REVIEW ON KUPIPAKWA RASAYANA

www.wjpps.com Vol 8, Issue 9, 2019.

1137

Shweta et al. World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences

REVIEW ON KUPIPAKWA RASAYANA

1*Khaparde Shweta Narendra and

2Dongre Sushma D.

1*PG Scholar (Rasashastra) Government Ayurvedic College, Osmanabad.

2Assistant Professor of Rasashastra Department Government Ayurvedic College,

Osmanabad, Maharashtra.

ABSTRACT

Ras shastra branch mainly deals with rasaushadhis classified into four

varieties such as Kupipakwa rasayana, Parpati kalpana, Pottali kalpana

and Kharaliya rasayan. Kupipakwa rasayana is very difficult to prepare

and require longer duration for preparation. However it is kept as

unique formulation in rasshastra because of its mercurial preparation

with quicker action and synergistic effects in the body at very low

dose. Sindoor Kalpas in Rasashastra are unique due to its different

pharmaceutical processing and distinctive therapeutic uses. These

Kalpas are used widely in various ailment in single and combination

form due to its easy palatability, low dose and quick action. This

kalpana includes so many preparations like Rassindur, Makardhwaj-Chandrodayras,

Sameerpannagras, Swarnarajwangeshwarras, Mallasindur, Raspushpa, Raskarpur etc.

Kupipakwarasayana are prepared in kupi(Glass bottle)by step by step increasing heat from

mild-to-intense by using an instrument called as valukayantra (sand bath). Particular chemical

process is involved in this kalpas which strongly denotes that good chemical knowledge

existed in the ancient science Ayurveda. In this article detailed knowledge regarding the

definition etymology, history, types, manufacturing procedures, instruments useful in

kupipakwarasayana are studied. This study is an attempt to give an idea about importance and

utility of this kupipkwarasayanakalpana.

KEYWORDS: KupipakwaRasayana, Rassindur, Makardhwaj, Sameerpannagras,

Swarnarajwangeshwarras, Mallasindur, rasPushpa, valukaYantra.

WORLD JOURNAL OF PHARMACY AND PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES

SJIF Impact Factor 7.421

Volume 8, Issue 9, 1137-1148 Review Article ISSN 2278 – 4357

Article Received on

18 July 2019

Revised on 8 August 2019 Accepted on 28 August 2019

DOI: 10.20959/wjpps20199-14730

*Corresponding Author

Khaparde Shweta

Narendra

PG Scholar (Rasashastra)

Government Ayurvedic

College, Osmanabad


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INTRODUCTION

Rasshastra, a specialized branch deals with metals and minerals is being a treasure for

Ayurved since ancient period Rasaushadhies (Herbomineral Preparation) in Rasshastra is

always been a famous among medical fraternity due to its wide range of therapeutic

indications in spite of its tedious pharmaceutical processing techniques. It is preferred due to

its low dose,easy palatability,quick action and long shelf life properties.[1]

It is the science

which promises conversion of metals and mineral into therapeutically safe and potent dosage

forms. The word rasa in Rasashastra stands for Parada (mercury) means the substance

which keeps the body disease-free. Parada remains the center place in Rasshastra due to its

unique therapeutic properties and it is smartly use in almost every herbomineral preparation

because of its catalystic properties. As Parada is not effective in its natural form, it has to

bind with other agents called as Murcchana.[2]

ParadaMurcchana also mentioned as

ParadaRasayana which are of four types namely Khalvirasayana, Parpatirasayana,

Pottalirasayan, kupipakwarasayana.

Kupipakwa rasayana[3]

is also known as Sindoor Kalpa due to its red appearance. It is very

effective, stable, safe in therapeutic uses and has wide range of indications. It is preferred due

to its stable and strong form of Kajjali due to gradual high and long hours heating. Kajjali in

this preparation is prepared by using various proportion such ardhagun, Samguna, Dwiguna

and so on. Shadguna Bali jarit Kajjali is used for good therapeutic results. Kupipakwa

Rasayana has a specialized way of Preparation. It is prepared in a glass bottle (kupi) with the

help of Valuka-yantra(containing Sand). The process is keenly monitored with gradually

increasing temperature and various stages occurring during process in order to get an

desirable final product. Any modifications or interference may leads to changes in

composition of final product. So it is very necessary to take challenges in preparation of

Kupipakwa rasayana in order to set some standard in terms of duration of processing, exact

temperature needed for procedure, source of heating etc. so that new researcher in

Rasshashtra will get help to some extent in this type of project.

