Sanskrit Textbook
Transcript of Sanskrit Textbook
izvsUÇai[Çivasütras
The sütras below are called �Çivasütras�. According to tradition, these sütras
came out of Lord Çiva's òamaru (drum) during his täëòava (dance of ecstasy)
and Mahaåñi Päëini recorded them. The entire Sanskrit grammar is based on
these Çivasütras.
1. A # % ([! )2. \ ¤ (k! )3. @ Aae ('! )4. @e AaE (c! )5. h y v r (q! )6. l ([! )7. | m ' [ n (m! )8. H É (|! )9. " F x (;! )10. j b g f d (z! )11. o ) D Q w c q t (v! )12. k p (y! )13. z ; s (r! )14. h (l! )
Bird�s Eye View
s<Sk«tm!Sanskrit
1. A]rai[Alphabets
2. zBda>Nouns
3. AVyyainIndeclinables
4. i³yapd< lkaraíVerbs and Tenses
5. pué;> vcn< cPerson & Number
6. l"uvaKyainSimple Sentences
7. zBd> ivÉiKtíWords & Cases
8. %psgaR>Prefixes
9. àTyya>Suffixes
10. s'!Oya>Numerals
11. àyaeg>Voice
12. siNx>Combination
13. zaSÇai[Scriptures
Sanskrit alphabets are classified into four groups. They are:
1. Svra> � Vowels
2. VyÃnain � Consonants
3 . SvryuKt-VyÃnain � Consonants with vowels
4. s<yuKt-VyÃnain � Conjunct consonants
³
1.1 Svra> � VowelsThere are 13 vowels in the Sanskrit language. They are:
A Aa # $ % ^ \ § ¤ @ @e Aae AaEThere are two more letters (1) Anusvära and (2) Visarga represented by a
�dot� (
) and two �vertical dots� (>) respectively. Example: A< and A> .³
1.2 VyÃnain � ConsonantsThere are 33 consonants categorized into 8 groups.
k� o! g! "! '� � k group
c! D� j! H! |! � c group
q� Q� f� F� [! � q group
t! w! d� x! n! � t group
p! )� b! É! m! � p group
y! r! l! v! � semi-vowels
z! ;! s! � sibilants
h� � aspirate
³
A]rai[Alphabets
.
Sulabha Saàskåtam4
Almost all the consonants drop their �vertical line� and the �slanting line� that
are below them to form half consonants. Note that their pronunciation does
not change due to this modification.
1. k! = K2. o! = O3. g! = G4. "! = ¸5. '! = -6. c! = C7. D! = -8. j! = J9. H! = H10. |! = Á11. q! = -12. Q! = -13. f! = -14. F! = -15. [! = {16. t! = T17. w! = W
18. d! = -19. x! = X20. n! = N21. p! = P22. )! = á23. b! = B24. É! = _25. m! = M26. y! = Y27. r! = R28. l! = L29. v! = V30. z! = Z31. ;! = :32. s! = S33. h! = -
Observe that some of consonants do not have any vertical lines in them and
therefore do not change. For example: q! Q! F! and d! .
Textbook 5
1.3. SvryuKt-VyÃnain � Consonants United with VowelsThe consonants that are combined with vowels are called �svarayukta-
vyaïjanäni�.
k! + A = kk! + Aa = kak! + # = ikk! + $ = kIk! + % = k�k! + ^ = kªk! + \ = k«k! + § = k©k! + ¤ = �k! + @ = kek! + @e = kEk! + Aae = kaek! + AaE = kaEWith anusvära ( ) and visarga (> ), the forms are:
k! + A< = k<k! + A> = k>
³
.
Sulabha Saàskåtam6
This chart gives you an overall view of all the svarayukta-vyaïjanäni.
A Aa # $ % ^ \ § ¤ @ @e Aae AaE A< A>k! k ka ik kI k� kª k« k© ke kE kae kaE k< k>o! o oa io oI ou oU o& o oe oE oae oaE o< o>g! g ga ig gI gu gU g& g ge gE gae gaE g< g>"! " "a i" "I "u "U "& " "e "E "ae "aE "< ">'! ' 'a i' 'I 'u 'U '& ' 'e 'E 'ae 'aE '< '>
c! c ca ic cI cu cU c& c ce cE cae caE c< c>D! D Da iD DI Du DU D& D De DE Dae DaE D< D>j! j ja ij jI ju jU j& j¨ je jE jae jaE j< j>H! H Ha iH HI Hu HU H& H He HE Hae HaE H< H>|! | |a i| |I |u |U |& | |e |E |ae |aE |< |>
q! q qa iq qI qu qU q& q qe qE qae qaE q< q>Q! Q Qa iQ QI Qu QU Q& Q Qe QE Qae QaE Q< Q>f! f fa if fI fu fU f& f fe fE fae faE f< f>F! F Fa iF FI Fu FU F« F Fe FE Fae FaE F< F>[! [ [a i[ [I [u [U [& [¨ [e [E [ae [aE [< [>
o¤g¤"¤¤'
c¤D¤j¤H¤¤|
¤q
¤Qf¤F¤[¤
k¤
Textbook 7
t! t ta it tI tu tU t& t te tE tae taE t< t>w! w wa iw wI wu wU w& w we wE wae waE w< w>d! d da id dI Ê Ë d& d¨ de dE dae daE d< d>x! x xa ix xI xu xU x& x xe xE xae xaE x< x>n! n na in nI nu nU n& n ne nE nae naE n< n>
p! p pa ip pI pu pU p& p¨ pe pE pae paE p< p>)! ) )a i) )I )� )ª )« )© )e )E )ae )aE )< )>b! b ba ib bI bu bU b& b be bE bae baE b< b>É! É Éa iÉ ÉI Éu ÉU É& É Ée ÉE Éae ÉaE É< É>m! m ma im mI mu mU m& m me mE mae maE m< m>
y! y ya iy yI yu yU y& y ye yE yae yaE y< y>r! r ra ir rI é ê r& r¨ re rE rae raE r< r>l! l la il lI lu lU l& l¨ le lE lae laE l< l>v! v va iv vI vu vU v & v ¨ v e v E vae vaE v < v>z! z za iz zI zu zU z& z ze zE zae zaE z< z>;! ; ;a i; ;I ;u ;U ;& ; ;e ;E ;ae ;aE ;< ;>s! s sa is sI su sU s& s se sE sae saE s< s>
h! h ha ih hI hu hU he hE hae haE h< h>
t¤¤wd¤¤x
¤n
¤p
¤)
¤v
¤É
¤m
¤y
¤r
¤l
¤v
¤z;¤s¤h¤
A Aa # $ % ^ \ § ¤ @ @e Aae AaE A< A>
ù h¨
Sulabha Saàskåtam8
1. k� + k = Kk2. k� + t = Kt3. k� + n = Kn4. k� + m = Km5. k� + y = Ky6. k� + l = Kl7. k� + v = Kv8. o! + y = Oy9. g! + [ = G[10. g! + x = Gx11. g! + n = Gn12. g! + m = Gm13. g! + y = Gy14. g! + l = Gl15. g! + v = Gv16. "! + n = ¸n17. c! + c = Cc
18. c! + D = CD19. c! + m = Cm20. c! + y = Cy21. j! + j = Jj22. j! + v = Jv23. j! + y = Jy24. |! + D = ÁD25. Q!! + y = Q(26. f!! + y = f!y27. F!! + y = F!y28. [!! + q = {q29. [!! + Q = {Q30. [!! + f = {f31. [!! + F = {F32. [!! + [ = {[33. [! + m = {m34. [!! + y = {y
1.4. s<yuKt-VyÃnain � Conjunct ConsonantsA conjunct consonant is formed when two or more consonants are joined
together. For ease of reading we have presented the second consonant with
the vowel A.
Textbook 9
35. [!! + v = {v36. t!! + w = Tw37. t!! + n = Tn38. t!! + p = Tp39. t!! + m = Tm40. t!! + y = Ty41. t!! + v = Tv42. t!! + s = Ts43. w!! + n = Wn44. w!! + y = Wy45. d!! + É = d!É46. x!! + n = Xn47. x!! + m = Xm48. x!! + y = Xy49. x!! + v = Xv50. n!! + t = Nt51. n!! + d = Nd52. n!! + x = Nx53. n!! + m = Nm54. n!! + y = Ny55. n!! + v = Nv
56. p!! + t = Pt57. p!! + n = Pn58. p!! + y = Py59. p!! + l = Pl60. p!! + s = Ps61. )� + y = áy62. b!! + j = Bj63. b!! + d = Bd64. b!! + x = Bx65. É!! + y = _y66. m!! + n = Mn67. m!! + p = Mp68. m!! + b = Mb69. m!! + É = MÉ70. m!! + m = Mm71. m!! + y = My72. m!! + l = Ml73. y!! + y = Yy74. l!! + k = Lk75. l!! + p = Lp76. l!! + m = Lm
Sulabha Saàskåtam10
77. l!! + y = Ly78. l!! + l = Ll79. l!! + v = Lv80. v!! + y = Vy81. z!! + c = Zc82. z!! + n = Zn83. z!! + m = Zm84. z!! + y = Zy85. z!! + v = Zv86. z!! + l = Zl87. ;!! + k = :k88. ;!! + q = :q89. ;!! + Q = :Q90. ;!! + [ = :[
91. ;!! + p = :p92. ;!! + m = :m93. ;!! + y = :y94. ;!! + v = :v95. s!! + k = Sk96. s!! + o = So97. s!! + t = St98. s!! + w = Sw99. s!! + p = Sp100.s!! + ) = S)101.s!! + m = Sm102.s!! + y = Sy103.s!! + v = Sv
³
When r! precedes any consonant, the symbol ( R ) is used above the succeeding
consonant.
104. r!! + k = k�105. r!! + g = gR106. r!! + " = "R
107. r!! + c = cR108. r!! + j = jR109. r!! + m = mR
Textbook 11
110. k� + r = ³111. o! + r = µ112. g! + r = ¢113. "! + r = º114. j! + r = ¿115. d!! + r = Ô116. p!! + r = à
117. b!! + r = ä118. É!! + r = æ119. m!! + r = è120. v!! + r = ì121. z!! + r = ï122. s!! + r = ö123. h!! + r = ÿ
124. D!! + r = D+125. q!! + r = q+126. Q!! + r = Q+Some more conjunct consonants:
When r follows a consonant it is represented with a slanting line below the
preceding consonant.
127. f!! + r = f+128. F!! + r = F+
134. x!! + n = ×135. n!! + n = Ú136. p!! + n = ß137. b!! + n = ã138. É!! + n = å
129. k� + n = ²130. o! + n = On131. g! + n = ¶132. + n = ¹133. t!! + n = Æ
When certain consonants combine with r, the r sound is represented by the
symbol ( + ) written below the consonant.
Sulabha Saàskåtam12
139. m!! + n = ç140. v!! + n = ë141. z!! + n = î142. s!! + n = õ143. h!! + n = û144. k� + l = ¬145. '! + k = »146. '! + o = �147. '! + g = ¼148. c! + c = ½149. j! + j = ¾150. |! + c = Â151. |! + j = Ã152. q!! + q = �153. Q!! + y = Q(154. f!! + y = f(155. F!! + y = F(156. t!! + t = Ä157. d!! + g = Ì
158. d!! + d = Î159. d!! + x = �160. d!! + É = Ñ161. d!! + m = Ò162. d!! + y = *163. d! + v = Ö164. d!! + b = Ó165. p!! + t = Ý166. l!! + l = �167. z!! + c = í168. z!! + l = ð169. z!! + v = ñ170. ;!! + q = ò171. ;!! + Q = ó172. h!! + [ = �173. h!! + m = ü174. h!! + y = ý175. h!! + l = �176. h!! + v = þ
Textbook 13
180. k� + t! + v = KTv181. k� + ;! + [ = ú[182. k� + ;! + m = úm183. k� + ;! + y = úy184. k� + ;! + v = úv185. g! + É! + y = G_y186. '! + k� + t = '!Kt187. '! + "! + y = '!¸y188. c! + D! + r = CD189. c! + D! + v = CD!v190. [! + q! + y = {q!y191. t!! + t! + v = Åv192. t!! + p! + r = Tà193. t!! + m! + y = TMy
177. k� + ; = ]178. t!! + r = Ç
Note the following conjunct consonants. Their forms make them unique.
Given below are a few conjunct consonants that are formed by the combination
of three consonants.
179. j! + | = }
194. t!! + r! + y = Èy195. t!! + s! + n = Tõ196. t!! + s! + y = TSy197. d! + x! + v = d!Xv198. d!! + É! + y = Ñ(199. d!! + r! + y = Õ200. n!! + t! + y = NTy201. n!! + t! + r = NÇ202. n!! + d! + y = N*203. n!! + d! + r = NÔ204. n!! + x! + r = NØ205. m!! + p! + r = Mà206. r!! + g! + y = GyR207. r!! + "! + y = ¸yR
Sulabha Saàskåtam14
208. z!! + c! + y = ZCy209. ;! + q! + y = ò(210. ;!! + q! + r = ò+211. ;!! + q! + v = ò!v
212. ;!! + p! + r = :à213. s!! + t! + y = STy214. s!! + t! + r = ô215. s!! + t! + v = STv
Textbook 15
Based on their gender, nouns are classified into three types � masculine,
feminine and neuter. The specific mention of the noun�s gender is found in
texts such as Amara-koça. However, some rules are given here for the students�
easy comprehension.
2.1 pui�¼> � Masculine Gender NounsWords which end with A>, #> and %> are usually masculine gender nouns.
When two vertical dots (>) are put after any letter it is called �visarga�. When
words end with A>, they are called akäränta-pulliìga; when they end with #>,they are called ikäränta-pulliìga; and when they end with %>, they are called
ukäränta-pulliìga.
Masculine Nouns Feminine Nouns Neuter Nouns
%> $ Am!
zBda>Nouns
pui�¼> ôIil¼> npu<skil¼>
#> Aa
³
A>
zBda>Nouns
Sulabha Saàskåtam16
2.2 SÇIil¼> � Feminine Gender NounsWords that end with Aa and $ are usually feminine gender nouns (äkäränta-stréliìga and ékäränta-stréliìga).
2.3 npu<skil¼> � Neuter Gender NounsWords that end with Am! are usually neuter gender nouns (akäränta-napuàsakaliìga).
³
Masculine Gender NounsWords ending with A> Words ending with #> Words ending with %>1. Aj> 1. Air> 1. #NÊ>2. AwR> 2. kiv> 2. gué>3. ram> 3. pit> 3. té>4. kr> 4. muin> 4. zMÉu>5. Ët> 5. Ai¶> 5. irpu>Feminine Gender NounsWords ending with Aa Words ending with $1. ÉayaR 1. ndI2. Daya 2. narI3. maya 3. pTnI4. icNta 4. pavRtI
Neuter Gender NounsWords ending with Am!1. icÇm!2. Évnm!3. ]eÇm!4. %pvnm!
