SESAMESSynchrotron light for ynchrotron light for EExperimental xperimental SSciencecience

and and AApplications in the pplications in the MMiddle iddle EEastast

Chris Llewellyn SmithPresident-elect of the SESAME Council

SESAME = Synchrotron light for Experimental Science andApplications in the Middle East

is a 2.5 GeV (‘generation 2.5’) synchrotron radiation facility,under construction near Amman. The members* are Bahrain,Cyprus, Egypt, Iran, Israel, Jordan, Pakistan, PalestinianAuthority and Turkey

Its purposes are to:• Foster excellent science and technology in the Middle

East (and prevent or reverse the brain drain)• Build bridges between diverse societies

* Iraq considering joining. Observers: France, Germany, Greece, Italy,Japan, Kuwait, Morocco, Portugal, Russia, Sweden, UK, USA

OutlineOutline

• Uses of synchrotron radiation. Why a synchrotronradiation facility in the developing world?

• Examples of bridge building through scientificcollaboration

• The SESAME story

• The status of SESAME

Synchrotron radiation is an intensesource of X-rays

Curiosity DrivenResearch

X-raysdiscovered in1895 byWilhelmRöntgen1845-1923

Röntgen’s Laboratory in Wurzburg, Germany - 1895

Wilhelm RöntgenUniversität Würzburg

Dec. 1895

Michael PupinColumbia University/New York

Feb. 1896

•“This is of the hand of a gentleman resident in New York, who, while on ahunting trip in England a few months ago, was so unfortunate as to discharge hisgun into his right hand, no less than forty shot lodging in the palm and fingers. Thehand has since healed completely; but the shot remain in it, the doctors beingunable to remove them, because unable to determine their exact location. Theresult is that the hand is almost useless, and often painful.” Cleveland Moffett,McClure’s Magazine, April 1896

Synchrotron Radiation is emitted bySynchrotron Radiation is emitted by

• Bending magnets

• Wigglers

• Undulators

in electron (or positron) storagerings/accelerators

Opening angle_ = mc2/E = _-1

mc2 = 0.5 MeV (electron rest mass)

For E = 5 GeV, _ = 10-4 radians = .006o

Electromagnetic Radiation - How It Relates to the World We Know

Synchrotron radiation isused for experimentstypically over this region

Now more than 50 Synchrotron Radiation Facilities in 19 Countries - most inadvanced countries, but facilities in Brazil, China, India, and Korea andTaiwan, and SESAME is under construction.

Objectives of an SR facility in the developing world:Objectives of an SR facility in the developing world:

Use scientific cooperation to promote peace & understandingbetween people from different traditions, religions, races, &political systems

• Promote basic & applied research & technology

• Create a world-class interdisciplinary research laboratory

• Address regional biomedical & environmental issues/concerns

• Provide an environment for collaborations & individual development

• Train graduate students who will no longer have to go abroad

• Attract scientists working abroad to return (reversing the brain drain)

• Promote international scientific collaborations

• Promote development of high-tech industry (capacity building)

Examples of Bridge Building ThroughExamples of Bridge Building ThroughScientific CollaborationScientific Collaboration

• CERN

• Some cases considered in Scientific Co-operation,State Conflict – The Roles of Scientists in MitigatingInternational Discord, New York Academy of Sciences,1998

Note: “Diplomatic Science” does not work.Excellent science must be a major driving force,and is a necessary condition for building soundbridges

CERNCERNConceived late 1940s (formally born 1954) when two ideascame together

• Physicists realised that no single European countrycould compete with the US in constructing largeaccelerators – collaborating therefore necessary forparticipation

• A far sighted group of diplomats and scientificadministrators conceived the idea of a joint EuropeanLaboratory as a contribution to rebuilding bridgesbetween nations recently at war

It worked scientifically. What about bridge building?

Bridge building through CERNBridge building through CERNParticipation in pluri-national collaborations at CERN enriches thescientists and engineers involved, especially students - many of whommove to other careers, taking an enhanced knowledge of other culturesand other societies, and excellent international networks of contacts.Generally CERN has done much more than science (and inventing www):

– First inter-Governmental organisation to which Germany was admitted(as an experiment) after the war

– Other European Scientific organisations modelled on CERN – EMBL,ESRF, ESO, . . .

– First post-war contacts between German and Israeli scientists (outsideInternational Conferences) on the neutral territory of CERN

– Kept open scientific relations with Russia and other East block countriesduring the Cold War (not only Russians coming to CERN, but in the late1960s – early 1970s CERN physicists working at Protvino)

– Joint Russian CERN summer school started 1970, continues today– Russian particle physicists did not join the Diaspora after the end of

communism, knowing they could work at CERN while based in Russia– CERN closely involved with INTAS and ISTC– Spread international standards across Europe

Examples from the NY AcademyExamples from the NY AcademyConference/bookConference/book

• Government-initiated activities: nuclear arms controlnegotiations; US-Soviet cooperation in space (launched withrhetoric concerning cooperation as a means of increasing mutualunderstanding, promoting global security and diminishing conflict);International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis; SouthAmerican Nuclear Cooperation; . . .