Rasasindoor is the famous kupipakwa rasyana which is been prepared frequently by

Rasachayas which is a pure Kajjali content Kalpa. There are other KupipakwaRasyana which

content other minerals and metals to improved therapeutic potential of this

KupipakwaRasyana. A variety of metals such as Gold, Silver, Copper, Tin etc. are used as

ingredient in various Kupipakwarasayana to improve its therapeutic activity. Makardwaja


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and Siddhamakardwaja (with use of Gold) are the other famous KupipakwaRasayana widely

used by physicians.

HISTORY

9 th century - Rasa Hridaya Tantra-, Gandhak Jarana.

12th century - Shri Dundukanatha-Rasendrachintamani.

13 th century - Rasratna sam.-Vagbhat-Agnikumar rasa.

13th century Siddha Sampradaya - Acharya Yoshodhara Bhat in Ras Prakash Sudhakar

stated Rassindoor as Udaya-bhaskar Ras & Ras Karpur as Ghanasara Satva.

15th, 16th, 17th

- Sindhura Sadrisha Rasa.

15 th century - ras Chintamani-Anantadev suri-Rasaparthiva.

16 th Raskaumudi - Raskalpayog.

17 th-Ayurved prakash - sindurnama.

Anandakanda, Manthana Bhairava - Rasa Murcchana.

SYNONYMS

Sindoor Kalpas

Kupipakva Rasayana kalpana is also known as Sindoora kalpana.

Sindoora

“Syanda Prasravana” which indicates releasing properties also indicates the red colour of

the compound.

CLASSIFICATION OF KUPIPAKWA RASAYANA

Table I: Showing Cassification according to murchhana.

Sr no. Type Preparation method- Example

1 Sagandha Gandhak is used 1.Makardhwaj 2.Rassindur

2 Nirgandha Gandhak is not used 1Rasmanikya 2.Raskarpur

3 Antardhum Gandhak fumes appears in the

beginning

1Talsindur 2.Shilasindur

3.Rasmanikya

4 Bahirrdhum Gandhak fumes appears when Gandhak

get totally burn.

1. Rassindur 2. Makardhwaj.


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Table II: Classification according to preparation found in Kupi.

Sr no. Final

product

Preparation method Example

1 Galastha Accumulation of final product in

neck of the kupi

1.Rassindur 2.Chandroday ras

3.Raskarpur

2 Talastha Accumulation of final product in

bottom of the kupi

1.Swarnawanga 2.Sameerpannag ras

3 Ubhaystha Accumulation of final product in

both neck and bottom of the

kupi.

1.Sameerpannagras 2.Manikya ras

3.Swarnarajwangeshwar ras

MATERIAL AND METHOD

Role of Temperature pattern in KupipakwaKalpana

Mercury itself is being in liquid state readily reacts with sulphur to form HgS. (Black

sulphide of mercury). When mercury amalgamated with metals it gets converted into

semisolid mass and easily reacts with Sulphur.[4]

to form kajjali and when kajjali subjected to

high temperature in kanchkupi it converts into Sindurkalp In the preparation of

kupipakwarasayana three kinds of agni are used that is mruduagni, madhyamagni and

tivraagni. The temperature of mruduagni (mild heat) is kept between120-2500C. On this

temperature kajjalistarts melting and later on when heat increases, madhyamagni (moderate

heat) ranges between 250-4500C, On this temperaturekajjali starts boiling. After 12hrs of

mrudu and madhyamagni yellow fumes of gandhak disappeared. During this processan iron

rod (shalaka) is inserted in the mouth of kupi to avoid any obstruction in the mouth[5]

Again

heating increases gradually at tivragni (intense heat). Temperature ranges more than 450-

6300C for 6hrs duration in that phase. On this temperature the preparation is getting

accumulated on the neck of the kupi (Glass bottle).This is called galasthakupipakwarasayan

e.g. Rassindur. If final product get accumulated in the bottom of the kupi (Glass bottle) it is

called talastha preparation e.g. Sammeerpannag ras. It depends upon the type of preparation.

After doing copper coin test for preparation and ensure that the test is positive.[6]

Stop heating

and kupi removed from the valukayantra after self-cooling (Swang sheet). After self-cooling

dip a thread in kerosene oil and tied below 2cm on that position where preparation are found

as accumulation. Burn the thread, when it is burning a wet cloth allowed to cover the bottle,

due to this the neck or the bottom of the kupi break and obtain the final product very carefully

from the neck or bottom of the kupi (glass bottle).


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There are various Instruments (yantra) are utilised in the preparation of kupipakwarasayana

which as follows.

1. Valukayantra - In which preparations are subjected to form It consists of sand as material

within earthen pot.

