Sanskrit-Verbless Sentences in Sanskrit

7/24/2019 Sanskrit-Verbless Sentences in Sanskrit

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In this article, we are going to see how Sanskrit uses programming concepts similar to

classes, objects and pointers to shorten the language. To do this, we will try to translate

a sample Sanskrit sentence to English and dwell into the nitty-gritties of it. Along the

way, you will get introduced to a ery innoatie sentence structure, totally differentfrom the structure of the language you currently speak.

!ien below is our sample sentence. It appears in the te"tauthoredby #

which means..

A stupid person must be avoided. He is like a two-legged animal in-front of

the eyes.

$ow, let%s get back to our good old Q & A format.

Q) Are you sure, the English translation you have provided is correct Else,

why are there only ! words in the "anskrit version but so many words in the

English version

A& 'f course, the translation I proided is absolutely correct. (ut your doubt is also

genuine. To know why the Sanskrit ersion is so economic in the usage of words, we

need to first understand it%s structure.

Q) #mm hmm, go on..

A& As mentioned in the first articleof the series, the words in Sanskrit represent

properties. So the ) words used in this sentence also represent properties.

* +the property of being& stupid* +the property that makes one& aoidable +by others&* +the property of being& in front of the eyes* +the property of& haing two legs

* +the property of usually being& tethered

(ut, in spoken language, we always refer to objects and not properties. +The object

being referred to need not e"ist in the real world. It is sufficient if it e"ists in the

speaker%s imagination.& So we need a way to force the aboe words to represent objects
https://uttishthabharata.wordpress.com/2011/04/20/sanskrit/https://uttishthabharata.wordpress.com/2011/04/20/sanskrit/


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rather than properties. That way of forcing a word+which represents a property& to

represent an object is calledvibhakti.

So, represents the property of being stupid, but (which is a vibhakti of the

word ) represents an object/person who is stupid !ere,

is ca""ed the firstvibhakti of the word #Similarly,is the first ibhakti of the word#

So, we hae

* an objectperson who must be aoided$ an objectperson located in front of the eyes* a objectcreature haing two legs * an objectcreature who is tethered * a beast or cattle +because usually beast orcattle is tethered&

Q) Hmm, cool. "o this sentence has five words which represent !

properties. %ut we converted the ! words into their first vibhaktis. "o the !

new converted words represent ! ob&ects having those ! properties. Am '

right

A& es, absolutely.

Q) "o far we have ! different (vibhaktified) words representing ! different

ob&ects having ! different properties. How does this help in making a

meaningful sentence.

A& ere comes the clima". There is a rule of Sanskrit !rammar which states thatwords

having the same vibhakti represent the same ob&ect and not different

ob&ectsSo the ) different +ibhaktified& words actually do not represent ) different

objects, rather they are like pointers that point to the same ob&ect because

they all have the same vibhakti vi*. first vibhakti

The same mechanism is e"plained below graphically.


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word1 is mUrkha, word2 is parihartavya and so on..

ence, our sentence actually has one objectperson +in the imagination of the speaker&

who has all the ) properties i/. he is stupid, he must be aoided, he is located in front

of the eyes, he has two legs and he is an animal+beast or cattle& . In other words, a stupid

person must be aoided and he +that same person& is like a two-legged animal in front of

the eyes. ence, we hae effectiely translated our sentence into English0

Q) +ow "o a typical word in "anskrit is like class in ava(without

methods) and the vibhaktified form of that word is like a pointer to an

ob&ect of that class. ight

A& es0 ou got it. And not just that. There are actually 1 kinds of ibhaktis in all. In thisarticle, we hae considered only the first of those 1 kinds of ibhaktis.


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The aStAdhyAyI composed by maharSi pANini is considered by many to be the first formal proram in the world

and he himself is considered the first prorammer.

Q) ever thought that concepts similar to the modern programming

constructs like classes, ob&ects and pointers have been used in a spoken

language by our ancestors for millenia. Awesome revelation, this was ' amimpressed.

