REVIEWER IN GENSCI 2nd Quarter 2012-2013

CELL- basic unit of living thing: the smallest independently functioning unit in the structure of an organism, usually consisting of one or more nuclei surrounded by cytoplasm and enclosed by a membrane

ANIMAL CELL vs ANIMAL CELL

Plant cells are rectangular or angular or rigid in shape, while animal cells are rounded and somewhat irregular

The nucleus, plasma membrane, cytoplasm, the mitochondrion, rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi body, vacuole/vesicle and lysosome are common to both plant and animal cells.

The centrioles are present in animal cells only.

The cell wall and chloroplast are present in plant cells only.

Without the plasma membrane, any substance can go in and out the cell. The cell may be affected by the exit of needed substances or entrance of unneeded or poisonous substances that may lead to death of the cell.

The cell wall being made of tough or rigid material gives shape and protection to plant cells.

The chloroplast in cells of plants is where food is made. The greater the number of chloroplast in them makes them efficient in making more food for the plant.

The centrioles which can be found in animal cells only, are located near the nucleus. They help organize structures during cell division.

NUCLEUS- control center, brain, controls the activity in the cell; carries the cell’s genetic information that determines if the organism will develop, for instance, into a tree or a human; and it directs most cell activities including growth, metabolism, and reproduction by regulating protein synthesis (the manufacture of long chains of amino acids). MITOCHONDRION- small cellular structures, or organelles, found in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells (cells with a nucleus). Mitochondria are responsible for converting nutrients into the energy-yielding molecule adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to fuel the cell's activities.GOLGI BODY – sort, modify, package and distribute cell products to where they are needed;

network of stacked sacs found within nucleated cells that store, package, and distribute the proteins and lipids made in the endoplasmic reticulum.ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (ER) – carry proteins to different parts of the cell;ROUGH ER – with attached ribosomes that manufacture proteinsSMOOTH ER – contains no ribosomes; makes lipids(fats)LYSOSOME- membrane-bound sac found in nucleated cells that contains digestive enzymes that break down complex molecules in the body. Lysosomes are numerous in disease-fighting cells, such as white blood cells, that destroy harmful invaders or cell debris.RIBOSOME- cell structure that uses genetic instructions transported in ribonucleic acid (RNA) to link a specific sequence of amino acids into chains to form proteins.

TISSUE- a group of similar cells that work together to perform a particular function.

Epithelial tissue functions as boundary; covers inner and outer surfaces of the body.

Nerve tissue- messaging system Muscle tissue- movement Connective tissue- holds parts of the body

together, providing support, protection, strength, padding and insulation.

ORGANS- group of different tissues; structure that is made up of two or more types of tissue that work together to carry out a function in a body.

Ex: Kidneys- remove wastes from blood, regulate the amount of water in body.

Heart- organ that pushes blood throughout the circulatory system; right side of the heart pumps blood to the lungs to receive oxygen; left side pumps blood to the entire body; inside the lungs, the respiratory system interacts with the circulatory system

Left atrium receives oxygen rich(oxygenated) blood from the lungs.

Right atrium receives oxygen poor (deoxygenated) blood from all parts of the body

Left ventricle pumps oxygen rich blood to all parts of the body.

Right ventricle pumps oxygen poor blood to lungs.

Veins- carry deoxygenated blood to the heart EXCEPT for the pulmonary veins (oxygenated)

Arteries- carry oxygenated blood away from the heart EXCEPT for pulmonary artery (deoxygenated).

ORGAN SYSTEM- a group of organs that together perform a function that helps the body meets its need for energy and materials.

Skeletal Muscular Respiratory Digestive Urinary Circulatory Immune Nervous Reproductive

ORGANISM- an individual which has group of organ systems working together interdependently; living things and are made up of parts that work together: organ systems, organs, tissues, and cells. These parts need to function properly for organisms to meet their basic needs and survive.

MICROSCOPE- a tool which can help you see tiny objects and living organisms. It makes them look bigger. This ability of the microscope is called its magnifying power or magnification. The microscope also has the capacity to distinguish small gaps between two separate points which humans cannot distinguish. It is called its resolving power or resolution.

Mechanical Parts Base, Pillar, Inclination Joint, Arm,

Stage, Stage Clips, Stage Opening, Body Tube, Draw Tube, Revolving Nosepiece, Dust Shield, Coarse Adjustment Knob, Fine Adjustment Knob, Condenser Adjustment Knob, Iris Diaphragm Lever

Illuminating Parts Mirror, Electric Lamp, Iris Diaphragm,

CondenserMagnifying Parts

Ocular/Eyepiece, Objectives: LPO, HPO, OIO

HOW TO USE A MICROSCOPE (TIPS) Remember to always use both

hands when carrying the microscope. Put the microscope down gently on the

laboratory table with its arm facing you. Place it about 7 centimeters away from the edge of the table.