• Scientists initiated activities: scientific cooperation between theUSA and China (started by individuals 1964; institutionalised 1973);Pugwash movement (especially conception and promotion of theInternational Treaty on Chemical and Biological Weapons);unofficial Palestinian and Israeli academic contacts that precededthe Oslo Agreement; role of scientific cooperation in normalisingIsraeli-Egyptian relations (built on congressional initiative thatprovided funding: marine sciences, medicine and agriculture – onlythe latter judged exceptionally successful politically as well asscientifically)

The SESAME Story: Pre-historyThe SESAME Story: Pre-history• The Egypt-Israel peace accord (1979) contains an annex on

scientific collaboration: the USA provided $7M for collaboration inagriculture, marine sciences, health, energy, Arabic and Hebrewliterature and languages

• Sergio Fubini (CERN and Torino), with Eliezer Rabinovici and others,was a driving force behind a 1995 meeting in Cairo that produced amemo on future collaborative research (in condensed matter,environmental and health physics) and training in the Middle East.This led to a number of meetings (with Egyptian, Israeli, Jordanian,Moroccan, Palestinian and European and American participants),and the establishment of a Middle East Science Committee chairedby Fubini

• In 1997 Herman Winnick (SLAC) and Guss Voss (DESY) suggestedto the MESC that the 800 MeV Berlin Synchroton (BESSY) might bemoved to the Middle East

A Short A Short EarlyEarly History ofHistory of SESAME SESAME1997: Proposal to use components of BESSY I as basis for new facility inthe Middle East

June 1999: F. Mayor, DG UNESCO (“Science for Peace”), invites allgovernments of the region to a meeting at Paris. Interim Council created with12 members and 6 Observers; H.Schopper elected President

2000 – Site choice (candidates in Armenia, Egypt, Iran, Jordan, Oman,Palestinian Authority, Turkey)

– 18 scientists chosen to be trained at ANKA, Daresbury, Elettra, ESRF, LURE, MAXLAB, SLAC

2002 – Formal endorsement by UNESCO

– Decision that BESSY should be injector to new 2.5 GeV ring

6 January 2003 – Official opening by King Abdullah II and the DG ofUNESCO

15 April 2004 – Statutes ratified: official birth of SESAME

Microtron 20 MeV

Injector System of BESSY I

will be used unchanged forSESAME

Worth several million $

SESAME location in Allaan, Jordan

SESAME site before construction

Girls’ collegeWill be handed over to SESAME

GROUND BREAKING CEREMONY OF SESAME - 6 JANUARY 2003

Zehra Sayers Heman Winick Dincer Ulku Javad Rahigi

3rd SESAME User MeetingOctober 11-13, 2004

Antalya, Turkey

Second Joint Beamline and Science Committees meetingUNESCO, Paris - 15-16 April 2004

Visit to SESAME site by IAEA D-G Mohamed ElBaradei; April 14, 2007

SESAMEApplications in the Middle East

Synchrotron -Light for Experimental Scienceand

R. Sarraf, SESAME 10th COUNCIL MEETING – IAEA Headquarters Vienna, Austria, 31 July – 1 Aug., 2007Building can be used for high-level Arab-Israeli and Middle East Scientific meetings

“As a string theorist, I work on paralleluniverses. I was always curious aboutwhat a parallel universe was like, and nowI know. I’m living in one when I go toSESAME meetings”Eliezer Rabinovici; Hebrew University and Israelirepresentative to the SESAME Council

ANOTHER WORLD?

SESAME Accelerator Group; August 14, 2007First row left to right: Yara Zreikat, Mechanical Designer (Jordan), Adel Amro, VacuumAssistant Engineer (Jordan), Adli Hamad, Radiation Officer (Jordan)

Second row Left to Right; Darweesh Foudeh, RF Engineer (Jordan), Firas Makahleh,Mechanical Engineer (Jordan), Mohammad Alnajdawi, Mechanical Designer (Jordan),Maher Shehab, Mechanical Engineer (Jordan), Hamed Tarawneh, Accelerator Physicist(Jordan), Maher Attal, Accelerator Physicist (Palestine), Ahed Aladwan, ControlEngineer (Jordan), Arash Kaftoosian, RF Engineer (Iran) Seadat Varnasseri,Diagnostics Engineer (Iran)

Current Status for Phase I BeamlinesSoft-X-ray beamline project led by scientists from Pakistan.