2. Shalaka - Used to removal of any obstruction in the kupi during the preparation.

3. Kapadmitti - Used to preparation of aatishishishi (kanchkupi) with rounding and layering

of mitti in cloth (kapad) on the glass bottle.

4. Koshthi - Used to giving required amount of heat at different temperature.

5. Kupi- Used to keep the contents primarily then preparing drug by heating it in

valukayantra.

6. Mudra - Used for sealing the kupimukh (mouth) opening of the glass bottle.

7. Pyrometer - Used to assess the temperature range by inserting it in the valukayantra

consistently.

8. Copper coin- Used for performing test means gandhakjaran in the kupi, called as copper

coin test.

Currently electric muffle furnace is used instead of “Valukayantra” for the preparation of

kupipakwarasayan. With the easy techniques of regulation of temperature also lack of need

of fuel consumption and allergy towards smoke and dust etc. Still there are some

disadvantage s with the use of muffle furnace like high cost of electricity consumption

charges and difficulty in bulk production .Temperature pattern in muffle furnace for

kupipakwarasayankaplana also being standerdized. It ranges between Mild temperature

(Mruduagni) 150-2000C, Moderate temperature (Madhyamagni) 200-400

0C, High

temperature (Tivragni) 400-6000C.

[7]

Procedure is mainly separated in three phases: Poorva, Pradhan, and Pashchat Karma.

Purva Karma (Pre heating phase)

• Collection of equipment.

• Shodhana of ingredient according to the particular classical methods.

• Preparation of Kajjali.

• Preparation of kupi.

• Filling of Kajjali in the kupi.

• Fixing of kupi in the Valuka Yantra.[8]


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Pradhan karma (Heating phase) According to Ayurved prakash

• Mrudu Agni: 150°C -250°C.

• Madhyam Agni: 350°C-450°C.[9]

• Tivra Agni: 450°C-650°C.

Pashchat karma (Post heating phase)

• Removal of bottle.

• Breaking of bottle.

• Collection of product - After breaking the bottle, the product is removed from the Kupi and

kept in an air tight glass container.[10]

RULES

• Kajjali

Trituration should be done without using any liquid, until it becomes lusterless, if bhavana

is mentioned; it is to be done after Kajjali becomes lusterless.

When metals like Suvarna (Gold) and Roupya (Silver) are to be added then, thin flakes of

the metal are made and triturated to dissolve in Parad.

When metals like Naga (Lead), Vanga (Tin) are to be added, they are melted and mixed

with Parad to form amalgam and then Gandhak is added to prepare Kajjali.

• Kupi

The Kupi is wrapped with 7 layers of Multani clay.

Each layer is done only after drying of the previous one.

The bottle should be filled to 1/3rd of its capacity.[11]

• Valuka Yantra

Valuka Yantra is filled with sand up to approximately 3 inches.

Kupi is fixed exactly in the centre of Valuka Yantra.

Sand is then filled around the Kupi up to the neck.[12]

• Shalaka Sanchalan: Iron rod is kept heating in the furnace.

Shita Shalaka: This is done to check the stage of Kajjali; at the beginning to see when

Kajjali starts melting and at the end to confirm total evaporation of sulphur before corking.

Tapta Shalaka: This is done to clear the mouth of the Kupi blocked by Gandhak particles

during fuming.


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• Copper coin test: This is done before corking to check the presence of Parad in

Bahirdhoom method.

• Corking

Fumes should stop completely in Antardhoom method.

Flames should stop completely in Bahirdhoom method.

Bottom of the bottle appears red.

Particles do not stick even to Shita Shalaka.

After corking, 2-3” of sand adjacent to the neck of the bottle is moved aside. Heating is

then stopped.

• Observation of fumes and flames

Fumes

Colour, odour, time of the fumes are noted.

May be mild, moderate or profuse.

Colour may vary from yellow, orange to white.

Odour may be sulphuric or arsenical according to the ingredients.

Flame

Time of appearance of flame, its height, colour, odour and duration should be noted.

Flame does not appear in Nirgandha preparations.[13]

• Shalaka sanchalana

Shita Shalaka: Particles of ingredients are seen on the rod at the stage of melting of Kajjali.

Tapta Shalaka: Material present at the mouth of the Kupi burns with a blue flame on

insertion.[14]

Copper coin test

Copper coin placed on the mouth of the bottle exhibits white spots in the presence of

Parad.[15]


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Properties of kupipakwarasayana

Table III: Examples and properties of kupipakwarasayana

Sr.No Name Content Indication Dose Highest

temp.

1. Rassindur

1.S.Parad

2.S.Gandhak

Equal proportion

Kaphahar, Agnimandya,

Vrana, Kushtha,

Rasayana, Vajikarana.

