in the West Courtyard because it cannot be enclosed. This

created a substantial problem because the unit was extremely noisy and was located only 50 feet from

the existing dormitory complex. This analysis will aim to find a replacement unit that can be enclosed or

produces less noise. Additional goals will be to reduce the initial cost of the chiller and the life cycle cost

of the chiller.

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Executive Summary Page 1

Table of Contents Page 2

Project Background Page 3

Technical Analysis 1: MEP Schedule Acceleration Page 6

Technical Analysis 2: Integrating Design/Assist MEP Subcontracts Page 8

Technical Analysis 3: Redesign of the Interior Masonry Columns Page 10

Technical Analysis 4: Chiller Replacement Page 12

Summary of Analysis Topics Page 14

Appendix A – Breadth Requirements Page 15

Appendix B – Proposed Thesis Semester Schedule Page 18

Table of Contents

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The King Hall Galley is located at the heart of the Naval Academy Base on the ground level of Bancroft

Hall, the primary dormitory building on campus. The Galley was originally built in 1909 to produce

meals for 1800 midshipmen. Unlike most universities, the Naval Academy serves all students at one

time for three meals a day. In 1950 King Hall Galley was expanded to its current size and now must

service today’s 4500+ midshipmen. The renovation project will bring the Galley up to date with state of

the art cooking equipment and will also be able to meet the demand of feeding 4500+ midshipmen

three times a day. Due to its central locale and the rich history of the building in which it is contained,

the King Hall Galley Renovation has tremendous implications with regard to maintaining the tradition of

the United States Naval Academy. Due to the importance of the services provided by the Galley, a

temporary 31,000sf facility was built to store, prepare, and cook all of the meals for the midshipmen.

This structure is located to the south of the permanent kitchen and connects directly to the dining hall.

The newly renovated kitchen

facility will feature 4 freezers, 11

refrigerators, a bakery, various

cooking stations, administrative

offices, an employee welfare area,

and multiple localized mechanical

rooms. In addition to the

mechanical rooms within the space,

the Galley’s MEP systems will also

tie in to 8 larger mechanical rooms

across the hall from the dormitory

basement. However, the two main

mechanical rooms are located on

the roof of the structure. The

building will also contain a loading

dock at each end which opens into the East and West Courtyards.

The Barton Malow/HKS Design/Build team began working on the design and procurement of the King

Hall Galley Renovation immediately following the awarding of the project in July of 2009. Because the

project is fast tracked to minimize the schedule, the design continues long after the construction

begans, with the LEED Certification design review not ending until August 2, 2010. Additionally, due to

significant unknown conditions, much of

the design relied on explorative demolition

before it could be finalized. In other

words, the project team had to wait and

see what the existing conditions actually

were before they could make decisions.

Project Background

Primary Milestones Date

Temporary Kitchen Ready for Use 22-Mar-10

Conditioned Air Available 6-Dec-10

Roof Complete 11-Feb-11

Interior Complete 12-Jul-11

Substantial Completion 11-Aug-11

Early Occupancy 30-Aug-11

Final Project Completion 21-Dec-11

Figure 1 – Overhead View of Naval Academy (photo courtesy of paranormalknowledge.com)

Figure 2 – Key Project Milestones

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Beginning on November 9, 2009 the construction of the temporary kitchen began. This temporary

facility had to be fully operational and 100% commissioned before any demolition of the existing galley

could begin. Additionally, all of the Naval Academy’s staff had to be trained on the temporary facility’s

equipment. After 96 days the temporary kitchen was completed and the staff training began. This

made the permanent galley available for demolition on March 29, 2010, at which point the project team

began to remove the large equipment from the existing galley space. The demolition phase involved

completely demolishing the interior including all of the kitchen equipment, the supporting MEP

infrastructure, furniture, sections of the slab-on-grade, and a large portion of the existing architectural

elements. In order to speed up the construction schedule, the building was sequenced in 5 phases.

The major project complexities of the King Hall

Galley renovation include significant unknown

conditions, a challenging overhead MEP

schedule, complicated site logistics, the

management of demolition in an occupied

dormitory, and a very aggressive temporary

kitchen turnover date. Considering the fact that

the King Hall Galley is contained within a

building that is over 100 years old, it is no

surprise that there were significant amount of

unknown conditions within the renovation

space. These unknown conditions were focused

primarily on concrete slab and asbestos issues.

