SM2222 - Class 06
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Transcript of SM2222 - Class 06
![Page 1: SM2222 - Class 06](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052510/56812b97550346895d8fb84c/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
SM2222 - Class 06
What is Space?
![Page 2: SM2222 - Class 06](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052510/56812b97550346895d8fb84c/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Starting from number
• A number, 7• A sequence of numbers, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21,
…• A collection of numbers.
![Page 3: SM2222 - Class 06](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052510/56812b97550346895d8fb84c/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
From number to space
• Can this collection of numbers give you a sense of space?
1 5 9
8 62
73 4
![Page 4: SM2222 - Class 06](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052510/56812b97550346895d8fb84c/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
From number to space
• Can this collection of numbers give you a sense of space?
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
![Page 5: SM2222 - Class 06](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052510/56812b97550346895d8fb84c/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
From symbol to space
• Can this collection of dots give you a sense of space?
![Page 6: SM2222 - Class 06](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052510/56812b97550346895d8fb84c/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
From symbol to space
• Can this collection of dots give you a sense of space?
![Page 7: SM2222 - Class 06](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052510/56812b97550346895d8fb84c/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Characteristics
• A collection of dots may not give you a sense of space.
• Their relationship among themselves about the togetherness can give you a sense of space.
![Page 8: SM2222 - Class 06](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052510/56812b97550346895d8fb84c/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
The connection
• The use of lines more emphasizes the togetherness.
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The connection
• If we label the dots, we can easily notice the configuration.
1
4
65
2 3
7
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The connection
• The connectivity information can be written down in symbol form like,
(1,2,4,5,6), (3,7)
Note that it is not a formal Mathematical notation.
![Page 11: SM2222 - Class 06](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052510/56812b97550346895d8fb84c/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Neighbour
• We can say that 1, 2, 4, 5, 6 are neighbours and 3, 7 are also neighbours.
(1,2,4,5,6), (3,7)
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Topology
• The connectivity and neighborhood give the concept of topology.
• Note that it is a very simplified description.
![Page 13: SM2222 - Class 06](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052510/56812b97550346895d8fb84c/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Möbius Strip
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Escher
![Page 15: SM2222 - Class 06](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052510/56812b97550346895d8fb84c/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Klein Bottle
![Page 16: SM2222 - Class 06](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052510/56812b97550346895d8fb84c/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Characteristics
• Shape, size, orientation are not important in this context.
• The most important one is the connectivity.
![Page 17: SM2222 - Class 06](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052510/56812b97550346895d8fb84c/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Applications
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London Tube Map
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A Quiz
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Space in real life
• Shape and size may be important in some applications.
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Metric Space
• Need the concept of distance.• That is, a function (d) which takes two points
in the space and returns a real number.
d (p1, p2) -> r
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Distance
• The distance function (d) obeys the following,• d (p1, p1) = 0• d (p1, p2) = d (p2, p1)• d (p1, p2) + d (p2, p3) >= d (p1, p3)
![Page 23: SM2222 - Class 06](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052510/56812b97550346895d8fb84c/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Neighborhood
• By using the concept of distance, we can redefine the neighborhood.
• The neighborhood for a point p with a distance D are all the point x, such that
• d (p, x) <= D
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Distance in 1D
The distance function d = x - p in the real number line.
![Page 25: SM2222 - Class 06](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052510/56812b97550346895d8fb84c/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Distance in 2D
The distance function d = Math.sqrt((qx-px)*(qx-px) + (qy-py)*(qy-py)) in the plane.
![Page 26: SM2222 - Class 06](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052510/56812b97550346895d8fb84c/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Neighbour in Digital
We can say the neighborhood of 5 is the numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9.
1 2 3
4 5 6
7 8 9
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Neighbour in Digital
Or we can only include 2, 4, 6, 8 as the neighborhood of 5.
1 2 3
4 5 6
7 8 9
![Page 28: SM2222 - Class 06](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052510/56812b97550346895d8fb84c/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
What is the Creativity?
Think of how the neighbours of 5 affect the value of 5 itself.
1 2 3
4 5 6
7 8 9
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Neighbour in Action
Convolution Matrix
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Convolution Matrix
Scale : 1
0 -1 0
-1 5 -1
0 -1 0
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Convolution Matrix
Scale : 9
1 1 1
1 1 1
1 1 1
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Convolution Matrix
Scale : 1
0 0 0
-1 2 0
0 0 0
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Convolution Matrix
Scale : 1
0 1 0
1 -4 1
0 1 0
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Game of Life
By John Conway,
http://www.math.com/students/wonders/life/life.html
1 2 3
4 5 6
7 8 9
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Game of Life - The Rules
For a space that is 'populated':
Each cell with one or no neighbors dies, as if by loneliness.