³
Textbook 17
More Masculine Gender Nouns
1. Aj> � Goat
2. AwR> � Meaning
3. Als> � Lazy person
4. Anl> � Fire
5. Anug> � Follower
6. Añ> � Horse
7. Axr> � Lip
8. jy> � Victory
9. Air> � Enemy
10. Ainl> � Wind
11. AiÉÉv> � Insult
12. AacayR> � Teacher
13. Aadez> � Order
14. AadzR> � Mirror
15. Aahar> � Food
16. #NÊ> � Moon
17. %*m> � Effort
18. A»�r> � Sprout
19. kak> � Crow
20. kNÊk> � Ball
21. kvaq> � Door
22. kiv> � Poet
23. kal> � Time
24. kIq> � Worm
25. kªp> � Well
26. k«;Ivl> � Farmer
27. kez> � Hair
28. kaeivd> � Expert
29. kaez> � Treasure
30. or> � Donkey
31. og> � Bird
32. ol> � Wicked man
33. gayk> � Singer
34. "q> � Pot
35. ºa[> � Nose
36. ctur> � Clever
37. c]u> � Eye
38. icÇk> � Leopard
39. caer> � Thief
40. jld> � Cloud
41. jng[> � Community
42. jNtu> � A creature
43. té> � Tree
44. tu;ar> � Dew, mist
Sulabha Saàskåtam18
45. d]> � Expert
46. di][hSt> � Right hand
47. dzn> � Tooth
48. Ët> � Messenger
49. nq> � Actor
50. nr> � Man
51. nairkel> � Coconut
52. naivk> � Boat-man
53. n&pit> � King
54. pit> � Leader
55. p]> � Wing
56. pqu> � Smart person
57. praepkar> � Help
58. prapkar> � Harm
59. pai[> � Palm
60. iv*aly> � School
61. pavk> � Fire
62. àatraz> � Breakfast
63. ANtk> � Yama
64. bal> � Boy
65. ÉKt> � Devotee
66. Éq> � Soldier
67. Éek> � Frog
68. smuÔ> � Ocean
69. mStk> � Head
70. me;pal> � Shepherd
71. mae"> � Vain
72. yit> � Saint
73. rw> � Chariot
74. irKt> � Empty
75. irpu> � Enemy
76. laek> � World
77. v]> � Chest
78. vqv&]> � Banyan tree
79. vTs> � Calf
80. vamhSt> � Left hand
81. vat> � Wind
82. ivvad> � Dispute
83. iv¹> � Obstacle
84. ivzal> � Big
85. Vyayam> � Exercise
86. zail> � Paddy
87. zakiqk> � Cart-man
88. izzu> � Child
Textbook 19
89. zMÉu> � Lord Çiva
90. sr> � Tank
91. SkNx> � Shoulder
92. har> � Garland
93. hIrk> � Diamond
More Feminine Gender Nouns
1. AqvI � Forest
2. Aaza � Desire
3 . kNya � Girl
4. ktRrI � Scissor
5. k�iÂka � Key
6. kaEmudI � Moonlight
7. "{qa � Bell
8. icNta � Worry
9. cUfa � Crest
10. jnnI � Mother
11. devta � Goddess
12. xra � Earth
13. xaÇI � Nurse
14. narI � Woman
15. nasa � Nose
16. naEka � Boat
17. pTnI � Wife
18. piÇka � Letter
19. peiqka � Box
20. ÉayaR � Wife
21. mhI � Earth
22. mala � Garland
23. m&;a � Falsehood
24. m&iÄka � Clay
25. mexa � Memory
26. lúmI � Lakñmé
27. vaihnI � Army
28. vataR � News
29. iv*a � Knowledge
30. vIwI � Street
31. vedna � Pain
32. zkRra � Sugar
33. zv�rI � Night
34. zaoa � Branch
35. zu{fa � Trunk
36. sÉa � Assembly
37. Sp&ha � Desire
³
Sulabha Saàskåtam20
More Neuter Gender Nouns
1. A]rm! � Alphabet
2. Aijnm! � Deer-skin
3. AMbrm! � Sky
4. An&tm! � Falsehood
5. AXyynm! � Study
6. Aannm! � Face
7. AaÉr[m! � Ornament
8. %Ärm! � Answer
9. %*anm! � Garden
10. %drm! � Stomach
11. %pvnm! � Garden
12. Aaednm! � Cooked rice
13. AaE;xm! � Medicine
14. kgRlm! � Paper
15. kNdm! � Root
16. klÇm! � Wife
17. klevrm! � Body
18. kmRg&hm! � Work-place
19. kaVym! � Poetry
20. k�{flm! � Earring
21. kaEzlm! � Skill
22. kaeqrm! � Hollow of atree
23. gaÇm! � Body
24. gaepurm! � Tower
25. "&tm! � Ghee
26. icÇm! � Picture
27. c³m! � Wheel
28. DÇm! � Umbrella
29. iDÔm! � Hole
30. jQrm! � Belly
31. tqakm! � Lake
32. t&[m! � Grass
33. taeym! � Water
34. ÊGxm! � Milk
35. xnm! � Wealth
36. xaNym! � Grain
37. xEyRm! � Courage
38. n]Çm! � Star
39. nynm! � Eye
40. nIfm! � Nest
41. ngrm! � City
42. pdm! � Step
43. pÃrm! � Cage
44. p[Rm! � Leaf
45. paÇm! � Vessel
Textbook 21
46. patkm! � Sin
47. pu:pm! � Flower
48. )lm! � Fruit
49. bNxnm! � Bondage
50. Évnm! � House
51. mULym! � Price
52. maedkm! � Sweet ball
53. yaejnm! � 8 miles
54. llaqm! � Forehead
55. lv[m! � Salt
56. laecnm! � Eye
57. vdnm! � Face
58. vSÇm! � Dress
59. ivñm! � World
60. zkqm! � Cart
61. zakm! � Vegetable
62. sahsm! � Bravery
63. saepanm! � Step, stairs
64. SvCDm! � Clean
65. ihmm! � Snow
66. ]Irm! � Milk
67. ]eÇm! � Field
68. }anm! � Knowledge
1. kdlI)lm! � Banana 6. Anans)lm! � Pineapple
2. nar¼)lm! � Orange 7. daifm)lm! � Pomegranate
3 . inMbUk)lm! � Lemon 8. bhubIj)lm! � Guava
4. Ôa]a)lm! � Grape 9. Aaè)lm! � Mango
5. pns)lm! � Jackfruit
)lain � Fruits
m&ga> � Animals
1. xenu> � Cow
2. k�Kk�r> � Dog
3. gj> � Elephant
4. majaRr> � Cat
5. is<h> � Lion
6. vanr> � Monkey
³
³
Sulabha Saàskåtam22
7. mU;k> � Rat 12. zz> � Rabbit
8. Vyaº> � Tiger 13. gdRÉ> � Donkey
9. %:q+> � Camel 14. vrah> � Pig
10. hir[> � Deer 15. z&gal> � Fox
11. ÉLlUk> � Bear 16. v&k> � Wolf
³
pi][> � Birds1. h<s> � Swan 7. k�Kk�qI � Hen
2. myUr> � Peacock 8. kpaet> � Dove
3. kaeikl> � Cuckoo 9. %lUk> � Owl
4. zuk> � Parrot 10. bk> � Crane
5. kak> � Crow 11. cqk> � Sparrow
6. k�Kk�q> � Cock
³
àai[n> � (Other) Living Beings1. m{fUk> � Frog 7. g&hgaeixka � House lizard
2. mTSy> � Fish 8. v&iík> � Scorpion
3. kªmR> � Tortoise 9. mi]ka � Fly
4. mkr> � Crocodile 10. mzk> � Mosquito
5. spR> � Snake 11. mxukr> � Honeybee
6. kkRq> � Crab 12. ippIilka � Ant
³
v[aR> � Colours
1. k«:[> � Black 2. ñet> � White
Textbook 23
3 . pIt> � Yellow 6. paql> � Rose
4. hirt> � Green 7. nIl> � Blue
5. k;ay> � Orange 8. rKt> � Red
³
v&]a> � Trees1. Aaèv&]> � Mango tree 5. vqv&]> � Banyan tree
2. talv&]> � Palm tree 6. AZvTwv&]> � Peepal tree
3 . pnsv&]> � Jack tree 7. nairkelv&]> � Coconut tree
4. kdlIv&]> � Banana tree
³
zrIrSy A¼ain � Parts of the Body1. izr> � Head 8. hSt> � Hand
2. neÇm! � Eye 9. A¼�lI � Finger
3 . ïaeÇm! � Ear 10. no> � Nail
4. naiska � Nose 11. k{Q> � Neck
5. muom! � Mouth 12. %drm! � Belly
6. dNt> � Teeth 13. ^é> � Thigh
7. ijþa � Tongue 14. pad> � Leg
³
pu:pai[ � Flowers1. kmlm! � Lotus 4. miLlka � Jasmine
2. jpak�summ! � Hibiscus 5. sUyRkaiNt> � Sunflower
3. gulavpu:pm! � Rose
³
Sulabha Saàskåtam24
rsa> � Tastes
1. mxur> � Sweet 4. AMl> � Sour
2. k;ay> � Astringent 5. itKt> � Bitter
3 . kqu> � Pungent 6. lv[> � Salty
³
idza> � Directions1. %Ära � North 3. piZcma � West
2. pUvaR � East 4. di][a � South
³
vasra> � Days
1. rivvasr> � Sunday 5. guévasr> � Thursday
2. saemvasr> � Monday 6. zu³vasr> � Friday
3. m¼lvasr> � Tuesday 7. zinvasr> � Saturday
4. buxvasr> � Wednesday
³
vahnain � Vehicles
1. kar!yanm! � Car 5. iÇci³ka � Auto
2. zkqm! � Cart 6. naEka � Boat
3 . ivmanm! � Aeroplane 7. mhanaEka � Ship
4. laekyanm! � Bus
³
g&hm! � House
1. iÉiÄ> � Wall 3. #iòka � Brick
2. Did> � Roof 4. vataynm! � Window
Textbook 25
5. kvaqm! � Door 7. Öarm! � Entrance
6. saepanm! � Steps 8. %pvnm! � Garden
³
k�quMb> � Family1. ipta � Father 5. A¢ja � Elder sister
2. mata � Mother 6. A¢j> � Elder brother
3 . Anuj> � Younger brother 7. iptamh> � (Paternal) Grandfather
4. Anuja � Younger sister 8. iptamhI � (Paternal) Grandmother
³
iv*aly> - School
1. AXyapk> � Teacher (M) 7. k«:[)lkm! � Blackboard
2. AXyaipka � Teacher (F) 8. puStkm! � Book
3. DaÇ> � Student (M) 9. A]rm! � Letter, syllable
4. DaÇa � Student (F) 10. A»nI � Pencil
5. %TpIiqka � Table 11. leonI � Pen
6. AasNd> � Chair
³
\tu � Season
1. hemNt> � Winter 4. ¢I:m> � Summer
2. izizr> � Cold season 5. v;aR � Rainy season
3. vsNt> � Spring 6. zrt! � Autumn
³
Sulabha Saàskåtam26
mas> � Month
1. magRzI;R> 7. Jyeó>2. paE;> 8. Aa;aF>3. ma"> 9. ïav[>4. )aLgun> 10. ÉaÔpd>5. cEÇ> 11. Aaiñn>6. vEzao> 12. kaiÄRk>
Textbook 27
21. %CcEStrm! � Loudly
22. tU[Rm! � Speedily
23. A* � Today
24. àitidnm! � Every day
25. inTyz> � Daily
26. ý> � Yesterday
27. prý> � The day before
yesterday
28. ñ> � Tomorrow
29. prñ> � The day after
tomorrow
30. ta�zm! � Like that
31. tdanIm! � Then
32. Aip � Also
33. A* � Today
34. ikNtu � But
35. prNtu � But
36. ywa - twa � As � so
37. yid - tihR � If � so
38. k�Ç � Where
1. AÇ � Here
2. tÇ � There
3 . Ax> � Down
4. %pir � Above
5. pUv�m! � Before
6. AxStat! � Below
7. A¢t> � In front of
8. purStat! � Before
9. p&ót> � Behind
10. àat> � Morning
11. saym! � Evening
12. idva � Day
13. nKtm! � Night
14. mNdm! � Slowly
15. zIºm! � Quickly
16. shsa � Suddenly
17. sTvrm! � Immediately
18. prm! � After
19. s*> � Instantly
20. pura � In the olden days
Words that remain unchanged in all numbers, cases and genders are known as
�indeclinables� (avyaya).
AVyyainIndeclinables
Sulabha Saàskåtam28
39. kda � When
40. #danIm! � Now
41. kwm! � How
42. kit � How many
43. ikyt! � How much
44. ikimit � Why
45. ikmut � Whether
46. kId¯zm! � Of what kind
47. ivna � Without
48. #it � Thus
49. #v � Like
50. #h � Here
51. pun> � Again
52. sda � Always
53. sNttm! � Always
54. sMyk! � Good, well
55. kwÂn � By any means
56. smNtt> � All around
57. Anekz> � Many times,many ways
58. AtIv � Very much
59. àaye[ � Mostly
60. @vm! � Thus
61. @kda � Once
62. kdaict! � Once
63. Alm! � Enough
64. ma � Don't
65. va � Or
66. olu � Certainly
67. ANtralm! � Between
68. intram! � Entirely
69. É&zm! � Often
70. tt> � Then
71. tt> àÉ&it � Since then
72. Axuna � Now
73. muhUtRm! � Awhile
74. sh � With
75. kiít! � Someone
76. svRt> � From every side
Textbook 29
There are about 2200 verb roots (dhätu) in Sanskrit. These roots are classified
into three types � (1) parasmaipada (2) ätmanepada and (3) ubhayapada.
Ubhayapada has not been dealt with in this book.
�Parasmai� means �for other� and �ätmane� means �for oneself�. Thus, when
actions are done for others� sake, parasmaipadé roots are used. And, when the
actions are done for one's own sake, ätmanepadé roots are used. This
differentiation is mainly to indicate the intention of the doer. Please note that
this rule is not followed presently in Sanskrit.
Parasmaipadé is dealt in detail while ätmanepadé is dealt briefly at the end
of the course.
The verbal root is termed �dhätu�. It is used to form the 'verbal base'. Many
examples for verbal root and verb base have been given in the next two pages.
You may notice that some verbal roots change completely when they become
verbal bases.