Because the facility will contain state of the art cooking equipment, the MEP infrastructure required is

quite substantial. This factor led to the MEP work lying on the critical path as well as being the most

costly portion of the project. Logistically, the complex site conditions made it necessary to have detailed

plans in place for the construction team to deal with typical construction processes, including deliveries,

storage of materials, and site safety. These issues which were all described in detail in the previous

three Technical Reports had to be dealt with by the project team during the 25 month schedule and

within the $46,000,000 budget.

Figure 3 – King Hall Galley Sequencing Plan

Figure 4 – Overhead View of Renovation Area

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Problem Identification

The King Hall Galley renovation is a very MEP intense project. MEP produces the most costly portion of

the project and also presents the greatest risks to the schedule. Additionally, the complexity created by

retrofitting a 100+ year old building with state of the art cooking equipment makes for a very difficult

coordination scenario. Because the overhead MEP work is so extensive, it lies on the critical path. This

means that the maintenance of the overall project schedule depends heavily on the most complicated

portion of the project being completed with no delays. If any delays were incurred, this would produce

a snowball effect on the remaining activities and it would be almost impossible to make up time and

deliver the project successfully. Changes in the initial design also made the MEP coordination process

more complex. Originally the Servery was not designed to be an architectural showcase, but the design

was changed and architectural wood was added which raised the ceiling height. Consequently, the

overhead MEP had to be rerouted around the Servery area. Issues like this had to be overcome without

extending the overall project schedule. Finally, while prefabrication is a critical industry issue, there is

not significant case study material relative to renovation projects of this type.

Goals

The goal of this analysis is to produce a schedule reduction through an MEP installation acceleration

scenario. By reducing the MEP schedule, the construction team can make up for time lost with the

unknown conditions in the project. This acceleration scenario will consist of an in depth study of the

overtime conditions for the project and will investigate how the potential overtime can be used to

accelerate the MEP schedule. The study will also aim to determine at what point too much overtime

begins to negatively affect productivity thus reducing the value of the work being paid for by the

General Contractor.

In comparison, because the schedule predecessors do not permit the overhead MEP installation to begin

any earlier, prefabrication of the MEP systems will be investigated with the intent of reducing field labor

time. In order to successfully carry out the prefabrication for the MEP systems it will be necessary to

have the coordination completed much earlier. This will require an increased building information

modeling effort, through which the use design/assist contractors can reduce coordination time. Ideally

the building information model could be utilized for digital fabrication and also for coordinating the

prefabricated racks of MEP materials.

Methods for Research

Research maximum potential work hours

Develop a detailed MEP schedule

Develop an accelerated MEP schedule scenario incorporating the time saved with overtime

Investigate the diminishing returns of working too much consecutive overtime

Research the cost implications of overtime Contact prefabrication vendors for quotes

Technical Analysis 1: MEP Schedule Acceleration

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Research local transportation methods for delivering prefabricated systems

Research available storage space on site for prefabricated systems

Research the capabilities of a more detailed MEP computer model Investigate the cost implications of prefabrication,

Generate a schedule acceleration scenario relative to the reduction in field labor time due to prefabricated MEP systems

Research different trades and union conflicts with cooperative prefabrication

Research potential labor savings from a field labor reduction scenario

Potential Resources

King Hall Galley project team members

Other industry members

AE Construction faculty members

AE Mechanical faculty members

2010 Davis Bacon Act

Applicable literature

AE 572, AE 473

Expected Outcome

The MEP schedule acceleration proposed above is a very quantifiable scenario. It is expected that

through an investigation into the project’s overtime circumstances, it will be found that working extra

hours is a very feasible possibility. This will however increase the overall project cost proportional to the

amount of overtime that is worked. A significant reduction in the overhead MEP schedule will

drastically reduce the strain on the construction team during the remainder of the projects. The study

will determine how much overtime can be utilized every week. Additionally, the productivity

investigation will display that there is a limit to how much overtime can be worked before it begins to

negatively affect the productivity of the workers.

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The King Hall Galley renovation project was developed with a very aggressive schedule in order to meet

the deadline of the Fall 2011 semester. With the schedule being compressed, all of the typical

construction processes were expedited to accommodate the maintenance of the schedule. Lying on the

critical path, the overhead MEP installation is a crucial portion of the renovation work that must be

completed without delay. Additionally, the King Hall Galley project contains a substantial amount of

overhead MEP coordination and installation in the project work scope. Under the current

circumstances, the plumbing and HVAC contractors were not included in any of the design decision

making processes. Because of this situation, those contractors were not able to assist in constructability

discussions or initial coordination plans. While this is very typical throughout the industry, it is not ideal.