A& If this was awesome, then listen to this. maharSI pA$ini, considered to be

the greatest Sanskrit !rammarian, used those same techni2ues to describe Sanskrit

!rammar atleast 3)44 years ago, which are today used to design the grammar of

modern programming languages. If you do not beliee, then check thiswiki-

page+search for computer programming "anguageson it&.

Q) Awesome ow a reminder for you. 'n the last article, you e/plained

thatmeans sun, means crore, means equivalent and means

effulgence. By pronouncing these words one after the other, one can

generate a new word viz. which means one whose effulgence

is equivalent to that of a crore suns."imilarly, in English, why "un, 0rore,

E1uivalent and Effulgence, pronounced one after the other, do not generate

a new word +hy isSunCroreEquivalentEffulgencenot a new word in

English 2ou promised, you will e/plain.

A& es, I do remember the promise. The reason for this speciality of Sanskrit also lies in

the concept of ibhakti. ow 5 Its ery simple. In Sanskrit, if I would eer want to refer

to the Sun, I would sayand not. This is because,would represent a propertyand the Sun is not a property, rather it is an object. So to refer to the Sun, I would

use+which is the first ibhakti of&. Similarly, to refer to someonewhoseeffu"gence is e$uiva"ent to that of a crore suns, I would use!+which
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C4%81%E1%B9%87inihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C4%81%E1%B9%87inihttps://uttishthabharata.wordpress.com/2011/05/03/sanskrit2-2/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C4%81%E1%B9%87inihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C4%81%E1%B9%87inihttps://uttishthabharata.wordpress.com/2011/05/03/sanskrit2-2/


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represents an object& and not!+which represents a collection ofproperties&, because that someoneis an object and not a property. ence, there is a

difference in the pronunciations of the+in!& and+which is theobject Sun&. The difference arises because of the 3 dots at the end of# (ut in

English, there is no such difference in the pronunciations ofSunin Sun %rore

$uiva"ent ffu"genceand the +object& Sun. ence, it would be confusing in English. It

is not possible in English to form such compound words, in turn, strongly limiting the

ocabulary in English.

That%s it for this article. In the ne"t one, we will dwell into the remaining 6 ibhaktis and

e"amine how they shorten the language.


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In the second article of the series i/. 7echanism of generating new words in Sanskrit,

we saw how new words can be generated using dhAtus. In this article, we shall see how

irtually eerything in Sanskrit can be broken down into dhAtus. es0 you got it right,

irtually eerything. 8e will also see that words in Sanskrit not only represent

properties and objects but they also represent ideas, which is the base from which all

the other words are deried.

The most basic units of English grammar are the 1 parts of speech i/. $ouns,

9ronouns, Adjecties, Aderbs, :erbs, 9repositions, ;onjunctions and Interjections. (utthe most basic units of Sanskrit grammar are not the parts of speech, but dhAtus.

Typically, eery word in a Sanskrit sentence, be it a noun, an adjectie or a erb, is

nothing but a different form of one of the 34


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these dhAtus. If a Sanskrit sentence is comparable to a house, then the dhAtus are

comparable to the bricks.

=et%s take some sample dhAtus for further illustrations. ere we hae taken > out of

total 34 dhAtus are.." * to do!* to be#* to go

3iven below are some derived words for illustration purposes. 4on5t bother

yourself about deriving them. 6he method of deriving them re1uires an

advanced study of "anskrit grammar.

ouns derived from these dhAtus

can be used to derie nouns like..* work$* instrument* deed* processand many more..

can be used to derie nouns like..!* a ciil structure!* effect%!* prosperity!* past$!* source!&* futureand many more?

can be used to derie nouns like..

#* speed or a way of going

#'* one who has come#* unierse * where eerything moes(#* confluence#* progress


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)'#* inclusienessand many more?

