SAGAR INSTITUE OF RESEARCH & TECHNOLOGY, BHOPAL ......Page numbering - The preliminary parts...
Transcript of SAGAR INSTITUE OF RESEARCH & TECHNOLOGY, BHOPAL ......Page numbering - The preliminary parts...
SAGAR INSTITUE OF RESEARCH & TECHNOLOGY, BHOPAL
DEAPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS
GUIDELINES FOR PREPARATION OF REPORT FOR MAJOR PROJECT
Introduction:
Project report in this manual refers to a documented report of the process followed and the results of
major project conducted by a student in fulfillment of the requirements in bachelor degree. This report
will outline the report format for Major Project. These rules must be adhered strictly.
Group Members:
Maximum of 5 students per group allowed for taking up Major Project
No of Copies to be submitted to department:
Total of 6 copies have to be submitted to department, out of which 5 copies will be the individual reports
of each student & 1copy will the group report. A soft copy (pdf format) should be submitted to
Department in CD along with report.
The report will be hard winded having Navy Blue as the front cover with text printed in fonts of golden
color.
Formatting:
MAIN HEADING SUB HEADING MAIN TEXT FONT Arial, Arial, Times New Roman SIZE 14 12 12 LINE SPACING 1.5
Arrangement of Content:
The sequence in which the contents in the report should be arranged is as follows:
1. Cover Page (Specimen copy-1) 2. Certificate of Approval (Specimen copy-2) 3. Declaration (Specimen copy-3) 4. Acknowledgment (Specimen copy-4) 5. Abstract (Specimen copy-5) 6. Table of Contents (Appendix 1) 7. List of Figures (if any) Appendix 2 ) 8. List of Tables (if any) (Appendix 3 ) 9. List of Symbols (if any) (Appendix 4 ) 10. Abbreviations (if any) (Appendix 5 ) 11. Chapters 12. References (Appendix 6) 13. Appendices (if any)
PAGE SETUP TOP BOTTOM LEFT RIGHT
1” 1” 1” 1”
Chapters to be included:
The chapters may be broadly divided into 3 parts (i) Introductory chapter, (ii) Chapters developing the
main theme of the project work (iii) and Conclusion.
The main text will be divided into several chapters and each chapter may be further divided into several
divisions and sub-divisions.
Each chapter should be given an appropriate title.
Tables and figures in a chapter should be placed in the immediate vicinity of the reference where
they are cited.
Footnotes should be used sparingly. They should be typed single space and placed directly
underneath in the very same page, which refers to the material they annotate.
The chapters that should be included in the reports are as follows:
Introduction
Brief Literature survey
Present Work (It will be divided into several chapters and each chapter may be further divided into
several divisions and sub-divisions depending on type & volume of work. For e.g. Block diagram & its
description, circuit designing, PCB layout & development process, description of components etc.)
Result & Discussion
Conclusion & future scope
Cover Page - A specimen copy of the Title page of the project report is given in Specimen copy-1.
Title Page – A specimen copy of the Title page of the project report is given in Specimen copy-2.
Certificate – A specimen copy of the Acknowledgment of the project report is given Specimen copy-3.
Acknowledgment- A specimen copy of the Acknowledgment of the project report is given Specimen
copy-4.
Abstract – It is a heart of the report. Abstract should be one page synopsis of the project report and it
must clearly give the overview of the project (Avoid unnecessary things in abstract)
(Specimen copy-5).
Table of Contents – The table of contents should list all material following it as well as any material
which precedes it. The title page and Certificate of approval will not find a place
among the items listed in the Table of Contents but the page numbers of which are in
lower case Roman letters. One and a half spacing should be adopted for typing the
matter under this head. A specimen copy of the Table of Contents of the project report
is given in Appendix 1.
List of Figures – The list should use exactly the same captions as they appear below the figures in the
text. One and a half spacing should be adopted for typing the matter under this head
(Appendix 2).
List of Tables – The list should use exactly the same captions as they appear above the tables in the text.
One and a half spacing should be adopted for typing the matter under this head
(Appendix 3).
List of Symbols - The list should provide the detail of the symbols used in the report. One and a half
spacing should be adopted for typing the matter under this head (Appendix 4).
Abbreviations – Abbreviation list should provide the details of the abbreviations used in the report in
alphabetical order. One and a half spacing should be adopted or typing the matter
under this head (Appendix 5).
Page numbering - The preliminary parts (Acknowledgement, Abstract, Table of Contents, List of
symbols, List of figure, List of Tables) are numbered in roman numerals (i, ii, etc).
The first page of the first chapter (Introduction) onwards will be numbered in Arabic
numerals 1 2 3 etc at the bottom, centered.