Despite the tight schedule, the coordination process was not carried out as quickly as it could have

possibly been done.

Goals

Through an investigation of alternative means of procuring the MEP contractors for the King Hall Galley

renovation, a delivery method comparison will be generated. Because the electrical contractor, BK

Truland, was hired as a design/assist consultant, they will be used as the basis for comparison in this

study. By utilizing this internal case study comparison, this analysis will show how hiring the mechanical

contractor for design consulting would have affected the design process and consequently reduced the

number of change orders required. The study will also determine if cost growth could have been

reduced due to a more constructible design. Because the schedule is fixed and the completion date

cannot be delayed, schedule growth will not be analyzed. Additionally, the utilization of design/assist

contractors will be used to help the prefabrication effort discussed in Technical Analysis 2. In order to

maximize the results of the prefabrication effort, it will be necessary to have the mechanical design

earlier on in the project.


Interview King Hall Galley project team members to determine the potential for design/assist contracts

Contact MEP design/build firms to discuss capabilities and typical cost

Interview contractors to determine key design/assist considerations

Perform a comparative study between BK Truland’s contract and J.A. Zimmer’s contract

Perform a comparative study between actual contractor performances

Investigate the cost implications of alternate contracting methods

Potential Resources

King Hall project team members

Other industry members

AE Construction, Mechanical faculty members

Technical Analysis 2: Integrating Design/Assist MEP Subcontracts

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2010 Davis Bacon Act


AE 310, AE 598C, AE 572, AE 473

Expected Outcome

The benefits of this proposal are more difficult to quantify than the proposal developed in Technical

Analysis 1. It is expected that the design/assist contracts will be more difficult to attain and will require

completely different mechanical and plumbing contractors for the King Hall Galley renovation project.

However, the addition of design/assist partners for mechanical and plumbing will reduce coordination

time and shift the entire preconstruction process forward. Utilizing a fully coordinated model earlier in

the project will allow for prefabrication to take place. This prefabrication proposal will increase material

costs, but significantly reduce the field labor costs, therefore producing an overall lower project cost.

Creating the potential digital fabrication will increase the quality of the product being delivered while

simultaneously reducing production time for the prefabricated units.

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The existing galley contains brick columns of a very substantial size. Due to the age of the columns a

significant repair and repointing effort is necessary to bring them back to a sufficient structural and

aesthetic capacity. Prior to any repairs taking place a structural engineer specializing in historical repair

along with Barton Malow project team members had to walk the entire project searching for potential

aesthetic or structural flaws. This was a very time consuming process and the consequential repairs

were even more time consuming. A masonry repair contractor was hired to follow the structural

engineer’s report and chisel out the damaged bricks in order to replace them with new ones. The

columns then had to have the masonry repointed to ensure that the structural integrity was still intact.

Additionally, due to the large footprint of the brick columns, a substantial amount of usable floor space

was lost.

Goals

The goal of this analysis will be to eliminate the time the structural engineer had to spend investigating

all of the structural flaws of the masonry columns within the existing space. Additionally, the schedule

would become more reliable because the amount of required masonry repairs was completely unknown

before the investigation was conducted. Having a set plan for re-shoring the columns, demolishing the

masonry, and installing replacement columns, either steel or concrete, would create less uncertainty in

the schedule. Additionally, from a constructability standpoint, requiring a spot repair procedure for

preserving the masonry columns is an extremely inefficient process. Utilizing typical cast-in-place

concrete columns or steel replacement columns would be much more streamlined and systematic, but

preserving the aesthetics of the columns was also strongly desired.


Interview King Hall Galley project team members to determine constructability issues

Contact structural engineer to determine load scenarios

Research temporary shoring methods and costs

Research local structural steel and concrete costs

Perform cost analysis between brick column repair, cast-in-place concrete, and structural steel

installation

Perform schedule analysis between brick column repair, concrete column, and structural steel

installation

Interview HKS to determine the architectural implications of the interior column redesign

Calculate required steel and concrete column size

Perform constructability review to determine the viability of the proposed design change

Research possible architectural elements for the aesthetics of the new columns

Technical Analysis 3: Redesign of Interior Masonry Columns

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Potential Resources


HKS architects

King Hall Galley structural engineer

AE Structural faculty

AE 308

AE 404


Expected Outcome

This analysis is expected to produce a more reliable schedule for the column replacements. Now

replacing spot-checking and repair with demolition and installation of a new column system creates a

much more predictable process. Additionally, the labor involved can be carried out much more

efficiently than through a masonry repair contractor. Issues with constructability will be reduced

because cast-in-place concrete and structural steel are much more common construction processes than

load bearing masonry. The redesign proposal will add a small amount to the cost of the project, but this

cost will be outweighed by the simplified procedure. An increase in usable floor area will result in a

more spacious interior for the workers. This space could also be potentially used for more equipment.