Ad&ectives derived from these dhAtus

can be used to derie adjecties like..** one who does not hesitate from doing hardwork* actie$* blessingand many more..

can be used to derie adjecties like..!* upcoming

!

* emotional!* e"pressie!+#,* geographicand many more?

can be used to derie adjecties like..#,* in the course of going#* gone eerywhere#* about to emerge

#

* easy to attain

and many more?

The same dhAtus can also be used to derie erb forms.

7erbs derived from these dhAtus

can be used to derie erbs like* heshesome third person does

-.

* do namaskar +it%s an order&

* I resist* we doand many more?


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can be used to derie erbs like!&* it will behappen)!( * I was)!* become less +it%s an order&

(!/

* may it be possible +a desire&

and many more?

can be used to derie erbs like(#0* go together +it%s an order * hesheit emerges$#&* I will go near +something&!% * don%t fear after going thereand many more?

8rom the above, we see that the seemingly unconnected nouns, ad&ectives

and verbs in English, actually have common derivations in "anskrit 6he

common thread connecting them are the dhAtus. Hence, the dhAtus are

even more basic units than the parts of speech. 6herefore any study of

"anskrit that builds upon the parts of speech and not dhAtus is misleading

A confl!ence has the idea of "oin" involved in it. #ence, derived from the same dhAt! am$


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Speed has the idea of "oin" involved, hence derived from the dhAt! am$

$ow, let%s break down some sample Sanskrit sentences into their building blocks.

!( 1()-2which means..Ispend in a regulated mannerto preentthe loss of wealth.

ere!is a noun and contains the dhAtus!and #1(is a erb and contains the dhAtu.3#

is a noun and contains the dhAtusand4#)-is a erb and contains the dhAtu)#This sentence is made up of @ dhAtus in all0

The slogan of IIT anpur is3!2which means..Accomplishmentisconse2uence of deeds.

ere3is a noun and contains the dhAtu3#!is a erb and contains the dhAtu!#is an adjectie and contains the dhAtus" and#This sentence is made up of B dhAtus in all0

Cinally a sentence containing only one dhAtu0

)*5 *2which means?I hae no desire to read, still I am reading.

)*5 is a noun and contains the dhAtu*#*

is a erb and een it contains the dhAtu*#This sentence has only one dhAtu0


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9roperties, :b&ects anddeas

So now that we understand that the nouns, adjecties etc are themseles deriable from

the dhAtus, let%s look at the hierarchy of words in Sanskrit. There are > leels of Sanskrit

words. 6he words at each level represent different things. +ords at the ;stlevel represent ideas, those at the , we hae avyayas. ayayas are those words that cannot be further modified in

any way. ence, their ibhaktis do not e"ist. These words represent objects. Cor

e"ample, the wordwhich is the first ibhakti of, represents a particu"ar


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work.And it is the words in the =rd level that appear in sentences. 6he

words in the ;st and the echanism of building a sentence

So first we hae ideas +in the from of dhAtus&. 8e apply certain transformations on

these ideas to form the properties+yayas&. Then we further apply more transformations

+called ibhaktis& on the properties, to form the objects+ayayas&. And finally these

objects are used in the sentences0 +To know how to conert properties to objects, isit

the >rd article of the series i/. Similarities between Sanskrit and 9rogramming

=anguages&

So to decode the meaning of a sentence, one needs to break down the words in that

sentence +which are already in leel >& to the words at lower leels0

Cinally, a point of clarification. 's it necessary that allthe words at a given level,

have to be derived from the words at the lower levels The answer is o. And

we shall see in detail, in the ne"t article, as to where are these other words deriable

from, if not from the lower leels 5

I hae linked the list of all the 34


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8e elucidated in thefirst articleof this series that words in Sanskrit represent

properties while words in the other languages represent objects. 8ell, this is not entirely

true. 9robably, eery language has some words that represent properties and some that

represent objects. And, Sanskrit is no e"ception to this. (ut what separates out Sanskrit

is the sheerly enormous ratio of+ords representing propertiesto+ords

representing ob&ects. =et%s call this ratio ?.