³
i³yapd< lkaraíVerbs and Tenses
xatv>
prSmEpdI AaTmnepdI
Sulabha Saàskåtam30
S.No Verb Roots Verb Base Meaning
1. ÉU Év Be
2. Aq! Aq Wander3. AcR! AcR Worship4. k«;! k;R Plough5. ³If! ³If Play
6. oad! oad Eat
7. gm! gCD Go
8. gjR! gjR Roar
9. gE gay Sing
10. cr! cr Move
11. cl! cl Move
12. jp! jp Chant13. jLp! jLp Blabber
14. ij jy Conquer
15. jIv! jIv Live16. Jvl! Jvl Shine17. tp! tp Heat18. Tyj! Tyj Abandon19. dz! dz Bite20. dh! dh Burn
21. da yCD Give
22. �z! pZy See
23. nq! nq Dance
24. nm! nm Salute
25. nNd! nNd Glad
Textbook 31
26. inNd! inNd Criticise
27. pQ! pQ Read
28. pt! pt Fall
29. pa ipb Drink
30. bux! baex Know
31. æm! æm Roam
32. r]! r] Protect
33. vd! vd Speak34. zuc! zaec Grieve
35. xav! xav Run
36. Swa itó Stand
37. hs! hs Laugh
38. muc! mu Liberate
39. ivd! ivNd Get
40. vs! vs Live
41. isc! is Sprinkle
42. ivz! ivz Enter
43. iml! iml Meet
44. kw! kwy Tell
45. g[! g[y Count
46. icNt! icNty Think
47. tf! tafy Beat
48. d{f! d{fy Punish49. pUj! pUjy Worship
50. É]! É]y Eat
³
Sulabha Saàskåtam32
4.1. dz-lkara> � Ten Lakäras
Each of the verb root has ten �lakäras� (daça-lakäräù). Of these ten lakäras, six
indicate tenses (kälaväcakäù) and four indicate moods (prakära-bodhakäù).
Besides the ten lakäras, there is one more lakära which is called leq! . This is
used only in the Vedas, and is termed 'Vedic Subjunctive'.
³
4.1.1 ;q!-kalvacka> � Six Tenses
Out of the six tenses, there is only one type in the present tense, three varia-
tions for past tense, and two variations for the future tense.
Let us take the root ÉU (Év) and see the variations:
To explain further:
1. In �vartamäna� (present tense), Év becomes Évit.
lq� vtRman> Present Évitl'! An*tnÉUt> Past Tense (Imperfect) AÉvt!lu'! ÉUt> Past Tense (Aorist) AÉUt!ilq� prae]ÉUt> Past Tense (Perfect) bÉUvluq� An*tnÉiv:yt! First Future Éivtal&q� Éiv:yt! Second Future Éiv:yit
Six Tenses Example
1
2
3
4
5
6
Textbook 33
We will now see the three variations of past tense:
2. In �anadyatana-bhüta� (past imperfect tense), Év becomes AÉvt! . This
indicates �not today� meaning, something that happened the previous day or
before that.
3. In �bhüta� (past tense), Év becomes AÉUt! . This indicates the immediate
past.
4. In �parokña-bhüta� (past perfect tense), Év becomes bÉUv. This indicates the
historical past.
In the same way we have two variations of future tense:
5. In �anadyatana-bhaviñyat� (first future), Év becomes Éivta. This indicates
'not today'. It could be the next day or any time in the distant future.
6. In �bhaviñyat� (second future), Év becomes Éiv:yit. This indicates the
general future (could be immediate or distant).
³
Now let us go through the terminations of the three basic tenses: (1) present
(2) future and (3) past. Even though, as mentioned before, there are three
variations in the past tense and two variations in the future tense, we will be
studying only one from each of the past tense and future tense.
There are nine terminations for each of the lakäras. The different
terminations indicate the different person and number (Refer to Chapter 5).
The verb base pQ is taken as an example here (see next page) to illustrate
the terminations taken by the verb in the present, future and the past tenses.
Sulabha Saàskåtam34
Presentlq!
Future¤q!
Pastl'!
#:yor
Sy
pQit pQt> pQiNtpQis pQw> pQwpQaim pQav> pQam>
piQ:yit piQ:yt> piQ:yiNt piQ:yis piQ:yw> piQ:yw piQ:yaim piQ:yav> piQ:yam>
ApQt! ApQta< ApQn! ApQ> ApQt< ApQt ApQm! ApQav ApQam
A
Present tense verbal form : Verb base + TerminationFuture tense verbal form : Verb base + #:y///Sy + TerminationPast tense verbal form : A + Verb base + Termination
³
4.1.2 cTvar> àkarbaexka - Four Moods
Out of four moods (catväraù prakärabodhakäù), we will only be studying the
terminations of two important moods � the imperative and potential moods.
There are nine terminations for each of these moods. Just as in the tenses,
it t> AiNt is w> w
Aaim Aav> Aam>
it t> AiNtis w> w
Aaim Aav> Aam>
t! ta< n! A t< t Am! Aav Aam
Four Moods
laeq! Aa}a Évtuivixil'! ivix> Évet!AazIilR'! AazI> ÉUyat!¤'! i³yaitpiÄ> (s»et>) AÉiv:yt! 4
2
3
1
Example
Imperative
Potential
Benedictive
Conditional
Textbook 35
here too, there are different terminations to indicate the different person and
number.
The verb base pQ is taken for illustration.
Imperative Potential laeq! il'!
tu tam! ANtu- tm! t
Aain Aav Aam
$t! $tam! $yu>$> $tm! $t
$ym! $v $m
pQtu pQtam! pQNtupQ pQtm! pQt
pQain pQav pQam
pQet! pQetam! pQeyu>pQe> pQetm! pQet
pQeym! pQev pQem
Sulabha Saàskåtam36
In Sanskrit, just as in many other languages like English, there are three persons
(puruñäù). They are: (1) àwmpué;> � Third person, (2) mXympué;> �
Second person and (3) %Ämpué;> � First person.
Sanskrit permits three numbers : (1) @kvcnm! - Singular, (2) iÖvcnm! � Dual
and (3) b÷vcnm! � Plural.
The dual number is unique to Sanskrit.
³
Please note that the verbal terminations depend on the person, number and
tense/mood.
pué;> vcn< cPerson and Number
@kvcnm! iÖvcnm! bhuvcnm! Singular Dual Plural
àwmpué;> III Person
s> � Hesa � She
tt! � It
taE � They two
te � They two
te � They two
te � They all
ta> � They all
tain � They all
%Ämpué;> I Person
Tvm! � You yuvam! � You two yUym! � You all
Ahm! � I Aavam! � We two vym! � We all
mXympué;> II Person
Textbook 37
The present tense verbal formations for the various persons and numbers have
been indicated below with the example of the verb pQ.
àwmpué;> pQit pQt> pQiNt@kvcnm! iÖvcnm! bhuvcnm!
mXympué;> pQis pQw> pQw%Ämpué;> pQaim pQav> pQam>
Sulabha Saàskåtam38
s> pQit, taE pQt>, te pQiNt,He reads. They (two) read. They (all) read.
sa pQit, te pQt>, ta> pQiNt,She reads. They (two) read. They (all) read.
tt! pQit, te pQt>, tain pQiNt,It reads. They (two) read. They (all) read.
³
l"uvaKyainSimple Sentences
Simple sentences can be formed using person, number and verb terminations.
+pQit pQt> pQiNt
pQis pQw> pQw
pQaim pQav> pQam>
s> taE te sa te ta> tt! te tain Tvm! yuvam! yUym! Ahm! Aavam! vym!
sa s>
tt!pQit te
taE
tepQt> ta>
te
tainpQiNt
³
³
III Person
Textbook 39
s> ]Ir< ipbit, taE ]Ir< ipbt>, te ]Ir< ipbiNt,sa ]Ir< ipbit, te ]Ir< ipbt>, ta> ]Ir< ipbiNt,tt! ]Ir< ipbit, te ]Ir< ipbt>, tain ]Ir< ipbiNt,
II PersonTv< pQis, yuva< pQw>, yUy< pQw,You read. You (two) read. You (all) read.
³
I PersonAh< pQaim, Aava< pQav>, vy< pQam>,I read. We (two) read. We (all) read.
³
6.1 Formation o f Simple Sentences
III Person
s>satt!
taEtete
teta>tain
]Irm!
ipbit
ipbt>
ipbiNt
Sulabha Saàskåtam40
II Person
Tv< devaly< gCDis,yuva< devaly< gCDw>,yUy< devaly< gCDw,
Ah< s<Sk«t< pQaim,Aava< s<Sk«t< pQav>,vy< s<Sk«t< pQam>,
I Person
s<Sk«tm!
pQaim
pQav>
pQam>
Ahm!
Aavam!
vym!
devalym!
gCDis
gCDw>
gCDw
Tvm!
yuvam!
yUym!
³
³
Textbook 41
6.2 More Simple Sentences
1. s> k>, Who is he ?
2. s> iz]k>, He is a tutor.
3 . s> AixkarI, He is an officer.
4. taE kaE, Who are they (two)?
5. taE AXyapkaE, They (two) are teachers.
6. taE cturaE, They (two) are clever.
7. te ke, Who are they ?
8. te yuvka>, They are youth.
9. te icÇkara>, They are artists.
10. te balka>, They are boys.
³
11. sa ka, Who is she?
12. sa gIta, She is Gétä.
13. sa lta, That is a creeper.
14. te ke, Who are they (two)? (F)
15. te bailke, They (two) are girls.
16. te g&ih{yaE, They (two) are housewives.
17. ta> ka>, Who are they? (F)
18. ta> seivka>, They are servants. (F)
19. ta> v&�a>, They are old ladies.
Sulabha Saàskåtam42
20. ta> nayR>, They are ladies.
21. tt! ikm! , What is that?
22. tt! )lm!, That is a fruit.
23. tt! g&hm!, That is a house.
24. te ke , What are they (two)?
25. te pu:pe, Those (two) are flowers.
26. te kaVye, They (two) are epics.
27. tain kain, What are they?
28. tain AaÉr[ain, Those are ornaments.
29. tain %Ärai[, They are answers.
30. tain kaVyain, They are poems.
³
31. Tv< k> Who are you? (M)
32. Tv< DaÇ>, You are a student. (M)
33. Tv< DaÇa, You are a student. (F)
34. Tv< imÇm!, You are a friend.
35. yuva< É&TyaE, You (two) are servants.
36. yuva< kNye, You (two) are maidens.
37. yuva< imÇe, You (two) are friends.
38. yUy< kinóa>, You (all) are young.
39. Tv< DaÇ> va, Are you a student? (M)
Textbook 43
40. Aam! Ah< DaÇ>, Yes, I am a student. (M)
41. Ah< vE*>, I am a doctor. (M)
42. Ahm! AXyaipka, I am a teacher. (F)
43. Aava< rjkaE, We (two) are washermen.
44. Aava< g&ih{yaE, We (two) are housewives.
45. Aava< imÇe, We (two) are friends.
46. vym! AXyapka>, We are teachers. (M)
47. vy< xmaRcayaR>, We are teachers of Dharma.
48. vy< imÇai[, We are friends.
³
49. Ah< saxRsPtvadne iv*aly< gCDaim, I go to school at 7.30.
50. AXyapk> kda AagCDit, When does the teacher come?
51. kda paQzalaya> AarMÉ>, When does the school start?
52. svaRn! pZytu, Look at everybody.
53. Tv< k�Ç gCDis? Where do you go?
54. mnu:y> k�Ç AiSt, Where is the man?
55. )l< kSmat! ptit, Where does the fruit fall from?
56. sUyR> kda %deit, When does the sun rise?
57. miNdr< k�Ç AiSt, Where is the temple?
58. AcRk> ikmw�< miNdr< gCDit, Why does the priest go to the
temple?
Sulabha Saàskåtam44
59. ram> iv*aly< gCDit, Räma goes to the school.
60. Tviy mm Sneh> Aixk>, I love you a lot.
61. s> mm g&hm! AagCDit, He comes to my house.
62. Ah< svRda ÉvNt< Smraim, I always remember you.
63. Ah< sTy< vdaim, I speak the truth.
64. ma< tÇ n àe;ytu, Do not send me there.
65. miy ivñas< kraetu, Have faith in me.
66. ramSy shaedr> saem>, Räma�s brother is Soma.
67. Évan! paQ< pQit, You read the lesson. (M)
68. ÉvtI itlk< xrit, You bear a tilak. (F)
³
69. Ah< mXyaûe Éaejn< kraeim, I eat in the afternoon.
70. s> àat> %iÄ:Qit, He gets up in the morning.
71. balk> say< ³Ifit, Boy plays in the evening.
72. Ah< zaekkale n pQaim, I don't study when I am sad.
73. s> kayaRly< gCDit, He goes to the office.
74. Ah< bailka AiSm, I am a girl.
75. Ah< xIr> AiSm, I am brave.
76. Ah< inpu[a AiSm, I am skilled. (F)
77. Ahm! AXyapk> AiSm, I am a teacher.
78. prI]a prñ> Éiv:yit, The exam will be the day aftertomorrow.
Textbook 45
79. balk> puStk< pQit, The boy reads the book.
80. Aar]k> caer< tafyit, The policeman beats the thief.
81. )lm! AÇ ptit, The fruit falls here.
82. iz:y> àZn< p&CDit, The disciple asks a question.
83. sa jl< nyit, She carries water.
84. vE*> AaE;x< yCDit, The doctor gives medicine.
85. gaiyka gIt< gayit, The singer sings a song. (F)
86. sIta vn< gCDit, Sétä goes to forest.
87. gayk> gIt< gayit, The singer sings a song. (M)
88. DaÇ> %Ärai[ Smrit, The student remembers the
answers.
³
89. balk> icÇ< pZyit, The boy sees the picture.
90. ÉKt> devta< nmit, The devotee worships the Lord.
91. izzu> hsit, The child laughs.
92. sa vSÇà]aln< kraeit, She washes cloth.
93. k«:[> vsudevSy puÇ>, Kåñëa is the son of Vasudeva.
94. devkI k«:[Sy jnnI, Devaké is the mother of Kåñëa.
95. ram> ÉrtSy A¢j>, Räma is the elder brother of Bharata.
96. ram> AyaeXyaya> n&p>, Räma is the king of Ayodhyä.
Sulabha Saàskåtam46
97. lúm[> ramSy Anuj>, Lakñmaëa is the younger brother
of Räma.
98. g¼a ihmalyat! àvhit, Gaìgä flows from the Himälayas.
³
6.3 Sentences from the Upaniñads and the Bhagavad Gétä
1. sTy< vd, Speak the truth.
2. xm�< cr, Walk on the path of Dharma.
3 . mat&devae Év, Worship mother as God.
4. ipt&devae Év, Worship father as God.