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In addition to the typical cooling loads that a building is subject to, the King Hall Galley also has four

freezers and 11 refrigerators that require intense temperature control. These units call for a dedicated

65 ton nominal capacity chiller to serve only those 15 refrigerated spaces. The originally specified unit

was the York Model YLAA Air-Cooled Scroll Chiller Style A by Johnson Controls. This unit had an actual

capacity of 44.2 tons and an energy consumption of 76.3 KW/Ton, which according to the specifications

was an acceptable model. The original design however had the unit being located in the East Courtyard

which is only about 50 feet from the existing dormitory complex Bancroft Hall. This creates a substantial

problem because the air-cooled unit produces high sound pressure levels at all audible frequencies.

Additionally, because the air-cooled unit needs a significant amount of input air it cannot be enclosed.

Goals

The goal of this analysis will be to provide a proof for the replacement chiller that could be used on the

King Hall Galley project and also to conduct research to determine a third chiller unit that could

potentially be used on the project. This replacement chillers will have to solve the sound pressure level

issue at a very minimum. Additional goals include a reduction in the cost of the overall installation of

the chiller unit and a reduction in life cycle cost of the chiller unit, which can be determined through an

energy analysis of the original system and the new system. If a better system cannot be determined, an

alternate location of the original chiller unit will be explored. Energy consumption calculations will be

necessary to determine the outcome of this analysis and this research topic will be used to satisfy a

mechanical breadth.


Interviews with King Hall Galley project team members

Interviews with the mechanical designer

Interviews with the supplier of the original chiller unit and potential new unit

Interviews with vendors of a potential replacement chiller

In depth study of the submittals and cut sheets for the original system and specs of the potential

new system

Load calculations to determine the energy consumption of both units

Logistical research to determine the constructability implications

Schedule research to determine duration implications

Potential Resources


King Hall Galley mechanical engineer

AE 310

Penn State AE Mechanical Faculty

Technical Analysis 4: Chiller Replacement

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AE 598C

Applicable Literature

Expected Outcome

It is expected that through this analysis, an alternate chiller unit will be found that can meet the cooling

demands while still remaining below an acceptable sound pressure level. Additionally, there will be

sufficient units that are initially lower in cost than the original unit or units that have a lower life cycle

cost than the original unit. However, it is not expected that there are any units that will have a lower

initial cost and a lower life cycle cost. With the original budget as the limiting factor, the unit with the

lowest life cycle cost will be selected, as long as it remains below the acceptable sound pressure levels.

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Analysis Weight Matrix

The weight matrix below displays the distribution of effort that will be allocated for each topic. As can

be seen, these percentages describe the amount of time that will be spent in the four primary areas of

research: critical industry research, value engineering, constructability review, and schedule reduction.

The total column additionally shows how much time will be allocated for each particular analysis

including: MEP schedule acceleration, integration of design/assist subcontracts, structural redesign of

masonry columns, and the chiller replacement.

Timetable

The timetable provided in Appendix B shows the expected progress that will be made in each analysis

topic. The timeline will be used to ensure that the research stays on track and that the investigations

are completed in a timely and efficient manner.

Conclusion

The technical analyses outlined in this document will be researched and the topics will be developed

with the overall goal of integrating construction means and methods into the design process in order to

optimize the efficiency of the industry. In addition to the integration techniques, by utilizing a schedule

acceleration scenario through overtime work, the King Hall Galley renovation project will be delivered

earlier and with a higher overall quality. Taking into consideration the constructability of certain

activities during the schematic design process will undoubtedly reduce the number of coordination

problems and help expedite the procurement and installation processes. This design/assist proposal will

be a work in progress and the investigation will continue to develop throughout the spring semester

with feedback from the Penn State AE faculty consultants.

Summary of Analysis Topics

Figure 5 – Analysis Weight Matrix

Description of Analysis Research Value Eng. Constr. Rev. Sched. Red. Total

Integration of Design/Assist 5% 10% 5% - 20%

MEP Schedule Acceleration 10% - 10% 20% 40%

Structural Redesign - 5% 15% 5% 25%

Chiller Replacement 5% - 5% 5% 15%

Total 20% 15% 35% 30% 100%

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Appendix A – Breadth Requirements

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The following chart displays each of the breadth requirements along with how that requirement is

satisfied and which technical analysis satisfies it.