Numbering sections, subsections, equations, figures etc. - A word on numbering scheme used in the
project is in order. It is common practice to use decimal numbering in the project. If
the chapter number is 2, the section numbers will be 2.1,2.2, 2.3 etc. The subsections
in section 2.2 will be numbered as 2.2.1, 2.2.2 etc. Unless essential, it is not necessary
to use numbers to lower levels than three stages. Similarly, it is useful and convenient
to number the figures also chapter-wise. The figures in chapter 4 will be numbered as
Figure 4.1: Figure Name, Figure 4.2: Figure Name etc. This helps you in assembling
the figures and putting it in proper order. Similarly, the tables are also numbered as
Table 4.1: Table Name, Table 4.2: Table Name etc. All figures and tables should have
proper captions. Usually the figure captions are written below the figure and table
captions on top of the table. All figures should have proper description by legends,
title of the axes and any other information to make the figures self explanatory. The
same numbering scheme can be used for equations also. Only thing to be remembered
is that references to the figures are made like Figure 4.2: Figure Name, and equations
as Eqn (5.8).
List of References –The reference material should include the author name, title, year in details as shown
in Appendix 7. Do not mention the references of the websites in the report.
Appendices – Appendices are provided to give supplementary information, which is included in the main
text may serve as a distraction and cloud the central theme. Appendices should be
numbered using Arabic numerals, e.g. Appendix 1, Appendix 2, etc. Tables and
References appearing in appendices should be numbered and referred to at
appropriate places just as in the case of chapters.
SPECIMEN 1- COVER PAGE
Su
R
ubmitted in
RAJIV GAN
SAGA
(
n partial fulf
BA
(Ele
NDHI PRO
AR INSTIT
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Synopsis
fillment of t
ACHELOR
ctrical & El
Sub
ODYOGIKI
Sub
Nam
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Under th
Nam
TUTE OF R
nt of Electri
BHO
Mo
JECT TITIL
of Major P
the requirem
OF ENGIN
lectronics E
bmitted To
VISHWAV
bmitted by
me of Schola
Enroll No
he supervisi
me of Guide
RESEARCH
cal & Electr
OPAL (M.P.
onth- Year
LE
roject
ment for the
NEERING
Engineering
VIDYALAY
ar
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e
H AND TEC
ronics Engi
.)
e award of t
)
YA, BHOPA
CHNOLOGY
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the degree
AL (M.P)
Y
SPECIMEN 2
CERTIFICATE OF APPROVAL
SA
The unde
Electronic
………. (
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…………(SupervisSupervisoFull desigDepartme …………(HOD NaHead of DFull desigDepartme
AGAR INST
(
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TITUTE OF
(Departmen
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ng.
……..
………..
F RESEARC
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RTIFICAT
have read a
tance, a proj
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CH AND TE
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and recomme
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or the degree
ECHNOLO
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PPROVAL
ended to the
ntitled “……
of Bachelor
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Department
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SPECIMEN 3
DECLARATION
SA
I ………
Institute
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TITUTE OF
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Name of Sc
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in this disse
my own work
ied out taki
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degree or an
F RESEARC
nt of Electri
DECL
holar) , a
ology” , ses
rtation entit
k, is bonafid
ing care of
has not been
ny profession
CH AND TE
cal & Electr
LARATIO
student of
ssion ………
led “………
de and correc
Engineering
n submitted t
nal diploma.
ECHNOLO
ronics Engi
ON
“Bachelor
….., Bhopal
………………
ct to the bes
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to any other
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Name of Sch
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SPECIMEN 4
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
SA
I take an
of this en
He/She s
accompli
doubted
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I am also
for coope
S C Bha
Thanks
Engineer
Departm
AGAR INST
(
opportunity
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showed me
ish my goal.
myself and h
his/her suppo
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ageria Dire
to …………
ring for their
ent of Electr
TITUTE OF
(Departmen
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different wa
His/Her dis
his/her admi
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o ……………
support to co
ector SIRT B
…………and
r continuous
rical & Elect
F RESEARC
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ACKNOW
edge and ex
…. who is mo
ays to appro
scernment in
irable guidan
is would be a
…., Head of
omplete this
Bhopal prov
d …………
support. Th
tronics Engin
CH AND TE
cal & Electr
WLEDGE
tend my hea
ost responsib
oach the pro
n the choice o
nce are som
a chimera.