5. Aacay�devaee Év, Worship teacher as God.
6. Aitiwdevae Év, Worship guest as God.
7. sTymev jyte n An&tm!, Truth alone wins, not untruth.
8. tSmat! %iÄó Éart, Therefore get up, O Bhärata!
9. n AnuzaeciNt pi{fta>, The wise never grieve.
10. tan! itit]Sv Éart, Endure them, O Bhärata!
³
11. n Anuzaeictum! AhRis, You should not grieve.
12. smTv< yaeg %Cyte, Evenness of mind is called �yoga�.
13. kmRi[ @v Aixkar> te, Your right is to work only.
14. yaeg> kmRsu kaEzlm!, Skill in action is �yoga�.
Textbook 47
15. bui�nazat! à[Zyit, Man perishes from the destruction
of his intellect.
16. k«p[a> )lhetv>, Wretched are they whose motive
is the �fruit�.
17. muKts¼> smacr, Free from all attachments, act!
18. tSy kay�< n iv*te, He does not have any duty.
19. yuXySv ivgtJvr>, Free from feverish excitement,
fight!
20. %iÄót ja¢t, Arise! Awake!
21. àk«it< yaiNt ÉUtain, Living beings follow their own
nature.
22. ghna kmR[ae git>, The nature of karma is
imponderable.
23. ï�avan! lÉte }anm!, The man of faith obtains
knowledge.
24. y> pZyit s pZyit, He who sees, sees.
25. pi{fta> smdizRn>, Sages look at everything
impartially.
26. SvÉavStu àvt�tee, It is nature that acts.
27. %�ret! AaTmna AaTmanm!, Lift yourself by yourself.
28. AaTma @v AaTmnae bNxu>, Self alone is the friend of oneself.
Sulabha Saàskåtam48
29. AaTma @v irpu> AaTmn>, One oneself is the enemy of oneself.
30. mm maya durTyya, My illusion is difficult to crossover.
31. mamnuSmr yuXy c, Remember me and fight.
32. n me ÉKt> à[Zyit, My devotee never perishes.
33. sm> Ah< svRÉUte;u, I am equal to all.
34. yaeg]em< vhaim Ahm!, I bestow yoga and kñema.
35. ddaim bui�yaeg< tm!, I give him the �buddhi-yoga�.
36. mam! @k< zr[< ìj, Take refuge in me alone.
37. kir:ye vcn< tv, I will act according to your word.
38. tSmat! zaSÇ< àma[< te, Therefore let the scriptures be your
authority.
39. SvxmRe inxn< ïey>, Death while in one�s own duty is
meritorious.
40. inimÄmaÇ< Év sVysaicn!, O left handed archer! Be an
instrument.
Textbook 49
³
7.1 Declension of NounsThe term �declension� means the various forms taken by a noun in the various
cases and numbers. We shall be presently studying the declension of the nouns
belonging to the three genders.
In Sanskrit, there are seven cases and one vocative.
³
zBd> ivÉiKtíNouns and Cases
We have already studied the following:
(1) Masculine Nouns usually end with A>, #> and %>(2) Feminine Nouns usually end with Aa and $ and
(3) Neuter Nouns usually end with Am! .
zBda>Nouns
puiLl¼>Masculine Nouns
SÇIil¼>Feminine Nouns
npu<skil¼>Neuter Nouns
ram> muin> gué> lta ndI )lm !
Sulabha Saàskåtam50
³
Application of cases in ram-zBd>ramae rajmi[> sda ivjyte ram< rmez< -jerame[ AiÉhta inzacrcmU> ramay tSmE nm>,ramat! naiSt pray[< prtr< ramSy dasae=SMyhm!rame icÄly> sda Évtu me Éae ram mamuÏr.Victory to Räma, the best of the kings. I worship Räma, the lord of Sétä. Armies
of the demons were killed by Räma. Salutations to the Räma. There is no
better resort than Räma. I am a servant of Räma. May my mind be absorbed
in Räma. Oh! Räma, protect me.
³
7.1.1 AkaraNt> puuiLl¼> ram-zBd>
I (subject) ram> ramaE rama>II (to, object) ramm! ramaE raman!III (with, by) rame[ rama_yam! ramE>IV (for) ramay rama_yam! rame_y>V (from, than) ramat! rama_yam! rame_y>VI (of) ramSy ramyae> rama[am!VII (in, on) rame ramyae> rame;uVocative he ram he ramaE he rama>
Case Singular Dual Plural
Textbook 51
³
Application of cases in k«:[-zBd>k«:[ae r]tu nae jgTÇygué> k«:[< nmSyaMyhm!k«:[en AmrzÇvae ivinhta> k«:[ay tSmE nm>,k«:[at! @v smuiTwt< jgidd< k«:[Sy dasae=SMyhm!k«:[e itóit sv�metdiol< he k«:[ r]Sv mam!.May Kåñëa, the teacher of the three worlds protect us. I salute Kåñëa. The
demons who are enemies of Gods are killed by Kåñëa. Salutations to that Kåñëa.
This world has sprung from Kåñëa alone. I am the servant of Kåñëa. All this
entirely stays in Kåñëa. O Kåñëa, save me!
Decline the following nouns.
1. dev> � God
2. nr> � Man
AkaraNt> puuiLl¼> k«:[-zBd>
I (subject) k«:[> k«:[aE k«:[a>II (to, object) k«:[m! k«:[aE k«:[an!III (with, by) k«:[en k«:[a_yam! k«:[E>IV (for) k«:[ay k«:[a_yam! k«:[e_y>V (from, than) k«:[at! k«:[a_yam! k«:[e_y>VI (of) k«:[Sy k«:[yae> k«:[anam!VII (in, on) k«:[e k«:[yae> k«:[e;uVocative he k«:[ he k«:[aE he k«:[a>
Case Singular Dual Plural
Sulabha Saàskåtam52
Decline the following nouns.
1. Air> � Enemy
2. kiv> � Poet
3 . pit> � Leader
4. Ai¶> � Fire
5. hir> � Lord Viñëu
³
3 . Aj> � Goat
4. gj> � Elephant
5. d{f> � Stick
6. rw> � Chariot
7. dIp> � Lamp
8. pvRt> � Hill
³
7.1.2 #karaNt> puuiLl¼> muin-zBd> (Sage)
I (subject) muin> munI muny>II (to, object) muinm! munI munIn!III (with, by) muinna muin_yam! muiniÉ>IV (for) munye muin_yam! muin_y>V (from, than) mune> muin_yam! muin_y>VI (of) mune> muNyae> munInam!VII (in, on) munaE muNyae> muin;uVIII (vocative) he mune he munI he muny>
Case Singular Dual Plural
Textbook 53
I (subject) gué> guê gurv>II (to, object) guém! guê guên!III (with, by) gué[a gué_yam! guéiÉ>IV (for) gurve gué_yam! gué_y>V (from, than) gurae> gué_yam! gué_y>VI (of) gurae> guvaeR> guê[am!VII (in, on) guraE guvaeR> gué;uVIII (vocative) he gurae he guê he gurv>
Case Singular Dual Plural
Decline the following nouns.
1. zMÉu> � Lord Çiva
2. irpu> � Enemy
3. #NÊ> � Moon
4. té> � Tree
5. ivxu> � Moon
6. iv:[u> � Lord Viñëu
7. meé> � Mount Sumeru
8. \tu> � Season
9. bNxu> � Relative
10. àÉu> � Lord or master
³
7.1.3 %karaNt> puuiLl¼> gué-zBd> (Teacher)
Sulabha Saàskåtam54
Decline the following nouns.
1. icNta � Worry, thought
2. Daya � Shade
3. mala � Garland
4. iv*a � Education, knowledge, learning
5. peiqka � Box
6. suxa � Nectar
7. rsna � Tongue
8. ippIilka � Ant
9. naEka � Boat
10. naiska � Nose
³
7.1.4 AakaraNt> SÇIil¼> lta-zBd> (Creeper)
I (subject) lta lte lta>II (to, object) ltam! lte lta>III (with, by) ltya lta_yam! ltaiÉ>IV (for) ltayE lta_yam! lta_y>V (from, than) ltaya> lta_yam! lta_y>VI (of) ltaya> ltyae> ltanam!VII (in, on) ltayam! ltyae> ltasuVIII (vocative) he ltee he lte he lta>
Case Singular Dual Plural
Textbook 55
Decline the following nouns.
1. devI � Goddess
2. mhI � Earth
3. gaErI � Parvaté
4. narI � Woman
5. leonI � Pen
6. jnnI � Mother
7. mNdaiknI � Hevenly Gangas
8. ÿaidnI � Thunder-bolt
9. pavRtI � Consort of Lord Çiva
10.lúmI � Consort of Lord Viñëu
³
7.1.5 $karaNt> SÇIil¼> ndI-zBd> (River)
I (subject) ndI n*aE n*>II (to, object) ndIm! n*aE ndI>III (with, by) n*a ndI_yam! ndIiÉ>IV (for) n*E ndI_yam! ndI_y>V (from, than) n*a> ndI_yam! ndI_y>VI (of) n*a> n*ae> ndInam!VII (in, on) n*am! n*ae> ndI;uVIII (vocative) he nid he n*aE he n*>
Case Singular Dual Plural
Sulabha Saàskåtam56
Decline the following nouns.
1. AÚm! � Food
2. kaVym! � Poetry
3. xnm! � Wealth
4. pu:pm! � Flower
5. }anm! � Knowledge
6. ]eÇm! � Field
7. laecnm! � Eye
8. lv[m! � Salt
9. ]Irm! � Milk
10. Évnm! � House
³
Case Singular Dual Plural
I (subject) )lm! )le )lainII (to, object) )lm! )le )lainIII (with, by) )len )la_yam! )lE>IV (for) )lay )la_yam! )le_y>V (from, than) )lat! )la_yam! )le_y>VI (of) )lSy )lyae> )lanam!VII (in, on) )le )lyae> )le;uVIII (vocative) he )l he )le he )lain
7.1.6 AkaraNt> npu<skil¼> )l-zBd> (Fruit)
Textbook 57
svRnamzBda>
mXympué;> %Ämpué;>
s> sa td! yu:md� ASmd�He She It (That) You I
àwmpué;>
³
7.2.1 dkaraNt> puuiLl¼> td!-zBd> (He)
³
7.2 Declension of Pronouns � sarvanäma-çabdaù
Case Singular Dual Plural
II (to, object) tm! taE tan!III (with, by) ten ta_yam! tE>IV (for) tSmE ta_yam! te_y>V (from, than) tSmat! ta_yam! te_y>VI (of) tSy tyae> te;am!VII (in, on) tiSmn! tyae> te;u
I (subject) s> taE te
Sulabha Saàskåtam58
7.2.2 dkaraNt> ôIil¼> td!-zBd> (She)
7.2.3 dkaraNt> npu<skil¼> td!-zBd> (That)
Case Singular Dual PluralI (subject) tt! te tainII (to, object) tt! te tainIII (with, by) ten ta_yam! tE>IV (for) tSmE ta_yam! te_y>V (from, than) tSmat! ta_yam! te_y>VI (of) tSy tyae> te;am!VII (in, on) tiSmn! tyae> te;u
Case Singular Dual PluralI (subject) sa te ta>II (to, object) tam! te ta>III (with, by) tya ta_yam! taiÉ>IV (for) tSyE ta_yam! ta_y>V (from, than) tSya> ta_yam! ta_y>VI (of) tSya> tyae> tasam!VII (in, on) tSyam! tyae> tasu
³
³
Textbook 59
7.2.5 dkaraNt> ASmd!-zBd> ( I )(Same in all the three genders)
Note: There is no vocative form for pronouns.
Case Singular Dual Plural
I (subject) Tvm! yuvam! yUym!II (to, object) Tvam!Tva yuvam!vam! yu:man!v>III (with, by) Tvya yuva_yam! yu:maiÉ>IV( for) tu_ym!te yuva_yam!vam! yu:m_ym!v>V (from, than) Tvt! yuva_yam! yu:mt!VI (of ) tvte yuvyae>vam! yu:makm!v>VII (in, on) Tviy yuvyae> yu:masu
Case Singular Dual Plural
I (subject) Ahm! Aavam! vym!II (to, object) mam!ma Aavam!naE ASman!n>III (with, by) mya Aava_yam! ASmaiÉ>IV (for) mým!me Aava_yam!naE ASm_ym!n>V (from, than) mt! Aava_yam! ASmt!VI (of) mmme Aavyae>naE ASmakm!n>VII (in, on) miy Aavyae> ASmasu
7.2.4 dkaraNt> yu:md!-zBd> (You)
(Same in all the three genders)
Sulabha Saàskåtam60
Upasargas or prefixes are added to the verb roots, to modify, intensify and
sometimes to alter the original sense of the roots. Sometimes they are prefixed
without any alteration to the root sense. There are twenty two upasargas in all.
1. à � More, higher
2. pra � Opposite, against
3 . Ap � Away, separation
4. sm! � Coincide, congruently
5. Anu � Favourable, after, according to
6. Av � Downwards
7. ins! � Low
8. inr! � Low
9. Ês! � Wicked
10. Êr! � Bad
11. iv � More, opposite, divergent
12. Aa � On this side
13. in � To vacate, to empty
14. Aix � In, on, above, over
15. Aip � Moreover
16. Ait � Very much
17. su � Best
18. %t! � On, above, over
19. AiÉ � In front of
20. àit � Contrary to
21. pir � Everywhere
22. %p � Near, more
%psgaR>Prefixes
Textbook 61
The application of upasarga to verbal roots:
Ait, the upasarga, combines with the verbal root ³m! to become Ait³amit.
Ait + ³m! = Ait³amit � goes beyond.
³
The following is a sample list of verbal formations when the upasarga joins
with the verbal root.