? $ +ords representing properties @ +ords representing ob&ectsthen we

obsere that

a& Cor most languagesD Either ? ;-'- ? $ (appro/.) ; -'- ? (slightly) B ;

b& Cor SanskritD ? is of the order of lakhsi.e. FG


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So, een Sanskrit has words that represent objects. (ut there 2uantity is negligible in

comparison to the words representing properties. aing noted this, let%s start off with

generating new words.

6he concept of dhAtu ( )

As is the case with deriations eerywhere, be it theorems in 7aths deried from a"ioms

or chemical formulas deried from elements, the words in Sanskrit are also deried from

some basic units. Such elementary, indiisible unit is called a dhAtu. =et%s get to the

business right away.

In all, there are 34


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* something that helps accomplish something * a hand* author, composer, source* doer* actiity

* something that helps in doing * instrument

* something that makes others do things * reason& * someonesomething that constantly keeps doing"* something that is donemade intentionally * artificial * a catalyst** cleer and skillful in doing * a blueprint of things that are to be done * a plan5* desire to do * enthusiasm

All the aboe words contain the dhAtu

e"actly once. These words can be deried using

the rules of grammar by adding suffi"es to the dhAtu. (ut this is only the beginning.

=et%s look at the more adanced ones.

(y combining"+something that is done& and6+something that must be done&, wecan generate"6* someone who has done what he must hae done * someonewho has performed his duty

Similarly, by combining the other"(words we can form many more comple" words."* someone who has done what he should hae done* serant, worker""* one who has attained an object or purpose* the cause of the reason"* one who has created an instrumentand so on..

The aboe words contain the dhAtu e"actly twice. $ote that there is no limit to how

many times a dhAtu can occur in a word.

=et%s look at still more comple" ones. The words coming ne"t contain the dhAtu and

other dhAtus. The words in the brackets represent the dhAtus that appear in a word.

"7* one who has isited holy places * +" & H +"&"8* one who acknowledges past serices or deeds * +" & H +8&


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"#* one who has made a road or path * +" & H +"#&"/5* one who has left incomplete, the task he intended to do * +" & H +5&"/* one whose place is fi"ed * +" & H +&",* one who has a commitment at a particular time * +" & H +,&

"

* one who has taken a resolution * +" & H +"&"9* the property of being accomplished by e"ertion * +" & H +3&"",

* one who has made his house on a tree * +:& H +" & H +,&,"* one who destroys the world * +,& H +& H+" &";/#* one who makes sounds due to agitation or e"citement * +" & H +& H+&and so on?

As I pointed out earlier, there are 34


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* sun # * crore #* same #! * effulgence *! * one whose

effulgence is e2uialent to that of a crore suns.

?.and this process has no end?.

Shri %ama is also called A&An!bAh!, since his arms reached !pto his knees$

Q) 6his is superb ' am really impressed. 6his mechanism of forming

new words is not comple/. 'n fact, it is very simple. And this causes a sort of

uneasiness in me. 6ake, for instance,which when translated to

English would become Cotus9etalEye. 6his is meaningless in English. :r asanother e/ample, takewhich when translated to English would

become "un0roreE1uivalentEffulgence. Again meaningless in English.

6hen, why do these compound words have meanings in "anskrit +hy

can5t this simple mechanism of generating new words be used in English


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Shri 'rishna is also called padmapatrAkSa, since his eyes were similar to lot!s(petals. )an yo! now !ess, how

did we et the 1*** names of viSN! in viSN!(sahasranAma +

A& The 2uestion you hae asked is bang on target. I say this because to answer it we need

to comprehend the concept of!, which is the single main reason for all thesophistication that Sanskrit possesses. 'ne can not een think of learning Sanskrit

without grasping the essence of!, and this is what we will try to do in the ne"tarticle. That would be the clima" of this series.

ou hae asked many 2uestions so far, including those in part


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erbless Sentences in Sanskrit$which means.. A stupid person must be avoided. He is like atwo-legged animal in-front of the eyes.