Position the microscope towards diffused light from the windows or ceiling light. Look through the eyepiece and with the concave mirror (with depression) facing up, move it until you see a bright circle of light.

The bright circle of light is called the field of view of the microscope. Adjust the position of the mirror so that it is not glaring to the eyes.

Practice viewing through the microscope using both eyes open. This will reduce eyestrain.

Never use direct sunlight as a light source to view objects under the microscope. Direct sunlight can permanently damage the retina of the eye.

Tilting of the microscope allows one to do observations while seating down. This is however, only done when materials observed do not contain liquids like water.

Current microscope models are said to be PARFOCAL. This means the image in clear focus under the low power objective, remains focused after shifting to HPO. If the microscope you are using is not parfocal, slightly turn the fine adjustment knob in either direction to get a clear picture.

The magnification of a specimen can be calculated by multiplying the number found in the eyepiece with the number found on the objective being used. So, if a specimen is viewed using a 10x objective and a 10x eyepiece it will be magnified 100 times.

ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION involves only 1 parent offspring genetically identical to parent involves regular body cells its quick, easy to reproduce in less time

Ex: Binary Fission, Vegetative Propagation, Regeneration, Budding, Spore Formation

SEXUAL REPRODUCTION involves 2 parents offspring genetic mix of both parents involves specialized sex cells (gametes) its slow, needs time and energy

Ex: Pollination in plants, fertilization of sperm cell and egg cells in humans; mating in animals

ECOLOGY- the study of the relationship of plants and animals to their physical and biological environment.ECOSYSTEM- organisms living in a particular environment, such as a forest or a coral reef organisms living in a particular environment, such as a forest or a coral reef, and the physical parts of the environment that affect them.ENVIRONMENT- natural world that surrounds an organism.ORGANISM- a single living thing; one speciesPOPULATION- all members of one species in a particular area; group of the same species

COMMUNITY- all the different populations that live together in an area; different groups of different speciesBIRTHRATE- natality rate/fertility rate; the number of births in a population in a certain amount of timeDEATH RATE- mortality rate; number of deaths in a population in a certain amount of timeIMMIGRATION- moving into a poputation; (IM-INTO)EMIGRATION- leaving a population; (EM-EXIT)LIMITING FACTOR- an environmental factor that prevents a population from increasing. Ex. Food, space, weather condition, temperatureADAPTATIONS- behaviors and physical characteristics of species that allow them to live successfully in their environmentMIMICRY- looking or sounding like another living organismCAMOUFLAGE- use of color in a surroundingPHYSICAL ADAPTATION-are body structures that allow an animal to find and consume food, defend itself, and to reproduce its species.BEHAVIORAL ADAPTATION- unique methods of adapting to its environment by means of different actionsINSTINCTIVE ADAPTATION- behaviour happens naturally & doesn’t have to be learned.LEARNED ADAPTATION- behaviors must be taughtNICHE-an organism’s particular role, or how it makes its living-Ex. two different species of bird can coexist in the same tree if they do not eat the same food because they have different nicheCOMPETITION- the struggle between organisms to survive in a habitat with limited resourcesPREDATION- an interaction in which one organism kills and eats anotherPREDATOR- hunter; organism that does the killingPREY- being hunted; organism that is killedSYMBIOSIS- “living together”, a close relationship between two species that benefits at least one of the species.- Some living things depend on each other in a very close relationship, which lasts over time.MUTUALISM- a relationship in which both species benefit; nitrogen fixing bacteria in root nodules of legumesCOMMENSALISM- one species benefits and the other species is neither helped nor harmed; orchids that cling on a treePARASITISM- one organism living on or inside another organism and harming itPARASITE- organisms that benefitsHOST- the organism the parasite lives on or in

PRODUCER- organism that can make its own food through photosynthesis; autotrophs/plantsCONSUMER- organisms that obtain energy by feeding on other organismSCAVENGER- a carnivore that feeds on the bodies of dead organismsHERBIVORES- consumers that eat plants; Latin herba- herb or grass; vorare- to eatOMNIVORE- consumer that eats both plants and animals; Latin omni- all; vorare- to eatCARNIVORE- consumers that eat only animals Latin carnis- flesh; vorare- to eat vorare- to eatDECOMPOSER- organisms that break down wastes and dead organisms and return the raw materials to the environmentFOOD CHAIN- a series of events in which one organism eats another and obtains energy; simple and directFOOD WEB- consists of many overlapping food chains in an ecosystem; more complex ENERGY PYRAMID- shows the amount of energy that moves from one feeding level to another in a food web. - The most energy is available at the producer level. At each level in the pyramid, there is less available energy than at the level below.-only 10 % of the energy stored in an organism can be passed on to the next trophic level, some are used for the organism’s life processes and the rest is eliminated as heat.

-mct

STUDY HARD!!! GOOD LUCK!!!