%psgaR<> xatv> Verbal Form Meaning
1. Aix gm! AixgCDit To get
2. Anu k« Anukraeit Imitates
3 . Ap nI Apnyit Takes away
4. Aip xa Aipdxait Covers
5. AiÉ gm! AiÉgCDit Goes after
6. Av mn! AvmNyte Disrespects
7. Aa gm! AagCDit Comes
8. %t! gm! %ÌCDit Goes up
9. %p k« %pkraeit Obliges
10. Ês! /Êr� cr! Êracrit Acts badly
11. inr! idz! inidRzit Commands
12. ins! /inr! gm! ingRCDit Goes out
13. pra ij prajyte Defeats
14. pir xa pirdxait Places all round
15. à ù àhrit Strikes
16. àit k« àitkraeit Acts in opposite
17. iv ³I iv³I[ait Sells
18. sm! ù s<hrit Destroys
19. su k« sukraeit Does well
Sulabha Saàskåtam62
Note how the meaning of the root ù (to take away) changes when it combines
with various upasargas:
à + ù = àhrit � beats
s< + ù = s<hrit � kills
Aa + ù = Aahrit � brings
iv + ù = ivhrit � plays
pir + ù = pirhrit � removes
³
Following are the changes effected in the meaning by different upasargas
coming together with the derivatives of root ÉU (to be):
à + ÉU = àÉUtm! � abundant
= àÉv> � birth
= àÉav> � prowess
= àÉu> � lord, husband
pra + ÉU = praÉv> � defeat
Ap + ÉU = ApÉUit> � ruin
sm! + ÉU = sMÉvit � creation
Anu + ÉU = AnuÉv> � experience
iv + ÉU = ivÉv> � wealth
Ait + ÉU = AitÉvnm! � being the greatest of all
%d! + ÉU = %Ñvm!! � birth
pir + ÉU = pirÉvm! � insult
³
Two or more upasargas may also be combined and prefixed to one
verbal root:
Textbook 63
AiÉ + in + ivz! = AiÉinivzte � to enter into with resolution
sm! + %p + Aa + gm! = smupagCDit � to come into close contact
³
The following sentences are given as examples to illustrate how the upasargas
are used in constructing sentences:
1. bailka prmeZvrm! A_ycRit, Girl worships the Lord.
2. balk> iv*alyat! AagCDit, Boy comes from the school.
3 . sa jlm! Apnyit, She takes away water.
4. s> Évn< àivzit, He enters the house.
Sulabha Saàskåtam64
³
9.1 tumun!-àTyy>The suffix tum! is added to the verbs to indicate the purpose of action.
Example: ram> piQtu< iv*aly< gCDit, Räma goes to school in order to study.
Once the tumun !-àTyy is added to the verbal derivative, it becomes an
indeclinable, which means that the word will be the same in all genders, cases
and numbers.
Pratyaya or suffix is added at the end of verbal root to transform the verbal
root into indeclinable, imperfect verb, definite verb, past tense of verb, present
continuous tense of verb and so on.
The following are some important suffixes:
àTyya>Suffixes
àTyya>
4. AnIyr! 5. tVyt!6. Ktvt!
7. Kt
8. zt&
3. Lyp!
2. KTva
1. tumun!
Textbook 65
1. piQtum! � To read
2. ri]tum! � To protect
3 . yaictum! � To beg
4. g&hItum! � To hold
5. leiotum! � To write
6. vistum! � To live
7. xaivtum! � To run
8. ivmaeictum! � To release
9. Éivtum! � To become
10. baeixtum! � To teach
11. jIivtum! � To live
12. jiLptum! � To blabber
13. icNtiytum! � To think
14. oaidtum! � To eat
15. iniNdtum! � To criticise
16. d{fiytum! � To punish
17. vKtum! � To speak
18. AagNtum! � To come
19. gNtum! � To go
20. patum! � To drink
21. ïaetum! � To hear
22. htuRm! � To snatch
23. ttuRm! � To cross
24. ktuRm! � To do
25. hNtum! � To kill
26. lBxum! � To get
27. ³Iiftum! � To play
28. pittum! � To fall
29. Swatum! � To stand
30. mtuRm! � To die
31. paliytum! � To nurture
32. AicRtum! � To worship
9.2 KTva-àTyy>The suffix Tva is added only to roots that are not prefixed by upasarga. It
denotes the sense of adverbial past participle (prefix). After having completed
Here are a few examples:
³
Sulabha Saàskåtam66
an action, if the subject does another action, then, the KTva suffix is added to
the completed action.
Example: ram> piQTva ³Iiftu< gCDit, Having read, Räma goes to play.
The verbal forms formed with KTva suffix are also indeclinables.
Here are a few examples:
1. piQTva � Having read
2. ilioTva � Having written
3. xaivTva � Having run
4. %idTva � Having risen
5. %i;Tva � Having lived
6. hisTva � Having laughed
7. ri]Tva � Having protected
8. g&hITva � Having held
9. É]iyTva � Having eaten
10. g[iyTva � Having counted
11. caeriyTva � Having stolen
12. rciyTva � Having composed
13. yaciyTva � Having begged
14. tafiyTva � Having beaten
15. kwiyTva � Having told
16. icNtiyTva � Having thought
17. imilTva � Having met
18. ÉUTva � Having been
19. hTva � Having killed
20. gTva � Having gone
21. pITva � Having drunk
22. nTva � Having prostrated
23. Sm&Tva � Having remembered
24. ijTva � Having conquered
25. �:q�va � Having looked
26. ïuTva � Having heard
27. k«Tva � Having done
28. TyKTva � Having given up
29. mTva � Having considered
30. AiqTva � Having Wandered
Textbook 67
9.3 Lyp!-àTyy>Lyp!-àTyy has the same function as KTva-àTyy, but the only difference is that, in
Lyp!-àTyy (y) is suffixed when the verbal form has an upasarga prefixed to it.
Example: When the Lyp! is added to }a, which has the iv upasarga, it becomes
iv}ay.iv + }a + Lyp! = iv}ay � Having known
Without upasarga, }a becomes }aTva.Here are a few more examples:
1. Aa + þe = AahUy � Having called
2. in + bNx! = inbXy � Having bound
3. Aa + da = Aaday � Having brought
4. à + # = àeTy � Having reached
5. Aa + p = AapUyR � Having filled up
6. à + ivz! = àivZy � Having entered
7. iv + lI = ivlIy � Having dissolved
8. sm! + Sm& = s<Sm&Ty � Having thought well
9. Aix + # = AxITy � Having got
10. Aa + p&CD! = Aap&CD!y � Having asked
11. in + mJj! = inmJJy � Having sunk
12. %d! + Swa = %Tway � Having got up
13. ins! + ic = iniíTy � Having decided
14. sm! + k« = s<Sk«Ty � Having purified
Sulabha Saàskåtam68
15. à + vc! = àaeCy � Having told
16. Aa + éh! = Aaéý � Having climbed
17. Aa + mNÇ! = AamNÈy � Having discussed
18. à + nm! = à[My � Having prostrated
19. Aa + gm! = AagTy/AagMy � Having come
20. à + baex! = àbaeXy � Having educated
³
9.4 AnIyr!!-àTyy>When the AnIyr!!-àTyy is added to the verbal root, the potential passive participle
is formed. It conveys a sense of 'necessity' or 'command'.
Example: ïImÚaray[> Smr[Iy>, Lord Näräyaëa is to be remembered.
The derivatives formed using this suffix agrees with the noun in gender,
number and case.
Example:
Masculine Gender −−−−− pQnIy>Feminine Gender −−−−− pQnIyaNeuter Gender −−−−− pQnIym!Here are a few more examples:
1. kr[Iym! � To be done
2. pQnIym! � To be read
3. gmnIym! � Have to go
4. vhnIym! � To be carried
5. hnnIym! � To be killed
6. hsnIym! � Have to laugh
7. vdnIym! � To be spoken
8. vcnIym! � To be spoken
9. danIym! � To be given
10. dzRnIym! � To be seen
Textbook 69
11. ïv[Iym! � To be heard
12. ÉednIym! � To be split
13. inNdnIym! � To be condemned
14. TyjnIym! � To be given up
15. ÉaejnIym! � To be consumed
9.5 tVyt!-àTyy>The usage of tVyt!-àTyy is similar to AnIyr!-àTyy. The only speciality is that
the aspects of 'necessity' and 'command' are stressed more in the tVyt!-àTyythan AnIyr!-àTyy.
Example: ktRVy< dEvmaiûkm! , The religious rites ought to be done.
The derivatives formed using this suffix agrees with the noun in gender,
number and case.
Example:
Masculine Gender � piQtVy>Feminine Gender � piQtVyaNeuter Gender � piQtVym!Here are a few examples:
16. oadnIym! � to be eaten
17. jynIym! � to be conquered
18. yaejnIym! � to be linked
19. nynIym! � to be carried
20. Smr[Iym! � to be remembered
³
1. piQtVym! � Must be read
2. Éai;tVym! � Must be spoken
3. ÉaeKtVym! � Must be enjoyed
4. ointVym! � Must be dug
5. baeixtVym! � Must be educated
6. ktRVym! � Must be done
7. TyKtVym! � Must be given up
8. datVym! � Must be given
9. ïaetVym! � Must be heard
10. maijRtVym! � Must be purified
Sulabha Saàskåtam70
³
9.6 Ktvt!-àTyy>The past active participle is formed by adding the suffix Ktvt! to the verbal
root and has the same meaning as that of the verbal past tense.
Example: ram> iv*aly< gtvan! (AgCDt! ), Räma went to school.
Thus gtvan! and AgCDt! mean one and the same.
The derivates formed using this suffix agree with the noun in gender, number
and case.
Example:
Masculine Gender � piQtvan!Feminine Gender � piQtvtINeuter Gender � piQtvt!!Here are a few examples:
1. gtvan! � Went 4. p&óvan! � Asked
2. k«tvan! � Did 5. xaivtvan! � Ran
3. iSwtvan! � Stood 6. piQtvan! � Read
11. sihtVym! � Must be borne
12. leiotVym! � Must be written
13. tirtVym! � Must be crossed over
14. ³IiftVym! � Must be played
15. kwiytVym! � Must be told
16. ri]tVym! � Must be protected
17. jetVym! � Must be conquered
18. SwatVym! � Must be positioned
19. hNtVym! � Must be killed
20. SnatVym! � Must be bathed
21. }atVym! � Must be known
22. ÔòVym! � Must be seen
23. netVym! � Must be carried
24. patVym! � Must be drunk
25. gNtVym! � Must be gone
26. v´Vym! � Must be spoken
Textbook 71
7. nmSk«tvan! � Prostrated
8. g&hItvan! � Held
9. %Ktvan! � Told
10. �òvan! � Looked
11. oaidtvan! � Ate
12. Aiqtvan! � Roamed
13. Swaiptvan! � Established
14. TyKtvan! � Gave up
15. àei;tvan! � Sent
16. i]Ptvan! � Threw
17. ïutvan! � Heard
18. pItvan! � Drank
19. ijtvan! � Conquered
20. iliotvan! � Wrote
21. AahUtvan! � Called
22. nItvan! � Carried
23. AanItvan! � Brought
24. iciNttvan! � Thought
25. Aacirtvan! � Did
26. }atvan! � Knew
³
9.7 Kt-àTyy>The past passive participle is formed by adding Kt-àTyy to the transitive verbal
roots.
Example: rav[> ht>, Rävaëa has been killed.
The verbal derivative formed using this suffix agrees with the noun in
gender, number and case.
Example:
Masculine Gender � k«t>Feminine Gender � k«taNeuter Gender � k«tm!Here are a few examples:
1. k«t> � Has been done 3. gt> � Has been gone
2. ïut> � Has been heard 4. �ò> � Has been looked
Sulabha Saàskåtam72
5. pIt> � Has been drunk
6. nIt> � Has been carried
7. piQt> � Has been read
8. taift> � Has been beaten
9. ht> � Has been killed
³
9.8 zt&-àTyy>The present participle is formed by adding zt&-àTyy to the verbal root. This
has the sense of present continuous tense.
Example: ram> gayn! gCDit, Räma goes singing.
The verbal derivative formed using this suffix agrees with the noun
in gender, number and case.
Example:
Masculine Gender � k�vRn!Feminine Gender � k�vRNtINeuter Gender � k�vRt!Here are a few examples:
10. ijt> � Has been conquered
11. iliot> � Has been written
12. kiwt> � Has been told
13. TyKt> � Has been given up
14. }at> � Has been known
1. k�vRn! � Doing
2. gCDn! � Going
3. AagCDn! � Coming
4. pQn! � Reading
5. z&{vn! � Hearing
6. Tyjn! � Giving up
7. xavn! � Running
8. palyn! � Protecting
Textbook 73
1 @km! 12 Öe 23 ÇIi[ 34 cTvair 45 p 56 ;q! 67 sÝ 78 Aò 89 nv 910 dz 1011 @kadz 11
s'!Oya>Numerals
12 Öadz 1213 Çyaedz 1314 ctudRz 1415 pÂdz 1516 ;aefz 1617 sPtdz 1718 Aòadz 1819 nvdz/ 19 @kaeniv<zit20 iv<zit> 20
Note that the number nineteen has two appellations nvdz and @kaeniv<zit>^n means less. @k - ^n - iv<zit> means, 1 less than 20. This applies for 29, 39,
49 and so on.
21 @kiv<zit> 2122 Öaiv<zit> 2223 Çyaeiv<<zit> 2324 ctuiv�<zit> 2425 pÂiv<zit> 2526 ;f!iv<zit> 2627 sPtiv<zit> 27
28 Aòaiv<zit> 2829 nviv<zit>/ 29
@kaeniÇ<zt!30 iÇ<zt! 3031 @kiÇ<zt! 3132 ÖaiÇ<zt! 323 3 ÇyiSÇ<zt! 33
Sulabha Saàskåtam74
34 ctuiSÇ<zt! 3435 pÂiÇ<zt! 3536 ;q!iÇ<zt! 3637 sPtiÇ<zt! 3738 AòaiÇ<zt! 3839 nviÇ<zt!/ 39
@kaencTvair <zt!40 cTvair<zt! 4041 @kcTvair <zt! 4142 iÖcTvair <zt! 4243 iÇcTvair <zt! 4344 ctuZcTvair <zt! 4445 pÂcTvair <zt! 4546 ;q!cTvair<zt! 4647 sPtcTvair<zt! 4748 AòcTvair<zt! 4849 nvcTvair<zt!/ 49
@kaenpÂazt!50 pÂazt! 5051 @kpÂazt! 5152 iÖpÂazt! 5253 iÇpÂazt! 5354 ctu>pÂazt! 54
55 pÂpÂazt! 5556 ;q!pÂazt! 5657 sPtpÂazt! 5758 AòpÂazt! 5859 nvpÂazt!/ 59
@kaen;i:q>60 ;iò> 6061 @k;i:q> 6162 iÖ;i:q> 6263 iÇ;i:q> 6364 ctu>i:q> 6465 pÂ;i:q> 6566 ;q!;i:q> 6667 sPt;i:q> 6768 Aò;i:q> 6869 nv;i:q>/ 69
@kaensPtit>70 sPtit> 7071 @ksPtit> 7172 iÖsPtit> 7273 iÇsPtit> 7374 ctu>sPtit> 7475 pÂsPtit> 75
Textbook 75
76 ;q!sPtit> 7677 sPtsPtit> 7778 AòsPtit> 7879 nvsPtit>/ 79
@kaenazIit>80 AzIit> 8081 @kazIit> 8182 Ö(zIit> 8283 ÈyzIit> 8384 cturzIit> 8485 pÂazIit> 8586 ;fzIit> 8687 sPtazIit> 8788 AòazIit> 8889 nvazIit>/ 89
@kaennvit>90 nvit> 9091 @knvit> 9192 iÖnvit> 9293 iÇnvit> 9394 ctunRvit> 94
95 pÂnvit> 9596 ;{[vit> 9697 sPtnvit> 9798 Aònvit> 9899 nvnvit>/ 99
@kaenztm!100 ztm! 100200 iÖztm! 200300 iÇztm! 300400 ctu>ztm! 400500 pÂztm! 500600 ;q!ztm! 600700 sPtztm! 700800 Aòztm! 800900 nvztm! 9001,000 shöm! 100010,000 Ayutm! 100001,00,000 l]m! 10000010,00,000 inyutm! 10000001,00,00,000 kaeiq> 10000000
Sulabha Saàskåtam76 àyaeg>Voice
àyaeg>Voice
kmRi[àyaeg>Passive Voice
Sanskrit language permits three kinds of voice: (1) ktRiràyaeg> (2) kmRi[àyaeg>and (3) Éaveàyaeg>. We will be studying only the first two voices in this course.