)omparin the Sanskrit and the -nlish versions,

the difference is conspic!o!s. nly / words in the Sanskrit version b!t so many in the -nlish

version. 0e also eplained in the last article that this enormo!s shortenin has been possible d!e to

the notion of vibhakti. #ave a look at the last articleto !nderstand the mechanism of thisshortenin.3 4!t we didn5t eplain in f!ll, the power that this innovative concept of vibhakti wields. In

this article, we will look at the maic that is possible in a lan!ae whose sentence str!ct!re is

based on this notion. And, not to mention, this notion of vibhakti lies at the heart of Sanskrit

6rammar. 0e will also investiate how the vibhaktis enable one to compose verbless sentences in

Sanskrit, which is not possible in -nlish$ Lets get into translating some hardcore Sanskrit.

7et5s take !p a typical word, say/, as an eample. 6iven below is a table that lists this sameword/b!t with some modifications. #ere we have 28 different forms of the word/ 9 Each ofthese forms is called a vibhakti of
http://sanskritlang.blogspot.in/2012/10/verbless-sentences-in-sanskrit.htmlhttp://uttishthabharata.wordpress.com/2011/05/03/sanskrit2/http://sanskritlang.blogspot.in/2012/10/verbless-sentences-in-sanskrit.htmlhttp://uttishthabharata.wordpress.com/2011/05/03/sanskrit2/


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%emember this table from school Sanskrit + It is after all not as annoyin as many feel in the school.

In fact, it is very powerf!l$ 7et5s discover its power.

Now let5s et back to o!r Q&A format.

!" #es$ % do remember these horrible tables from school. &hey used to force-feed these into

our brains. % remember' we were e(pected to memori)e around *+ such tables and had to

vomit out one of them in the final e(ams.

A3 :o! are riht. The way these are ta!ht in the school co!rse of Sanskrit is hopeless. ;emori


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Ani, one of the == devas mentioned in edas. >evas refer to terrestrial thins of hih

ecellence. #ere is a list of all the devas. ? as!s -arth, 0ater, @ire, Air, Sky, ;oon, S!n, Stars

Blanets3 that form components of !niverse where we live, 1* 7ife @orces in o!r body Brana, Apana,

yana, Udana, Samaana, Naa, '!rma, '!kala, >evadatta3 and 1 So!l called %!dra, 12 Aditya or

months of year, 1 idy!t or -lectromanetic force that is of tremendo!s !se to !s. 1 :a&na orconstant noble selfless deeds done by h!mans.

#ere, /represents the property of3 being of great excellenceor being heavenly. 4!t, in spokenlan!ae, we always refer to ob&ects and not properties. The ob&ect bein referred to need not eist

in the real world. It is s!fficient if it eists in the speaker5s imaination.3 So we need a way to force

the word/, to represent an ob&ect rather than a property. That way of forcin a word whichrepresents a property3 to represent an ob&ect is called vibhakti. 7et !s now settle on the areement

that 9y3 wo!ld stand for the vibhakti(form of /in the th row and yth col!mn of the table. So, C9=3D/and 1913 D/9#ere are o!r r!les.

ule/9 A vibhakti(form of a word always denotes an ob&ect havin the property that the respective

word represents. So, whenever in a sentence yo! come across, say, /-or /%or//5, it meansthat an ob&ect havin the property of being of great excellenceeists.ule09 -ach vibhakti(form in the table carries = pieces of info with itself vi


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-plainin vibhaktis. The tet in bl!e eplains what it means when a word in a sentence appears in

the vibhakti n!mber of that row.


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-plainin vibhaktis aain, b!t this time with a different eample $

Now, lets take !p some sample sentences and try to translate them. #ere they are.

1. /!/>

2. $/>

=. 7/7/>7et me also ive yo! the closest -nlish words correspondin to each of the words involved.