Department
s work. I wou
viding neces
………of De
hanks are due
neering SIR
ECHNOLO
ronics Engi
EMENT
artfelt gratitu
ble for helpin
oblems and
of topic, his/
me cogent rea
t of Electrica
uld also like
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RT for provid
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mplete this w
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SPECIMEN 5
ABSTRACT
SA
Over rece
wireless c
With incr
error rate
Also with
found incr
probabilit
the non ad
fixed mo
modulatio
according
the system
Rayleigh
AGAR INST
(
ent years the M
communicatio
reasing the nu
(BER) was
h increase in t
reased, hence
ty of the chan
daptive modu
dulation sche
on scheme, s
gly selects the
m was found
channel mode
TITUTE OF
(Departmen
MIMO (Multi
on. MIMO is
umber of tra
observed tha
the number o
e considerable
nnel with var
ulation schem
eme will not
system will
e modulation
improved w
el has been co
F RESEARC
nt of Electri
AB
iple-Input Mu
a system wit
ansmitting and
an that with s
of transmitting
e improvemen
iable signal t
me. In some ap
t perform be
automaticall
scheme for
with the use o
onsidered.
CH AND TE
cal & Electr
BSTRACT
ultiple-Outpu
th multiple tr
d receiving a
single transm
g and receivi
nt in an inform
to noise ratio
pplication, sy
etter in such
y cope up w
maintaining m
f adaptive m
ECHNOLO
ronics Engi
T
ut) system has
ransmitting an
antennas sign
mitting and sin
ing antennas
mation rate. P
will change
ystem will req
application.
with the cha
minimum req
modulation in
OGY, BHOP
ineering)
s become a po
nd multiple r
nificant impro
ngle receivin
the data rate
Performance o
with channel
quire the mini
With the us
anging chann
quired BER.
MIMO syste
PAL (M.P.)
opular techniq
receiving ante
ovement in th
ng antenna sy
of the system
of the bit erro
l quality in ca
imum BER. H
se of the ada
nel condition
The throughp
em. For simu
que in
ennas.
he bit
ystem.
m was
or rate
ase of
Hence
aptive
n and
put of
ulation
APPENDIX-1
TABLE OF CONTENT
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Certificate of Approval………………………………………….. i
Declaration……………………………………………………… ii
Acknowledgement………………………………………………. Iii
Abstract………………………………………………………….. iv
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1-2
1.1 AC BRIDGES 1
1.2 DC BRIDGES 1
1.3 WHEATSTONE BRIDGE 2
CHAPTER 2 THEORY 3
CHAPTER 3 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM 4
CHAPTER 4 PRACTICAL CIRCUIT DIAGRAM 5
CHAPTER 5 DERIVIATION 6
CHAPTER 6 COMPONENTS USED IN CIRCUIT 7-21
6.1 TRANSFORMER 7-11
6.1.1 BASIC PRINCIPLE 8
6.1.2 INDUCTION LAW 9
6.1.3 STEP DOWN TRANSFORMER 10
6.1.4 LOSSES IN TRANSFORMER 11 CHAPTER 7 ADVATAGES 22
CHAPTER 8 DISADVATAGES 22
CHAPTER 9 APPLICATION OF WHEATSTONE BRIDGE 22
CHAPTER 10 CONCLUSION 23
REFRENCES
APPENDICES
APPENDIX-2
LIST OF FIGURE
LIST OF FIGURES
Fig No Description of Figure Page No
Fig. 3.1 Circuit Diagram 4
Fig.4.1 Practical Circuit Diagram 5
Fig.6.1 Transformer 7
Fig.6.2 Figure Of Transformer 8
Fig.6.3 Circuit Diagram Of Transformer 9
APPENDIX-3
LIST OF TABLE
LIST OF TABLE
Table No Description of Figure Page No
Table. 3.1 Summary of resistors 4
Table. 4.1 Resistor ratings 5
Table. 6.1 Transformer ratings 7
APPENDIX-4
LIST OF SYMBOLS
LIST OF SYMBOLS
m Number of transmit antennas
n Number of receive antennas
hi,j Channel matrix element
H Channel matrix
y Received signal
x Transmit signal vector
P Total transmit power
APPENDIX-5
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
ABBREVIATIONS
AWGN Additive White Gaussian Noise
BER Bit Error Rate
db Decibel
iid independent identical distributed
LOS Line Of Sight
MIMO Multiple Input Multiple Output
MISO Multiple Input Single Ouput
MMSE Minimum Mean Square Error
PDF Probability Density Function
QAM Quadtrature Amplitude Modulation
Rx Receiver
SIMO Single Input Multiple Output
SISO Single Input Single Output
APPENDIX-6
REFRENCES
References
[1] R. Gowarishankar and M. F. Demirkol, “Adaptive M-QAM Modulation for MIMO Systems”, IEEE
2005, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, USA, 2005
[2] A. Svensson, “An Introduction to Adaptive QAM Modulation Schemes for Known and Predicted
Channels”, Proceedings of the IEEE | Vol. 95, No. 12, December 2007
[3] T. S. Rappaport, “Wireless Communications: Principles and Practice” Second Edition, Prentice Hall,
2003
[4] S. Haykin, “Communication Systems”, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2001.