(1) ktRiràyaeg> or Active Voice � In this the subject (kartä) is principal and the
verb agrees with the subject in person, number and gender.
(2) kmRi[àyaeg> or Passive Voice � In this the object (karma) is principal and the
verb agrees with the object in person, number and gender.
The ätmanepadé terminations play an important role in changing a sentence
from kartariprayoga to karmaëiprayoga. The following table gives the present
tense and the past tense ätmanepadé terminations.
³
ktRiràyaeg>Active Voice
Textbook 77
AaTmnepdI Terminations
In order to change active voice verb into passive voice verb, y is added to the
verbal root and then the AaTmnepdI terminations are added.
Example:
Active Voice : pcitPassive Voice: pCyteThus, in order to change the active voice pcit into passive voice, the verbal
root pc! (to cook) is taken, y is added, and then the present tense termination
of AaTmnepdI is added.
Here are a few more examples:
1. nmit nMyte ( nm! � to worship)2. pQit pQ(te ( pQ� � to learn)3. yacit yaCyte ( yac! � to beg)
4. nyit nIyte ( nI � to lead)
Present (lq!) Past (l'!)t #tam! ANtwa> #wam! Xvm!# Aavih Aamih
pcte pcete pcNtepcse pcewe pcXvepce pcavhe pcamhe
³
Apct Apcetam! ApcNtApcwa> Apcewam! ApcXvm!Apce Apcavih Apcamih
te #te ANtese #we Xve# Aavhe Aamhe
Sulabha Saàskåtam78
In passive voice, the subject takes the third case and the object takes the first
case. The verb must agree with the object in number and person.
Example:
ÉKt> dev< nmit , The devotee worships the Lord. (A.V.)
ÉKten dev> nMyte , The Lord is being worshipped by the devotee. (P.V.)
In order to change the active voice sentence ÉKt> dev< nmit into a passive
voice sentence, change the subject ÉKt> to its third case and the object dev< to its
first case, and the verb into its passive form. Then we get the passive voice
sentence ÉKten dev> nMyte,³
Here are a few more examples:
1. sIta Éaejn< pcit , Sétä cooks food. (A.V.)
sItya Éaejn< pCyte , The food is being cooked by Sétä. (P.V.)
2. n&p> caer< d{fyit , The king punishes the thief. (A.V.)
n&pe[ caer> d{f!yte , The thief is being punished by the king. (P.V.)
3 . Ah< devan! pUjyaim , I worship the devas. (A.V.)
mya deva> pUJyNte , The devas are worshipped by me. (P.V.)
4. É&Tya> Éar< nyiNt , The servants are carrying load. (A.V.)
É&TyE> Éar> nIyte , The load is being carried by the servants. (P.V.)
5. Ah< s<Sk«t< pQaim, I study Sanskrit. (A.V.)
mya s<Sk«t< pQ!yte, Sanskrit is studied by me. (P.V.)
Textbook 79
When two words come together, the last letter of the first word and the firstletter of the second word are combined together using certain rules. Thecombination of these letters is known as �sandhi�.There are three kinds of sandhis:(1) Svr-siNx> When two vowels are combined together it is known as�svara-sandhi�.
(2) VyÃn-siNx> When two consonants are combined together it is known as�vyaïjana-sandhi�.
(3) ivsg�-siNx> When visarga (:) is joined with any vowel or a consonant it isknown as �visarga-sandhi�.
³
The following table gives a complete classification of all the letters of theSanskrit alphabet. This table will be useful while learning sandhis especiallyvyaïjana-sandhi.
siNx>Combination
@ and @e are both guttural and palatal; Aae and AaE are guttural and labial; and vis both dental and labial.
k� o! g! "! '! h!z! c! D! j! H! |! y!;! q! Q! f! F! [! r!s! t! w! d! x! n! l!
p! )! b! É! m! v!
kQaerVyÃnainHard ConsonantsSvra>
Vowels
m&ÊVyÃnain Soft Consonants
A Aa# $\ §¤
% ^
^:ma[> Sibilants
ALpàa[ Unaspirate
mhaàa[ Aspirate
mhaàa[Aspirate
ANt>Sw Semivowels
Anunaisk Nasals
ALpàa[ Unaspirate
mhaàa[ Aspirate
VyÃnain Consonants
Sulabha Saàskåtam80
The following table gives the three types of sandhis and their subdivisions.
1. dI"RsiNx>2. gu[siNx>3. v&i�siNx>4. y[!siNx>5. AyaidsiNx>6. pUv�êpsiNx>7. prêpsiNx>8. àg&ýsiNx>
1. cTv�siNx>2. jZTvsiNx>3. AnunaisksiNx>4. AnuSvarsiNx>5. prsv[�siNx>6. íuTvsiNx>7. òuTvsiNx>8. pUv�sv[RsiNx>9. DTvsiNx>10. 'mufagmsiNx>
Svr-siNx>(Ac! siNx>)
VyÃn-siNx>(hl! siNx>)
ivsg�-siNx>1. %kar>2. laep>3. re)>4. skar>
³
siNx>
Textbook 81
12.1.1 dI"RRsiNx>Ak> sv[eR dI"R> � Päëini Sütra (6.1.101)
If A, #, %, and \ short or long, are followed by the same vowel � short or long
� they are combined to make the long vowel Aa, $, ^ and §.
Example: mur + Air> = murair>The first word mur ends with the short vowel A; Air> begins with the short
vowel A. When these two short vowels combine they form the long Aa.
2. gu[
1. dI"R
3. v&i�4. y[! 5. Ayaid
6. pUvRêp
7. prêp
8. àk«itSvrsiNx>
12.1 Svr-siNx>When two vowels are combined together it is known as Svr-siNx>. It can be
divided into 8 types.
³
A + A = Aa Aa + A = AaA + Aa = Aa Aa + Aa = Aa(A)
Sulabha Saàskåtam82
Here are a few more examples:
dez + Aqnm! = dezaqnm!ram + Avtar> = ramavtar>dev + Aaly> = devaly>)l + Aahar> = )lahar>iv*a + A_yas> = iv*a_yas>iv*a + Aaly> = iv*aly>puStk + Aaly> = puStkaly>
kiv + $ñr> = kvIñr>mhI + $z> = mhIz>yit + #NÔ> = ytINÔ>riv + #NÔ> = rvINÔ>igir + $ñr> = igrIñr>lúmI + $z> = lúmIz>mhI + #NÔ> = mhINÔ>
Éanu + %dy> = ÉanUdy>isNxu + ^imR> = isNxUimR>tnu + ^XvRm! = tnUXvRm!vxU + %Tsv> = vxUTsv>r"u + %Äm> = r"UÄm>
(B) # + # = $ # + $ = $$ + # = $ $ + $ = $
(C) % + % = ^ % + ^ = ^^ + % = ^ ^ + ^ = ^
Textbook 83
kqu + %iKt> = kqUiKt>
ipt& + \[m! = ipt[m!mat& + \iÏ> = mat¨i�>mat& + \[m! = mat¨[m!mat& + \iTvj> = mat¨iTvj>
12.1.2 gu[siNx>Ade¼�[> � Päëini Sütra (1.1.2)
If the vowels #, %, \ and ¤ short or long, follow A or Aa, then they are
substituted with @ , Aae, Ar! and Al! respectively.
Example: %p + #NÔ> = %peNÔ>The vowel # in the second word #NÔ> follows A in the first word %p. A single
vowel @ is substituted in the place of both A and #. Thus, we have %p + #NÔ> =%peNÔ>Here are some more examples:
$ñr + #CDa = $ñreCDalta + #v = ltevpU[R + #NÊ> = pU[eRNÊ>
(D)
(A) A + # = @ A + $ = @Aa + # = @ Aa + $ = @
\ + \ = § \ + § = §§ + \ = § § + § = §
³
Sulabha Saàskåtam84
g[ + $z> = g[ez>ram + $ñr> = rameñr>%ma + $z> = %mez>mha + #CDa = mheCDa
pr + %pkar> = praepkar>sUyR + %dy> = sUyaeRdy>dez + %Úit> = dezaeÚit>g¼a + %dkm! = g¼aedkm!iht + %pdez> = ihtaepdez>mha + ^imR> = mhaeimR>cNÔ + %dy> = cNÔaedy>g&h + ^XvRm! = g&haeXvRm!
dev + \i;> = devi;R>äü + \i;> = äüi;R>raja + \i;> = raji;R>mha + \i;> = mhi;R>sPt + \i;> = sPti;R>vsNt + \tu> = vsNttRu>
(B) A + % = Aae A + ^ = Aae Aa + % = Aae Aa + ^ = Aae
(C) A + \ = Ar! A + § = Ar! Aa + \ = Ar! Aa + § = Ar!
Textbook 85
12.1.3 v&i�siNx>v&i�radEc! � Päëini Sütra (1. 1. 1)
If A or Aa is followed by @ or @e , they are combined to become @e.If A or Aa is followed by Aae or AaE, they are combined to become AaE.
Example: mm + @v = mmEvIn mm + @v note that the vowel @ follows A in mm. The vowel @e is
substituted in the place of A and @ . Thus we have mm + @v = mmEv.
Some more examples are given below:
@k + @km! = @kEkm!sda + @v = sdEvivñ + @kta = ivñEktamt + @eKym! = mtEKym!dev + @eñyRm! = devEñyRm!xn + @eñyRm! = xnEñyRm!mha + @eñyRm! = mhEñyRm!
idv + Aaeks> = idvaEks>jl + Aae"> = jlaE">
(B) A + Aae = AaE A + AaE = AaE Aa + Aae = AaE Aa + AaE = AaE
A + @ = @e A + @e = @e Aa + @ = @e Aa + @e = @(A)
Sulabha Saàskåtam86
prm + AaEicTym! = prmaEicTym!mha + AaE;ix> = mhaE;ix>mha + AaETsuKym! = mhaETsuKym!
³
12.1.4 y[!siNx>#kae y[ic � Päëini Sütra (3. 1. 77)
#, %, \ and ¤, short or long, when followed by any dissimilar vowel
becomes y! , v! , r! and l! respectively.
(A) # or $ + any dissimilar vowel (other than # or $ ) = y!yid + Aip = y*ipàit + A] = àTy]àit + @km! = àTyekm!#it + Aaid = #TyaidAit + %Äm> = ATyuÄm>suxI + %paSy> = suXyupaSy>pavRtI + Axuna = pavRTyxuna
(B) % or ^ + any dissimilar vowel (other than % or ^ ) = v!Anu + @;[m! = ANve;[m!gué + Aadez> = guva�dez>Anu + Ay> = ANvy>hetu + AwRm! = heTvwRm!saxu + #dm! = saiXvdm!saxu + Aaednm! = saXvaednm!
Textbook 87
(C) \ or § + dissimilar vowel (other than \ or § ) = r!ipt& + Aa}a = ipÇa}aipt& + A<z> = ipÇ<z>ipt& + AaEdayRm! = ipÇaEdayRm!mat& + Aa}a = maÇa}amat& + #CDa = maiÇCDamat& + %*anm! = maÇu*anm!
³
12.1.5 AyaidsiNx>@cae=yvayav> � Päëini Sütra (6. 1. 78)
If @ , @e , Aae, and AaE are followed by any dissimilar vowel, they become Ay!Aay! , Av! and Aav! respectively.
Example: ne + Anm! = nynm!The @ in ne is changed to Ay! and hence ne + Anm! = nynm!Here are a few more examples:
mageR + Aagta> = magRyagta>iïyE + %*t> = iïyayu*t>nE + Ak> = nayk>hre + @ = hrye
@ + any dissimilar vowel = Ay!@e + any dissimilar vowel = Aay!
Sulabha Saàskåtam88
Aae + any dissimilar vowel = Av! AaE + any dissimilar vowel = Aav!
paE + Ak> = pavk>Éae + Anm! = Évnm!iv:[ae + @ = iv:[venaE + #k> = naivk>ivÉae + #h = ivÉivh
³
12.1.6 pUvRêpsiNx>@'> pdaNtadit � Päëini Sütra (6. 1. 109)
If @ or Aae at the end of a word is followed by A, the A disappears and the sign
�=� (avagraha) is placed instead. This sandhi being an exception to Ayaid-siNx(refer 12.1.5), the @ or Aae is not changed into Ay! or Av! .
Example: hre + AÇ = hre=ÇIn hre + AÇ, A follows the vowel @ and hence A is changed to avagraha. The
avagraha indicates that the A is silent.
A few more examples:
lte + Av = lte=vAnte + Aip = Ante=ipgaepalae + Ahm! = gaepalae=hm!sae + Aym! = sae=ym!
³
Textbook 89
12.1.7 prêpsiNx>@i' prêpm! � Päëini Sütra (6. 1. 94)
If A is followed by @ or Aae, they combine to form the latter, that is @ or Aae.Example: à + @jte = àejteIn à + @jte the vowel @ is substituted in the place of A and @ and it becomes
àejte.%p + Aae;it = %pae;itzu� + Aaedn> = zu�aedn>
³
12.1.8 àk«itÉav siNx>$Ëded!iÖvcn< àg&ým! � Päëini Sütra (1. 1. 11)
When any vowel follows a dual noun ending with $, ^ or @ , there is no
sandhi of the words, that is, they retain their original form. Therefore this
sandhi is also called �prakåtibhäva-sandhi�.
Example: hrI + AagtaE = hrI AagtaEThe word hrI is the prathamä-vibhakti-dvivacana of the word hir. So there is
no sandhi and the form remains as hrI AagtaE.Here are a few more examples:
xenU + AagCDt> = xenU AagCDt>lte + AisÂtam! = lte AisÂtam!AmU + AñaE = AmU AñaE
³
Sulabha Saàskåtam90
³
12.2.1 cTvRsiNx>oir c � Päëini Sütra (8. 4. 55)
The consonants except nasals and semi-vowels when followed by hard
consonants substitute the first letter of their group of consonants
(k! c! q! t! p).