/D the property of3 havin red eyes

!/D the property by which one3 m!st be feared

$/D the property of3 directin in a partic!lar directionway

D the property of3 bein st!pid D aression, hoslility

7D the property of3 advancin towards somethin D the property of3 oin in a re!lated manner

D not NoteE This word does not represent a property nor do vibhakti(forms of it eist. S!ch

words are called )3 7D the property of3 oin towards somethin b!t only in mind

!" 2efore starting to translate' can you give me general guidelines for translating them.

A3 S!re$

1. The first thin yo! m!st do while translatin any Sanskrit sentence is to identify whether any

words in the sentence eist in their vibhakti(forms or not. Those words which eist in a vibhakti(form


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representob3ects, by ule/$ Need not be physical ob&ects. They may be abstract ob&ects in the

imaination of the speaker$3

2. @or the words that eist in a vibhakti(form, identify the = pieces of info mentioned in ule0

=. ule*ass!res !s that there is bo!nd to be some action involved in the sentence$ Identify

that action and !ess the relation of each word with that action !sin the bl!e tet of the etended

vibhakti tables pasted above. When no action is explicitly mentioned, then it is the action ofexistingof the object denoted by the words of the first vibhakti

8. Apply ule1, if applicable.

And lo, yo! have the translation.

&ranslating Sentence /

! 1913 1913

1. Applyin ule/. @rom above,/D the property of3 havin red eyes, b!t since thesentence contains/and not/, by ule/, we concl!de that/D anob&ectperson havin red eyes. Similarly, !/does not represent a property rather it denotes anob&ectperson who m!st be feared.

2. Applyin ule0. 0e try to identify the rammatical info carried by these words. 4oth the

words are of the form 1913 of the /table. So the info they carry is that each of/and!/denote single masculine objects of first vibhakti

=. Applyin ule*. 0e try to identify the action involved in the sentence. Since the action is not

eplicitly mentioned, it is the action of existing of objectsdenoted by the words of the first vibhakti

vi


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D C9=3 implies thatbelons to thepersons bein refereed to. D 8913implies that the action of eistinivin of advice3 helpsintensifies9

8. ule1not applicable.

#ence the sentence translates to Giving advice intensifies the hostility of stupid people.

&ranslating Sentence *

#! ! !#!=913 1913 nil3 =913

1. ule/ says, since all the words, except!'appear in a vibhakti(form, they denote an ob&ect.7/D a chariot D &o!rney or travelD not7/D an imainary chariot in mind

2. ule0instr!cts !s to identify the = pieces of info, vi


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parasites with itself. 4y the end of this article, yo! will reali23 A ro!p of boys is playin. DH@/ =, /,'>=3 Bonds of water are dryin. DH , &'>83 A bea!tif!l woman carries away one5s heart. DH '>

All the above translations have a strikin feat!re in common. &he Sanskrit version of each sentence is

missing some key word7s" of its English counterpart.

In 13, the Sanskrit version does not contain the word for things.

In 23, the Sanskrit version does not contain the word for group.

In =3, the Sanskrit version does not contain the word forponds.

In 83, the Sanskrit version does not contain the word for woman.

7et5s now try to !nderstand, why the seeminly indispensable words in the -nlish versions of the

sentences are red!ndant in the Sanskrit co!nterparts.

8nnecessary noun after a number

&hree things must be done before dying. 9:$%!&%

)onsider the above sentence. 0hy don5t we have a word for thingsin the Sanskrit version + Specifically,

why is the Sanskrit translation not'! ?>Is the translation containin the wordwhich means things3 wron + Act!ally not.0ell, both the translations are correct. 4!t the word - is red!ndant and does not add any newmeanin to the sentence. This is beca!se itself means !hree objectsot !hree thingsUnlike in

-nlish or #indi3, wherethreerepresents merely a n!mber, in Sanskrit, represents a n!mberwhile, which is the first vibhakti of , represents not the n!mber three, b!t three ob&ects. Thereis nothin alien abo!t this. Afterall, the veryp!rpose of a vibhaktiis to convert a word representin a

property here, that property is the property of bein three in n!mber3 to a word representin an ob&ects3

three objectsin this case3.