Champions : Z. Hussain and H. Hoorani

EXAFS/XRF beamline project led by scientists from Jordan.Champions: A. Hallak

SAX beamline project led by scientists from Turkey, Jordan andIsrael

Champions: Z. Sayers. I. Sagi and M. Al-Hussain

Zero beamline project led by SESAME staff Scientists.Champions: to be recruited

MAD PX beamline project led by scientists from Egypt, Israel,UK. Champions: M. Yousef, G. Shahom and S. Hasnain

Directorate

• Director of Laboratory:(ex-Minister) Prof. Khaled Toukan (Jordan)

• Scientific Director:Prof. Hafeez Hoorani (Pakistan)

• Technical Director:Dr Amor Nadji (Alger/France)

• Administrative Director:Dr Mohamad Yasser Khalil (Egypt)

Beamlines Committee:Chair: Zahid Hussain (USA/Pakistan)

define beamlines, help to set up collaborations, later evaluating proposalsScientific Committee:Chair: Zehra Sayers (Turkey)

advice on long term policy, energy and upgrading of machineTechnical Committee:Chair: Albin F. Wrulich (Germany)

advice on machine design, technical solutions, cost estimatesTraining Committee:Chair: Javad Rahighi (Iran)

help in organizing training programme, selection of candidatesFinance Committee

Chair: ad interim Minister Hany Helal (Egypt)prepares budget, distribution of contributions among Members

International Advisory Committees

Donated EquipmentDonated EquipmentThanks to the laboratories and colleagues involvedin the donations

• Equipment from LURE:– SU6 undulator, can be used for soft X-ray beamlines– SA31 beamline, will constitute the zero beamline– Hutches

• Equipment from SLAC, Stanford University:– PEP Undulator

• Equipment from ALS, Bekeley:– Wiggler W16 (Peak Field 2.0 T, Period length 16 cm, No. of periods 19),

can be used for EXAFS/XRF or powder diffraction beamlines

• Equipment from Daresbury Laboratory– Magnificent recent donation [see next slide: value if new ~ €(15-20)M]

essentially completes suite of beamlines needed at start of SESAME,and makes UK one of the major donors (with Jordan and Germany)

LATEST NEWS - DONATION FROM DARESBURY(and University of Liverpool)

5 BEAMLINES

• 16.1 SAX/WAXS beamline (also expect to receive an appropriate frontend)

• 14.1 Fixed wavelength high resolution PX• 14.2 Tunable Se MAD with a robot for high throughput screening• It is expected that the above two will be provided with a front end and

also possibly a high field MPW. Thus, both beamlines can be instantlycommissioned on SESAME.

• 4.1 XUV Spectroscopy (14-60 eV, 50-140 eV and 100-170 eV)• 4.2 NEXAFS/XPS (1.8-10keV)• The above two will be provided with a front end so the beamlines can

be instantly integrated onto a BM of SESAME.

Donation/Gift of Beamlines fromDaresbury SRS (3-4 March 2008)

SESAME team discussing donations with the SRS management

WithUniversity ofLiverpoolteam on 4.1

On BL 14.1

Training Programme

New phase with IAEA: MoU signed in December 2006 Funds for training of $750 000 for 4 years

One of the essential objectives of SESAME• Training of machine experts (supported by IAEA)

20 fellows, finished in 2004, some became staff• Training of beamline experts

about a dozen fellows starting now, can later become staff• General training of scientists (potential users) from universities

of Membersfellowships, many workshops, users’ meetings: over 500 (young)scientists have attended meetings in Amman (2003), Esfahan (2003),Antalya (2004), Amman (2005), Alexandria (2006), Amman (2007)

• Special fellowshipsBrazil, 3 long-term fellows (no candidates found!)Taiwan, 3 long-term fellows (very successful, repeated)

• Canon Foundation (UK)

Time ScheduleTime Schedule

Special thanks to JordanHM King Abdullah II, Director/Minister Toukan

for progress to date, but further efforts are neededby others to complete SESAME

• Commissioning of main ring: October/November 2010

- assuming funding can be found• Operation of beamlines: end 2010 (because of UK donation,

we have beamlines before the machine)

ProblemsProblems• Members originally signed up in the expectation that they

would not have to contribute to the capital cost (synchrotron= BESSY; building and infrastructure to be provided byJordan)

• When the design was upgraded to 2.5 GeV ( add new mainring), following a review by the European Commission, thePresident of the Council, and the Members, thought that theEU would provide the missing funding

• The EU has provided €1M, but ~ €15M is still missing

• The Members are generally not rich countries, and havesmall science budgets. Getting the funding to increase theoperating budget from ~ $1 M p.a. today to ~ $5 M p.a. inthe operational phase is going to be challenging

Possible Sources of FundingPossible Sources of Funding• EU – reviewed the project in 2002. Gave impression that

funding would be forthcoming, but so far only €1M has beencontributed (through a bilateral EU-Jordan programme)

• Other developed countries• Foundations, Corporations, individuals• New members• Existing Members (perhaps donors should require matching

funds and not encourage dependency culture)• If all else fails, the King of Jordan may fund completion –

but while a Jordanian project with doors open to otherswould be good, it would not be anything like as good as agenuine joint project

Conclusions + How this Meeting Can HelpConclusions + How this Meeting Can Help• Spread awareness of the existence and desirability of SESAME• Increase the Member Governments’ awareness of the

importance of SESAME• Help promote SESAME to potential SESAME Members• Help persuade the EU to contribute more, through a

multilateral programme• Help identify potential donors (Foundations, Corporations,

individuals)