Example: ivpd! + kal> = ivpTkal>The d! of ivpd! is followed by k which is a hard consonant. So d is substituted
by t! , which is the first letter of its group.
12.2 VyÃnsiNx>When two consonants are joined together it is known as vyaïjana-sandhi.
This is of ten types.
1.cTvR
2. jZTv
3. Anunaisk
4. AnuSvar
5. prsv[R 6. íuTv
7. òuTv
8. pUvRsv[R
9. DTv
10. 'mufagmVyÃnsiNx>
Textbook 91
Here are a few more examples:
ivraf! + pué;> = ivraq!pué;>sd! + kar> = sTkar>suùd! + ³Ifit = suùT³Ifitidg! + pal> = idKpal>]ux! + ippasa = ]uiTppasa
³
12.2.2. jZTvsiNx>Hla< jzae=Nte � Päëini Sütra (8.2.39)
The consonants, except nasals, at the end of a word when followed by a vowel
or a soft consonant, take the third letter of their group.
Example: vak� + danm! = vaGdanm!The consonant k� is followed by the soft consonant d. The k� is therefore
changed into the third letter of its group g! .
Here are a few more examples:
idk� + gj> = idGgj>Ac! + ANt> = AjNt>jgt! + $z> = jgdIz>àak� + @v = àagevpirìaq! + vdit = pirìaf!vditAp! + "q> = AB"q>idk� + AMbr> = idgMbr>
³
Sulabha Saàskåtam92
12.2.3 AnunaisksiNx>yrae=nunaiske=nunaiskae va � Päëini Sütra (8. 4. 45)
When a word ends in a consonant other than h! and is followed by a nasal, the
final consonant of the first word is optionally substituted by the nasal of its
group.
Example: @td! + murair> = @tNmurair>/ @td!murair>The word @td! ends with the consonant d! and is followed by the nasal m! . So
the consonant d! takes up the nasal of its class, which is n! , and thus we get
@tNmurair>.A few more examples:
;q! + masa> = ;{masa> / ;q!masa>jgt! + naw> = jgÚaw>/ jgt!naw>àak! + muom! = àa'!muom! / àak!muom!sd! + mit> = sNmit> / sd!mit>
But when the end consonant of a word is followed by the suffixes my and maÇ,
the change into nasal is compulsory.
Examples:
ict! + mym! = icNmym!tt! + maÇm! = tNmaÇm!
³
12.2.4. AnuSvarsiNx>(A) mae=nuSvar> � Päëini Sütra (8. 3. 23)
If m! is followed by any consonant then m! is replaced by anusvära.
Textbook 93
Examples :
hirm! + vNde = hir < vNdekayRm! + k�é = kay<� k�éxmRm! + cr = xm�< crsTym! + vd = sTy< vdsÅvrm! + yait = sÅvr< yaitramm! + Éjaim = ram< Éjaim
(B) níapdaNtSy Hil � Päëini Sütra ( 8. 3. 24 )
m! and n! occurring within the middle of the word, when followed by a
consonant except a nasal or a semi vowel or h�, is changed into anusvära.
Example: yzan! + is = yza<isIn yzan! + is, n! is changed into anusvära as it followed by the sibilant s! .
A few more examples:
pyan! + is = pya<isnm! + Syit = n<Syitsm! + sar> = s<sar>
³
12.2.5 prsv[RsiNx>(A) AnuSvarSy yiy prsv[R> � Päëini Sütra (8. 4. 58)
The m! or n! occurring within a word is changed into anusvära, and when
followed by any consonant except z! , ;! , s! , or h� , is changed into a nasal of
the following consonant.
Example: A< + ikt> = Ai»t>
Sulabha Saàskåtam94
In this example A< is followed by the consonant k . So m! is changed into the
nasal of its group which is '! Thus A< + ikt> = Ai»t>Here are a few more examples:
m< + idrm! = miNdrm!k�< + iQt> = k�i{Qt>za< + t> = zaNt>gu < + i)t> = guiM)t>
(B) va pdaNtSy � Päëini Sütra (8. 4. 59 )
But the nasal at the end of a word is optionally changed into anusvära in accor-
dance with the above rule.
Examples:
Tv< + kraei; = Tv'!kraei; / Tv< kraei;t&[< + crit = t&[Ârit / t&[< crit¢am< + gCDit = ¢am'!gCDit / ¢am< gCDit
(C) taeilR � Päëini Sütra (8. 4. 60)
If a consonant of the t group is followed by l! , the consonant of the t group
changes into l! .Examples:
tt! + lIn> = tLlIn>%d! + leo> = %Lleo>jgt! + lúmI> = jgLlúmI>ivlst! + l»a = ivlsLl»a
³
Textbook 95
12.2.6 íuTvsiNx>(A) Stae> íuna íu> � Päëini Sütra (8. 4. 40)
If s! is followed by z! or the consonants of c group, the s! is changed into z! .Examples:
rams! + zete = ramZzetemns! + cÂlm! = mníÂlm!rams! + icnaeit = ramiínaeitizzs! + zete = izzuZzete
(B) If the consonant of the t group is followed by z! or the consonant of the cgroup, the consonant of the t group is changed into its corresponding c group
consonant.
Examples:
st! + ict! = si½t!mht! + c³m! = mh½³m!b&ht! + DÇm! = b&hCDÇm!
³
12.2.7 òuTvsiNx>(A) òuna òu> � Päëini Sütra (8. 4. 41)
If s! is followed by ;! or the consonant of the q group, the s! is changed into ;!.rams! + ;ó> = ram:;ó>xnus! + q»ar> = xnuò»ar>bals! + ;ó> = bal:;ó>
(B) If the consonants of the t group is followed by the consonants of the q
Sulabha Saàskåtam96
group, the consonant of the t group is changed into its corresponding
consonant of the q group.
mhd! + ifi{fm> = mhif!fi{fm>tt! + qIka = t�Ikab&ht! + qIka = b&h�Ikaci³n! + FaEkse = ci³{FaEkseb&ht! + q»zala = b&h�»zala%t! + q»nm! = %�»nm!%t! + Jvl> = %JJvl>mhan! + jy> = mhaÁjy>ANyt! + c = ANy½
³
12.2.8 pUvRsv[RsiNx>Hyae hae=NytrSyam! � Päëini Sütra (8. 4. 62)
If h! comes after any of the first four letters of a group, the h! is optionally
changed to the fourth letter of that group. The end consonant of the first word
changes into the third letter of its group.
Example: vak� + hir> = vaGhir>/vaG"ir>vak� ends with the consonant k� which is changed into g! which is the third
letter of its group. h! is optionally changed into "! .A few more examples:
ptt! + ihmm! = ptd!ihmm! /pti�mm!tt! + iht> = td!iht>/ti�t>Ap! + hr[m! = ABhr[m!/ABÉr[m!
Textbook 97
idk� + hStI = idGhStI/idG"StIsèaq! + ihtkr = sèaif!htkr/sèaif!Ftkr
³
12.2.9 DTvsiNx>zZDae=iq � Päëini Sütra (8. 4. 63)
If z! is followed by a vowel, semi-vowel or h and is preceded by a word
ending in any of the first four letters of a group, z! is changed into D!optionally. The t! of the first word changes into c! .Examples:
tt! + izv> = tiCzv> / tiCDv>tt! + zIl> = tCzIl> / tCDIl>jgt! + zr[m! = jgCzr[m! / jgCDr[m!%t! + iz:q> = %iCz:q> / %iCD:q>st! + zaSÇm! = sCzaSÇm! / sCDaSÇm!
³
12.2.10 'mufagmsiNx>'mae ÿSvadic 'mui{nTym! � Päëini Sütra (8. 3. 32)
If a word ends in '! , [! or n! , is preceded by a short vowel and is followed by
any vowel, then '! , [! or n! is doubled.
Examples:
àTy'! + AaTma = àTy'!'aTmaxavn! + Añ> = xavÚñ>hsn! + AiÄ = hsÚiÄsug[! + $z> = sug{[Iz>
Sulabha Saàskåtam98
12.3.1 %kar>If a visarga (>) is preceded by A and is followed by a soft consonant or A then
the visarga is changed into % (A + % = Aae ) ( A = =).The soft consonants do not change whereas A changes to avagraha (=).Example: izv> + ACyR> = izvae=CyR>In the word izv> the visarga is preceded by the vowel A and is followed by Ain ACyR>. Thus the visarga in izv> changes to %. Again A and % combine to
become Aae and thus we get izvae=CyR>.A few more examples:
ram> + Aip = ramae=ipk> + Aym! = kae=ym!
gCDn! + AiSt = gCDÚiStSmrn! + %vac = SmrNnuvac
³
12.3 ivsgRsiNx>When visarga (:) is combined with any vowel or consonant it is known as
�visarga sandhi� There are 4 types in this sandhi.
2. laep> 3. re)>
ivsgRsiNx>1. %kar> 4. skar>
Textbook 99
gaeivNd> + Ahm! = gaeivNdae=hm!Ax> + git = Axae gitmn> + blm! = mnae blm!
³
12.3.2 laep>(A) If visarga is preceded by Aa and is followed by any vowel or a soft
consonant, the visarga is dropped.
Examples:
Aña> + AmI = Aña AmIpuÇa> + jata> = puÇa jata>Aña> + xaviNt = Aña xaviNtjna> + gCDiNt = jna gCDiNttara> + %idta> = tara %idta>hta> + gja> = hta gja>
(B) If a visarga is preceded by A and is followed by any vowel other than the
short A, the visarga is dropped.
Examples:
k�t> + Aagta> = k�t Aagta>nr> + #v = nr #vcNÔ> + %deit = cNÔ %deitdev> + \i;> = dev \i;>k«:[> + @it = k«:[ @itk> + @;> = k @;>
(C) If any consonant or vowel except short A follows s> or @;>, the visarga is
dropped.
Sulabha Saàskåtam100
Examples:
s> + AagCDit = s AagCDits> + zMÉuu> = s zMÉuu>@;> + iv:[u> = @; iv:[u>
(D) The words Éae>, Égae> and A"ae> lose their visarga if any vowel or soft
consonant follows it.
Éae> + ACyut = Éae ACyutA"ae> + yaih = A"ae yaihÉgae> + nmSte = Égae nmSte
³
12.3.3 re)>(A) If visarga is preceded by any vowel except A or Aa and is followed by any
vowel or a soft consonant then, visarga is changed into r! .
Examples:
hir> + Aym! = hirrym!git> + #ym! = gitirym!riv> + %deit = rivédeitmuin> + Éjit = muinÉRjitkve> + bui�> = kvebu�i�>gurae> + g&hm! = guraeg&Rhm!
(B) Having changed visarga into r! ( > = r! ), if the first letter of the following
word is again r! , the r! of the first word disappears and the short vowels A, # or
% before r! of the first word is then changed to Aa, $ or ^ respectively.
hirr! (hir>) + rMy> = hrI rMy>
Textbook 101
The visarga in hir> is changed into r! and then when it combines with r! of the
following word rMy>, the r! in the hirr! (hir>) is dropped and the vowel is
lengthened. Thus hirr! (hir>) becomes hrI.A few more Examples:
inr! + rs> = nIrs> zMÉur! + rajte = zMÉU rajte æatur! + raednm! = æatU raednm! iptr! + r] = ipta r]
³
12.3.4. skar>(A) When visarga is followed by t! or w! then the visarga is changed intos! .Examples:
mn> + tap> = mnStap>ram> + it:Qit = ramiSt:Qitiv:[u> + Çata = iv:[uSÇata
If visarga is followed by c! or D! then the visarga becomes z! .
Examples:
gaE> + crit = gaEíritk> + ict! = kiít!m&g> + crit = m&gírit
If visarga is followed by q! or Q! then the visarga is changed to ;!.Examples:
ram> + qIkte = ram:qIkte
Sulabha Saàskåtam102
xnu> + q<kar> = xnu:q<kar>(B) If z!, ;! or s! follows a visarga then the visarga is changed into z! , ;! ors! optionally.
Examples:
hir> + zete = hirZzete/hir> zetesuPt> + izzu> = suPtiZzzu>/suPt> izzu>kiv> + ïu[aeit = kivZïu[aeit/kiv> ïu[aeitmÄ> + ;q!pd> = mÄ:;q!pd>/mÄ> ;q!pd>pdawaR> + sPt = pdawaRSsPt/pdawaR> sPtk�mar> + sIdit = k�marSsIdit/k�mar> sIdit
Textbook 103
Five well known çlokas from Çrémad Välméki Rämäyaëam, Çrémad Bhagavad Gétä,
Çrémad Bhägavatam, Manusmåti, Upaniñads and Raghuvamça are given below along
with their prose order. With the knowledge that you have gained from this
study of Sanskrit you should be able to grasp the meaning of these verses.
13.1 ïImÖaLmIikramay[m!Çrémad Välméki Rämäyaëam
1. Sage Viçvämitra to Daçaratha
Ah< veiÒ mhaTman< ram< sTypra³mm!,visóae=ip mhateja ye ceme tpis iSwta>.
The glorious sage Vasiñöha and all those who are stead fast in austerity and I
know the great Räma as the possessor of true prowess. (Bälakäëòa 19.14)
Prose Order:
Ah< sTypra³m< mhaTman< (#it) ram< veiÒ, mhateja visó> #me ye tpis iSwta> c AipivdiNt,2. King Daçaratha to Sage Viçvämitra
^n;aefzv;aeR me ramae rajIvlaecn>,n yu�yaeGytamSy pZyaim sh ra]sE>.
My lotus-eyed Räma is less than sixteen years old. I do not perceive his
capacity to wage war with the Räkñasas. (Bälakäëòa 20.2)
Prose Order:
me rajIvlaecn> ramae ^n;aefzv;R> (Évit), ASy ra]sE> sh yu�yaeGyta< n pZyaim,3. Sage Viçvämitra to Çré Räma and Lakñmaëa
kaEsLyasuàja ram pUvaR sNXya àvtRte,
zaSÇai[Scriptures
Sulabha Saàskåtam104
%iÄó nrzaËRl ktRVy< dEvmaiûkm!.O Räma! the worthy son of Kausalyä, the morning twilight has set in. Get up.
O tiger among men! Contemplation on the deity and the daily duties have to
be performed. (Bälakäëòa 23.2)
Prose Order:
he ram, kaEsLyasuàja, pUvaR sNXya àvtRtee, nrzaËRl %iÄó, dEvm! Aaiûkm! ktRVym!,4. Janaka to Çré Räma
#y< sIta mm suta shxmRcrI tv,àtICD cEna< ÉÔ< te pai[< g&�I:v pai[na.