%n fact' this observation can be e(tended to many cases where a noun follows a number. %n such

cases' the noun usually becomes redundant$

As another eample, ?> wo!ld meanThree places sho!ld be visited before dyin.

Aain, the Sanskrit version does not contain the word forplaces$

8nnecessary words for depicting a collection of ob3ects

A group of boys is playing. 9:( )**+
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eke bAlA# J ;any boys b!t one !nit.

)onsider the above sentence. 0hy don5t we have a word for groupin the Sanskrit version + Specifically,

why is the Sanskrit translation not@ =,/,>Is the translation containin the word which means group3 wron + Act!ally not. 0ell, both thetranslations are correct. 4!t the word is red!ndant and does not add any new meanin to thesentence. 0hy so + 7et5s see.

@ =,means one boy#ere, both@one3 and=,boy3 are in their singularfirst vibhakti forms. #ence,@=,represents asinle boy.

= =, means many boys#ere, both = many3 and=,boy3 are in theirpluralfirst vibhakti forms. #ence,==,representsmany boys.

Now consider..

@/ =, which means a group of boys#ere,=, boy3 is in itspluralfirst vibhakti form and @ one3 is also in itsplural first vibhakti form.#ow can@, which means one, eist in apluralform + Aain vibhakti comes to the resc!e. %ecall

that,@ represents the property of bein one4!t@/ , which is the pl!ral first vibhakti form of @,represents ob&ects which are many pl!ral3 and still have the property of bein oneThe ob&ects are many,

still they are considered onei.e.@/ represents one group of many objects$ Since,=, boys3 and@/one ro!p of many ob&ects3 have the same vibhakti vi


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interested in learnin the lan!ae seem to lose interest after they are forced to memoriIs the translation containin the word(which meansponds3 wron + Act!ally not.0ell, both the translations are correct. 4!t theword(is red!ndant and does not add any new meanin to the sentence. 7et5s see why +

,-(meansponds of water

,, which is the pl!ral first vibhakti form of ,, meanssamples"collections"ponds of water#ow canwater, which is !nco!ntable, be pl!ral +

Aain vibhaktis come to the resc!e., means #the property of$ being water, , which is the singularfirst vibhakti of,, means an ob&ect havin the property of bein wateri.e.a collection"pond of water

,, which is thepluralfirst vibhakti of,, means ob&ects pl!ral3 havin the property of bein wateri.e. collections"ponds of water

#ence,,&'>means %onds of water are drying

&his can be e(tended to other situations where masses of uncountable things are being spoken

about. %n such cases' the word for the mass of the uncountable thing becomes redundant$

8nnecessary nouns after ad3ectives

A bea!tif!l woman carries away one5s heart. DH '>

)onsider the above sentence. 0hy don5t we have a word for woman in the Sanskrit version +

Specifically, why is the Sanskrit translation not'!$ >Is the translation containin the word which means woman3 wron + Act!ally not.0ell, both the translations are correct. 4!t the word is red!ndant and does not add any new meaninto the sentence. 7et5s see why +

The answer is similar to the previo!s answers.'means#the property of$ being beautiful


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', which is the masc!line first vibhakti of', represents a male ob&ect a man3 havin the propertyof bein bea!tif!l. So'wo!ld mean a handsome man

' , which is the feminine first vibhakti of', represents a female ob&ect a woman3 havin theproperty of bein bea!tif!l. So'means a beautiful woman

#ence,'>translates toA beautiful woman carries away ones heart

&his kind of application can be e(tended to all the cases where a man ; woman ; male animal ;

female animal having certain

Sanskrit-Verbless Sentences in Sanskrit

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Transcript of Sanskrit-Verbless Sentences in Sanskrit