Each cell with four or more neighbors dies, as if by overpopulation.
Each cell with two or three neighbors survives.
For a space that is 'empty' or 'unpopulated'
Each cell with three neighbors becomes populated.
1 2 3
4 5 6
7 8 9
![Page 36: SM2222 - Class 06](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052510/56812b97550346895d8fb84c/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Getting Virtual
• Cyberspace• Virtual reality• Virtual community
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Cyberspace
• Exists in the computer network, the Internet.• Can we apply the same spatial concept in this
type of space?
![Page 38: SM2222 - Class 06](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052510/56812b97550346895d8fb84c/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Internet
• Connects computers together to form a network.
• Each computer (node) has an address (IP address).
• The lowest level of connectivity is real, e.g. Ethernet cable, etc.
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IP Address
• Computers and other devices (like router, printer, webcam, etc.) have unique IP addresses, though some of them are private.
• The format of IP address is,• aaa.bbb.ccc.ddd• where each of the aaa, bbb, ccc, ddd is a
number between 0 to 255, though some numbers are reserved and cannot be used.
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IP Address Space
• Each IP address can be treated as a point in a space.
• Two IP addresses can be treated as neighbours if they are similar.
• For example, 144.214.26.1 and 144.214.26.2.• It is very likely that they are in the same area
and directly connected together.
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Network Topology
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PING www.netvigator.com (218.102.23.36): 56 data bytes64 bytes from 218.102.23.36: icmp_seq=0 ttl=252 time=20.355 ms64 bytes from 218.102.23.36: icmp_seq=1 ttl=252 time=19.894 ms64 bytes from 218.102.23.36: icmp_seq=2 ttl=252 time=20.117 ms64 bytes from 218.102.23.36: icmp_seq=3 ttl=252 time=17.994 ms64 bytes from 218.102.23.36: icmp_seq=4 ttl=252 time=18.682 ms64 bytes from 218.102.23.36: icmp_seq=5 ttl=252 time=18.263 ms64 bytes from 218.102.23.36: icmp_seq=6 ttl=252 time=18.311 ms64 bytes from 218.102.23.36: icmp_seq=7 ttl=252 time=18.213 ms64 bytes from 218.102.23.36: icmp_seq=8 ttl=252 time=18.636 ms64 bytes from 218.102.23.36: icmp_seq=9 ttl=252 time=18.768 ms64 bytes from 218.102.23.36: icmp_seq=10 ttl=252 time=17.535 ms
Network Metrics
• Since IP address does not correspond to physical location, we have to use different ways to measure distance.
• Time (e.g. ping command)
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Network Metrics
• Between 2 computers in the Internet, data needs to travel through a number of devices, like the routers.
• Distance can be measured in the number of Hops.
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Virtual and Real
• Since IP address is registered with real world information like geographical details, it is possible to combine both the virtual and real world together.
• http://www.visualroute.com/• http://www.linkwan.com/vrhk/
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Creativity Potential
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Creativity Potential
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Creativity Potential
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Creativity Potential
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Creativity Potential
![Page 50: SM2222 - Class 06](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052510/56812b97550346895d8fb84c/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Creative Applications
• A piece of text can be transformed into a space.
• Valence by Ben Fry.• http://acg.media.mit.e
du/people/fry/valence/applet/
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Creative Applications
• A word and its related topics can also be visualized in a space.
• Visual Thesaurus• http://www.visualthesa
urus.com/
![Page 52: SM2222 - Class 06](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052510/56812b97550346895d8fb84c/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Creative Applications
• P2P network visualization
• Mini-tasking• http://www.sw.ofcd.com/
![Page 53: SM2222 - Class 06](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052510/56812b97550346895d8fb84c/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Creative Applications
• Newsgroup discussion visualization
• WebSOM• http://websom.hut.fi/web
som/
![Page 54: SM2222 - Class 06](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052510/56812b97550346895d8fb84c/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Creative Applications
• Every website• Lisa Jevbratt• http://128.111.69.4/~jevb
ratt/1_to_1/index_ng.html
![Page 55: SM2222 - Class 06](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052510/56812b97550346895d8fb84c/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Creative Applications
• Babel• By Simon Biggs
• http://hosted.simonbiggs.easynet.co.uk/babel/babel.htm