This Sétä, my daughter, is your companion in discharging your sacred duties.
Take her hand in your own and accept her. May good betide you. (Bälakäëòa
73.26)
Prose Order:
#y< sIta mm suta tv shxmRcrI (Évit), @na< c àtICD pai[na pai[< g&�I:v, te ÉÔm!(AStu),5. Sumiträ to Lakñmaëa
ram< dzrw< ivi� ma< ivi� jnkaTmjam!,AyaeXyamqvI < ivi� gCD tat ywa suom!.
Consider Räma to be Daçaratha, look upon Sétä as myself, experience the forest
as Ayodhyä and depart happily, my dear. (Ayodhyäkäëòa 40.9)
Prose Order:
tat, ram< dzrw< ivi�, jnkaTmja< ma< ivi�, AqvI < AyaeXya< ivi�, ywa suo< gCD,³
Textbook 105
13.2 ïImÑgvÌItaÇrémad Bhagavad Gétä
kmR{yevaixkarSte ma )le;u kdacn,ma kmR)lhetuÉRU> ma te s¼ae=STvkmRi[.
Thy right is to work only but never to its fruits; let the fruit of action be not thy
motive, nor let thy attachment be to inaction. (Chapter 2.47)
Prose Order:
kmRi[ @v te Aixkar>, )le;u ma kdacn, kmR)lhetu> ma ÉU>, te s¼> AkmRi[ maAStu,
yda yda ih xmRSy GlainÉRvit Éart,A_yuTwanmxmRSy tdaTman< s&jaMyhm!.
Whenever there is decay of righteousness, O Bhärata, and unrighteousness, is
on the rise, then I manifest Myself. (Chapter 4.7)
Prose Order:
he Éart, yda yda ih xmRSy Glain> Évit, AxmRSy A_yuTwan< (Évit), tda Ahm!AaTman< s&jaim,
pirÇa[ay saxUna< ivnazay c Ê:k«tam!,xmRs<SwapnawaRy sMÉvaim yuge yuge.
I am born in every age for the protection of the good, for the destruction of the
wicked, and for the establishment of righteousness. (Chapter 4.8)
Prose Order:
saxUna< pirÇa[ay, Ê:k«ta< ivnazay, xmRs<SwapnawaRy c, yuge yuge sMÉvaim,apÇ< pu:p< )l< taey< yae me ÉKTya àyCDit,tdh< ÉKTyupùt< Aîaim àytaTmn>.
Sulabha Saàskåtam106
Whoever offers Me with devotion a leaf, a flower, a fruit, water, that I accept,
offered by the pure minded with devotion. (Chapter 9.26)
Prose Order:
y> me pÇ< pu:p< )l< taey< ÉKTya àyCDit àytaTmn>, ÉKTya %pùt< tt! Ahm! AZnaim,svRxmaRn! pirTyJy mamek< zr[< ìj,Ah< Tva svRpape_yae mae]iy:yaim ma zuc>.
Abandoning all dharmas, take refuge in Me alone; I will liberate thee from all
sins; grieve not. (Chapter 18.66)
Prose Order:
svRxmaRn! pirTyJy mam! @k< zr[< ìj, Ah< svRpape_y> Tva mae]iy:yaim, ma zuc>,³
13.3 ïImÑagvtm!Çrémad Bhägavatam
inzIwe tm %Ñ�te jaymane jnad�ne,devKya< devêip{ya< iv:[u> svRguhazy>,AaivrasId!! ywa àaCya< idzINÊirv pu:kl>.
In the pitch darkness of midnight, Mahäviñëu, the dweller of all hearts, was
born of the divinely beautiful Devaké, like the full moon rising on the eastern
horizon. (Skandha 10.3.8)
Prose Order:
svRguhazy> iv:[u> inzIwe tm %Ñ�tee jaymane jnad�ne devKya< devêip{ya< ywa àaCya<idiz pu:kl> #NÊ> #v AaivrasIt! ,
tv iv³Iift< k«:[ n&[a< prmm¼lm!,k[RpIyU;maSva* TyjTyNySp&ha< jn>.
O Kåñëa! hearing about your holy and auspicious sports, which is a real nectar
Textbook 107
for the ear, the people leave all other desires. (Skandha 11.6.44)
Prose Order:
he k«:[, n&[a< prmm¼l< k[RpIyU;< tv iv³Iift< jn> AaSva* ANySp&ha< Tyjit,sv�vedaNtsar< ih ïIÉagvtim:yte,tÔsam&tt&PtSy naNyÇ Syad! rit> Kvict! .
This Bhägavata being the essence of all Vedänta, it is natural that one who is
satisfied in its study does not feel interest in any other text. (Skandha 12.13.15)
Prose Order:
ïIÉagvt< sv�vedaNtsar< ih #:yte, tt!! rsam&tt&PtSy ANyÇ Kvict! rit> n Syat!,n olu gaeipkanNdnae ÉvanioldeihnamNtraTmdk!,ivonsaiwRtae ivñguPtye so %deiyvan! saTvta< k�le.
O Friend! you are not merely the Gopikä's son, but the witness of the inner
essence of all embodied beings. Prayed by Brahmä, you have risen in the clan
of the Yadus for the protection of the world. (Skandha 10.31.4)
Prose Order:
so Évan! n olu gaeipkanNdn>, Aioldeihna< ANtraTm�k� ivonsaiwRt> (Évan!)ivñguPtye saTvta< k�le %deiyvan!,
inrpe]< muin< zaNt< invERr< smdzRnm!,AnuìjaMyh< inTy< pUyeyeTy'!iºre[uiÉ>.
I always follow the sage who desires nothing, who is always tranquil in order
that I may get purified by the dust of his feet. (Skandha 11.14.16)
Prose Order:
Ah< A'!iºre[uiÉ> pUyeyet! (#it icNtyn!) inrpe]< invERr< smdzRn< zaNt< muin< inTym!Anuìjaim,
³
Sulabha Saàskåtam108
13.4 mnuSm&it>Manusmåti
n jatu kam> kamanam! %pÉaegen zaMyit,hiv;a k«:[vTmeRv ÉUyEvaiÉvxRte.
Desire is never satisfied by the enjoyment of its objects. Like fire fed with
ghee, it only flares up all the more. (Chapter 2.94)
Prose Order:
kam> kamanam! %pÉaegen n jatu zaMyit, hiv;a k«:[vTm� #v ÉUy @v AiÉvx�te,ïuTva Sp&ò!va c �ò!va c ÉuKTva ºaTva c yae nr>,n ù:yit Glayit va s iv}eyae ijteiNÔy>.
One who, having heard, having touched, having seen, having tasted and
having smelt does not become joyful nor sink in sorrow, is declared as one
who has conquered his senses. (Chapter 2.98)
Prose Order:
y> nr> ïuTva Sp&ò!va �ò!va ÉuKTva ºaTva n ù:yit Glayit va s> ijteiNÔy> iv}ey>,sv�< prvz< du>o< sv�maTmvz< suom!,
@tiÖ*aTsmasen l][< suodu>oyae>.Sorrow is for one who depends on the external world; joy for one who
depends on one's own self. Know this to be the nature of joy and sorrow.
(Chapter 4.160)
Prose Order:
sv�< prvz< du>om!, sv�m! AaTmvz< suom!, @tt! suodu>oyae> l][< smasen iv*at!,xm� @v htae hiNt xmaeR r]it ri]t>,tSma�maeR n hNtVyae ma nae xmaeR htae=vxIt!.
Dharma destroys its destroyer. Dharma protects its protector. Therefore
Textbook 109
virtues should not be destroyed. Let not such dharma (which has been
destroyed) destroy us. (Chapter 8.15)
Prose Order:
ht> xmR> @v hiNt, ri]t> xmR> r]it, tSmat! xmR> n hNtVy>, ht> xmR> n> maAvxIt! ,
A}e_yae ¢iNwn> ïeóa> ¢iNw_yae xair[ae vra>,xair_yae }ainn> ïeóa> }ain_yae Vyvsaiyn>.
Greater than the ignorant are those who have read the scriptures. Still greater
are those who have memorized them. Greater still are those who know their
meaning. The best are those who put them to practice. (Chapter 12.103)
Prose Order:
A}e_y> ïeòa> ¢iNwn>, ¢iNw_y> vra> xair[>, xair_y> ïeòa> }ainn>, }ain_y> Vyvsaiyn>(ïeóa>),
³
13.5 %pin;d!Upaniñad
Öa sup[aR syuja soaya sman< v&]< pir;Svjate,tyaerNy> ipPpl< SvaÖiÄ AnZnÚNyae AiÉcakzIit.
Two birds bound to one other in close friendship, perch on the same tree. One
of them eats the fruits of the tree with relish, while the other looks on without
eating. (Muëòakopaniñad 3.1.1)
Prose Order:
syuja soaya Öa sup[aR sman< v&]< pir;Svjate, tyae> ANy> SvaÊ ipPpl< AiÄ, ANy>AnZnn! AiÉcakzIit,
Sulabha Saàskåtam110
à[vae xnu> zrae ýaTma äü tLlúymuCyte,AàmÄen ve�Vy< zrvt! tNmyae Évet!.
The Praëava is the bow, the Ätman is the arrow and Brahman is said to be its
mark. It should be hit by one who is self-collected and the one who
hits becomes, like the arrow, one with the mark, which is Brahman.
(Muëòakopaniñad 2.2.4)
Prose Order:
xnu> à[v>, zr> ih AaTma, lúy< tt! äü %Cyte, AàmÄen ve�Vy<, zrvt! tNmy> Évet!,%iÄót ja¢t àaPy vran! inbaext,]urSy xara inizta ÊrTyya Êg�< pwStt! kvyae vdiNt.
Arise, awake; having reached the great teachers realize that Ätman. Like the
sharp edge of a razor is that path, difficult to cross and hard to tread � thus say
the wise. (Kaöhopaniñad 1.3.14)
Prose Order:
%iÄót, ja¢t, vran! àaPy inbaext, kvy> tt! pw> ]urSy xara inizta ÊrTyya Êg�<(#it) vdiNt,
AaTman< riwn< ivi� zrIr< rwmev tu,bui�< tu sariw< ivi� mn> à¢hmev c.
Know the Ätman as the Lord of the chariot, and the body as the chariot. Know
the intellect as the charioteer and the mind verily as the reins. (Kaöhopaniñad
1.3.3)
Prose Order:
AaTman< riwn< ivi�, zrIr< @v tu rwm! (#it ivi�), bui�< tu sariw< ivi�, mn> à¢hm! @vc (#it ivi�),
#iNÔyai[ hyanahu> iv;ya<Ste;u gaecran!,
Textbook 111
AaTmeiNÔymnaeyuKt< ÉaeKteTyahumRnIi;[>.The senses, they say, are the horses, and their roads are the sense objects.
When an individual is united with the body, the sense and the mind, call him
the enjoyer. (Kaöhopaniñad 1.3.4)
Prose Order:
#iNÔyai[ hyan! Aahu>, iv;yan! te;u gaecran! (Aahu>), AaTmeiNÔymnaeyuKt< ÉaeKta #itmnIi;[> Aahu>,
³
13.6. r"uv<z>Raghuvaàça
vagwa�ivv sMp&KtaE vagwRàitpÄye,jgt> iptraE vNde pavRtIprmeZvraE.
I bow down to Pärvaté and Parameçvara, the world parents, who like word
and meaning are unified, so that I may attain right knowledge of word and
sense. (Sarga 1.1)
Prose Order:
vak�-AwR-àitpÄye vagwaRivv sMp&KtaE jgt> iptraE pavRtIprmeZvraE vNde,tavuÉavip prSpriSwtaE vxRmanpirhIntejsaE,pZyit Sm jnta idnaTyye pavR[aE zizidvakraivv.
Standing face to face in opposition, on the full moon day, the people beheld
them (Räma and Paraçuräma) like the sun and the moon at the end of the day,
with the glory of the one waxing and that of the other waning. (Sarga 11.82)
Prose Order:
pavR[aE idnaTyye zizidvakraE #v taE %ÉaE Aip prSpriSwtaE vxRmanpirhIntejsaE jntapZyit Sm,
Sulabha Saàskåtam112
s sItalúm[so> sTyat! guémlaepyn!,ivvez d{fkar{y< àTyek< c sta< mn>.
With Lakñmaëa and Sétä for companions, helping his father not to stray from
truth, he entered the Daëòaka forest, and the heart of every good man. (Sarga
12.9)
Prose Order:
s> sItalúm[so> sTyat! guém! Alaepyn! , d{fkar{y< àTyek< sta< mn> c ivvez,àv&ÄaE %plBxaya< tSya> sMpaitdzRnat!,maéit> sagr< tI[R> s<sar< #v inmRm>.
On meeting Sampäti they got news of Sétä. Märuti crossed the ocean, as a
selfless soul transcends this transitory life. (Sarga 12.60)
Prose Order:
sMpaitdzRnat! tSya> àv&ÄaE %plBxaya< inmRm> s<sarm! #v maéit> sagr< tI[R>,s setu< bNxyamas PlvgE> lv[aMÉis,rsatlat! #v %NmGn< ze;< SvPnay zai¼R[>.
Across the briny sea, with the help of the monkeys he built a bridge which
resembled Çeña rising from the nether regions for Viñëu to sleep on. (Sarga
12.70)
Prose Order:
s> PlvgE> lv[aMÉis zai¼R[> SvPnay rsatlat! %NmGn< ze;m! #v setu< bNxyamas,
< ivnazay c xmRs<SwapnawaRy yuge yu
Textbook 113
Transliteration and Pronunciation
In this book, Devanägaré characters have been transliterated according to the
scheme adopted by the International Congress of Orientalists at Athens in
1912. One fixed pronunciation value is given to each letter; f, q, w, x and z are
not called to use. According to this scheme:
sounds like sounds like
A a o in son f! ò d in dogAa ä in master F! òh dh in godhood# i in if [! ë n in under$ é ee in feel t! t% u u in full w! th th in thumb^ ü oo in boot d! d th in then\ å ri in rim x! dh theh in breathe
here@ e a in evade n! n@e ai y in my p! pAae o )! ph ph in loop holeAaE au ow in now b! bk� k É! bh bh in abhoro! kh ckh in blockhead m! mg! g (hard) y! y"! gh gh in log-hut r! r'! ì ng l! lc! c ch in chuckle v! v in avertD! ch chh in catch him z! ç sh in shutj! j ;! ñ s in sugarH! jh dgeh in hedgehog s! s|! ï n in banyan h! hq! ö t in tank < àQ! öh th in ant-hill > ù (half h)
³