Get Ready…………

700 species have been described Originated about 120 million years ago before mammals Six genera

Lutzomyia*** BrumptomyiaWarileya

Phlebotomus**Sergentomyia* Chinius

Pest Vector importance

Family: PsychodidaeSand Fly

New world(Green colour)

Old world(Ash colour)

Diptera

NematoceraBrachycera

Cyclorrhapa

Arthopoda

Insecta

Order

Sub-Order

Family

Class

Phylum

Psychodidae

S/F: Phlebotominae S/F: Psychodinae

Lutzomyia BrumptomyiaWarileya PhlebotomusSergentomyia Chinius

Genus

Zoological Classification of sand fly

Family: PsychodidaePsychodids: small nematoceran flies

Long antennae Pendulous palps hairy bodies and wings wing venation: more or less parallelLongitudinal veins, radial vein 3 or 4 branched and the media

4 branched

Phlebotomus spp (sand Fly)Psychoda spp (Moth Fly)‡e‡j

gvwQ

Wing of PsychodidWing of Phlebotomine (sand fly)

Antennae: 16 segmentPliose type (in male, female)Palp: recurved, hairy , 5 segmented, 3rd segment bears sensiliaOld world species: 5th palpal segment longestNew old species: 3rd palpal segment longest

S/F: Phlebotominae S/F: Psychodinae

Family: Psychodidae

Phlebotomine sand fly:Brownish, long legged, narrow bodymoderately long mouth partsPalps: 5 segmentedWell developed mandiblesFemale are haemtophagus Mandible absent in male Lanceolate wings Wing held erect above the bodyWing: the fork of R2+3 and R4 occurs

about the middle of the body Distribution: Mostly Warmer areas

Psychodids: (majority) Dark, Squat flies Mouth part not piercing type Don’t fed on blood Broad oval wings Held roof like over the body at rest Wing: the fork of R2+3 and R4 occurs at the base of the wing Larvae have posterior siphon Secondary annulations on tergal plate

Life cycle

Larva

Exarate Pupa

Caudal Hairs

Spiracle: on Prothorax & 8th abdominal segment

Intersegmental setae

PPP: 5-6wks

pseduopod

P. Papatasi = 40-80 eggs at a timeRequired tem>150 C

Bionomics of Phlemotominae: Distribution: Old world phlebotomines are savanna and desert species ( low rainfall)

Population increases after rainy seasons but P. papatasi and P. argentipes (India): se in monsoon and se in dry season

New world phlebotomines are mainly inhabitants of forests ( high rain fall)

Host Range: Mostly broad host range L. gomezi: Feed on Birds and mammals L. vespertilionis: Bats P. papatasi : man and dog P. argentipes: man and cattle

Breeding place places: dark, cool, humid niches like cracks, crevices

of soil, manure, rocks, tree hollows, nests, tree crotches, animal burrows, (e.g. burrow of rodent), stables, livestock pens, well or any moist places

Feeding : Feed on plant sap, Nectar, honey dew and blood Feed on mammals: mainly Phlebotomus and Lutzomyia Sand fly feed on exposed areas of skin Feeding is mainly nocturnal and Crepuscular P. argentipes feed on midnight (11pm to 03am) in India but in Srilanka after 2am to 6am)

P. orientalis feed on human after sunset, ceased below 160C P papatasi also feed during day under shaded condition in doors

Most of the species Exophilic zoophilic A few species: Endophilic and Anthopophlic

Phelobotomus papatasi (Meditterian and Middle East) Phelobotomus sergenti (Iran) P. argentipes (India)Lutzomyia longipalpis (Brazil)

Exophilic and Endophilic P. longipes (cave dwelling species)

(Ethiopia, cattle, Addis Ababa People near cattle shed)Append most of the time in animal Sheds, dark corners of houses

P. orientalis (Ethiopia, exophilic but markedly Antrhopophilic) P. papatasi breeds in cattle sheds

Blood meal is required for most of the species except Autogeny occurs in P. papatasi and L. gomeziFlight range: 100-200m up to 1 Km Flight is inhibited by wind and rain (e.g. don’t fly >15kph)

Nuisance L. verrucarum causes sleep difficulty, 300 bits per night (In a study) Biting: pink or red papule (2-3mm), itching Prolong exposure: Desensitization or no reaction to bites

Medical and Veterinary Importance

Disease Causal agent Distribution Reservoir Vector

Vesicular Stomatitis

Vesicular stomatitis virus

Tropical & sub-tropical region,

Monkey, horse, Swine, Cattle

Lutzomyia spp

Bartonellosis/Carrion’s disease/Oroya fever

Bartenella bacilliformis

Peru, Columbia None Lutzomyia sppL. verrucarumL. peruensisL. columbiana

Disease Causal agent Distribution Reservoir Vector

Sand Fly fever/Papatasi fever

Sand fly virus Tropical & sub-tropical region, Asia

Rodent Phlebotomus papatasi,(transovarian transmission)P. chinensis P. perfiliewi, P. Perniciosus

Cutaneous Leishmaniosis (Old world)

Leishmania majorL. tropica

Tropical & sub-tropical region, Asia

Monkey, Rodent, dog

P. papatasi, (Bangladesh)P. Major (Bangladesh)P. longipes P. Sergenti P. caucasicus

Cutaneous Leishmaniosis (New world)

L. brazilienseL. Columbiensis

Tropical & sub-tropical region, America

Monkey, rodents mongoose, canine etc.

Lutzomyia gomezietc

Visceral Leishmaniosis (Old world)

Leishmania donovani Tropical & sub-tropical region, Africa, Europe, America,

Canine, rats P. orientalisP. argentipes (india)P. chinensis (chinia)P. caucasicus

Visceral Leishmaniosis (New world)

Leishmaniachagasi

Do Opossums, canine

L. cruziL. evansi, L. longipalpis

leishmaniosis

Espundia/MCL

PKDL=re-occurance of Leishmaniosis

Ref: WHO

Distribution of leishmaniosis

Verruga Peruana

Bartonellosis or

Prevention:

Alternative Repellent•Any citrus juice •Eucalyptus oil •Coconut oil •Avocado oil mixed with Dettol •Baby oil mixed with Dettol •Chinese herbal oil •Essential lavender oil •Tea tree oil •Listerine •Tiger Balm (Red, White, Ultra) •Eucalipto •Vinegar

DEET (N,N-Diethyl-meta-toluamide,) application on skin or clothsInsect repellent, effective against Mosquitoes, tic, mite or other insect

Control: o Removal of dense vegetationo DDT (100-300mg/ft2 ) recommended by WHO, protection form 2 yearso HCH…….

Prepared by DR. Md. Abdul AlimAssistant Professor

Department of Pathology and Parasitology, CVASUand PhD fellow, James Cook University, Australia

email: mdabdul.alim@my.jcu.edu.au

References1. D.S., Kettle (2000). Medical and Veterinary Entomology, CAB International,2nd

edi,pp…

2. Gary and Lance, (2009). Medical and Veterinary Entomology. 2nd Edn, Elsevier, Inc, pp…