Mechanical Breadth

The research proposal contained in Technical Analysis 4 focuses heavily on the mechanical portions of

the King Hall Galley renovation, even though the techniques were developed with construction and life

cycle cost in mind. It will be necessary to conduct load calculations for the original chiller and the

replacement chillers. Additionally, the potential replacement chillers will also require the mechanical

calculations learned in AE 310. After the demand on the chillers is determined, a life cycle analysis will

be conducted in order to determine the energy consumption in the short term and the long term. The

best unit will then be selected based off of this life cycle analysis with the available funds still being

considered.

Structural Breadth

Technical Analysis 3 will require substantial structural calculations as well as close coordination with the

project’s structural engineer. The shoring required to support the building loads during the demolition

of the masonry columns will be the first portion of the structural calculations and research. Engineering

the best possible replacement columns, whether steel or concrete, will also require a substantial

amount of structural calculations as well as an investigation into local construction methods and

material costs.

Figure 6 – Breadth Requirements

Requirement: Satisfied By: Technical Analysis:

Breadth 1 Mechanical 4

Breadth 2 Structural 3

Prefabrication 2

Integrated Delivery 2

AE 572 1 & 2

AE 598C 2 & 4

Critical Industry Issue

MAE Requirement

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Critical Industry Issues Breadth

Technical Analysis 3 will incorporate research in the areas of prefabrication and integrated delivery

methods both of which were issues outlined in the critical industry issues section of the PACE Seminar.

MAE Requirements

Technical Analysis 1 and 2 both incorporate coursework from AE 572 – Project Development and

Delivery Planning. The related coursework deals with optimizing the efficiency of project delivery which

both analyses incorporate through schedule acceleration scenarios. Additionally, Technical Analysis 2

incorporates material from AE 572 in the form of alternate delivery methods. The courses AE 598C –

Sustainable Construction Project Management will influence the research in Technical Analysis 2. In AE

598C lean and integrated construction methods are taught. This knowledge will be utilized in the

prefabrication scenario along with the integrated delivery method that will be proposed.

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Appendix B – Proposed Thesis Semester Schedule

Recovery - King Hall Galley Renovation Tom Horensky

Senior Thesis Spring Schedule 3/14/2011 Construction Management

Dr. Rob Leicht

9-Jan-11 16-Jan-11 23-Jan-11 30-Jan-11 6-Feb-11 13-Feb-11 20-Feb-11 27-Feb-11 6-Mar-11 13-Mar-11 20-Mar-11 27-Mar-11 3-Apr-11 10-Apr-11 17-Apr-11 24-Apr-11

Conduct Interviews

Finalize Analysis

Conduct Interviews BIM Cost Analysis

Contact Struct. Eng. Feasibility Analysis

Research Reshoring

Finalize Analysis

Finalize Analysis

Conduct Interviews

Research Chillers

Finalize Analysis

Breadth Indicates Progress

Analysis 1 MAE 1

Analysis 2 MAE 2

Analysis 3 Structural 3

Analysis 4 Mech 4

Update & Post

Proposal

Determine Mat. & Lab. Costs

Assess Schedule Implications

Assess Architectural Solutions

Develop Load Scenarios

Perform Struct. Calcs.

Size Steel & Concrete

Conduct Cost Analysis

Research BIM Capabilities

Assess Project Consequences

Develop Conclusions

Assess Schedule Improvements

Structural Redesign

Integrating Design/Assist MEP Subcontracts

MEP Schedule Acceleration

Legend

Load Calcs for analysis 1&2 complete

Begin Evaluation of Analyses

Industry Interviews Complete

Chiller Replacement

Determine Schedule Implicatiosn

Perform Life Cycle Analysis

Determine Cost Implications

Proposed Spring Semester Thesis Schedule

Research Transportation

Analysis 1 Complete

Milestones

Conduct Interviews

Create Accelerated Schedule

Develop Detailed MEP Schedule

Investigate Diminishing Returns

Develop OT Plan

Contact Contractors/Vendors

Perform Site Investigation

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Milestone 1 1/28/11

Milestone 2 2/18/11 Go-No Go Check

Milestone 3 3/4/11

Milestone 4 3/25/11 Current Date

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Spring Thesis Final Proposal Proposal.pdfThe Final Proposal is intended to summarize the intentions...

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