125-

250mg

6000C

For

8hrs.

2. Sameerpannagras

1.S.Parad

2.S.Gandhak

3.S.Hartal

4.S.Manashila

5.S.Somal Equal

proportion

Shwaskashar,

Kaphajvikar, Kshay,

Pranwahstrotasvikar.

30-

60mg

6000C

For 8hrs

3. Makardhwaj

1.S.Parad-8part

2.S.Swarna-1part

3.S.Gandhak-

16part

Rsayana, Vajikarana,

Kantikar, Bruhana,

Medya, Vishnashak.

60-

250mg

6000C

For

8hrs.

4. Swarnawang

1. S.Parad-3part

2.S.Vanga-6part

3.S.Gandhak-

4part 4.

S.Navsagar-

3part.

Mutravardhak,

Kruminashak,

Pramehnashk,murcha,

Rasayana, Vajikarana.

60-

120mg

4500C

For

12hrs.

5. Raspushpa

1. S. Parad.

2.S.Kasis

3.Saindhaw

Lawan Equal

proportion

Visuchika, Vishnashak,

Pittanashak.

125-

300mg

4000C

For

9hrs.

6. Raskarpura

1.S.Parad

2.S.Sphatika

3.S.Kasis

4.S.Gairika

5.Saindhaw

lawan

Vranaropan,Grahi,

Kushtha, Phiranga,

Atisara13

2-4mg

3000C

For

9hrs.

VARIOUS KUPIPAKWA RASAYANA mention In classics

1-Rasasindura

Same quantity of Shuddha Parada (purified mercury) and Shuddha Gandhaka (purified

sulphur) are triturated together for many hours until the mixture is changes into a black,

lusterless, fine, impalpable powder of uniform consistency. This is known as „Kajjali’. The

„Kajjali’ is then levigated by liquids like aloe gel (leaf pulp juice of Aloe barbadensis Mill.)

or juice of leaf buds of Ficus bengalensis Linn. (Vatankura Swarasa). It is allowed to

complete dryness. The dried „Kajjali’ is then kept in a narrow mouthed, long neck bottle

(beer bottle) and is gradually heated on a sand bath (Valuka Yantra). On cooling Rasasindura


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is found to be deposited in the inner surface of the neck of the bottle and is collected by

breaking of the bottle.[16]

2-Makaradhwaja

Eight parts of Shuddha Parada (purified mercury) and one part of Shuddha Swarna (purified

gold) leaf are titrated together to make an amalgam in a stone mortar. Sixteen parts of

Shuddha Gandhaka (purified sulphur) are added to the amalgam and the all are triturated for

several hours until the mixture is changes into „Kajjali’.Other procedures are same as

Rasasindura preparation. The only change is Bhavana (levigation) is done with juice of

Gossypium arboreum Linn. (Rakta Karpasa) flower.[17]

3-Malla / Tala / Shila Sindura

Equal quantity of Shuddha Parada (purified mercury) and Shuddha Gandhaka (purified

sulphur) are rubbed together to make „Kajjali’, then changing proportion (equal or half or

quarter) of purified arsenicals (Shuddha Malla, arsenite, As2O3 and/or Shuddha Haratala,

orpiment, As2S3 and/or Shuddha Manahshila, realgar, As2S2) are mixed and triturated.Next

procedures are same as Rasasindura.[18]

4-Rasakarpura

Specified quantity of Shuddha Parada (purified mercury), Shuddha Sphatika (purified alum),

Shuddha Kasisa (purified ferrous sulphate), Saidhava Lavana (rock salt), and other

substances like Gairika (red ochre), brick powder, etc. are triturated together for several

hours until the mixture is changes into lusterless, fine, impalpable powder of uniform

consistence. Then mixture is subjected in a long neck glass bottle (bear bottle) and is

progressively heated on a sand bath (Valuka Yantra). After self-cooling the prepared

Rasakarpura is collected from the neck of the bottle after breaking.[19]

Rasakarpura (Ras Tarangani)

Shuddha Parada (Purified mercury) is mixed with one and half times its weight of

Gandhakamla (sulphuric acid) and subjected to heat. Thus the white moistureless powder is

obtained, is mixed with equal quantity of powdered Saindhava Lavana (rock salt) and

triturated. The fine, lusterless, uniform mixture is placed in a long necked bottle (beer bottle)

and is subjected on mild heat gradually on a sand bath (Valuka Yantra). After self-cooling the

sublimed material is collected from the neck of the bottle.[20]


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5-Rasapushpa

Equal amount of Shuddha Parada (purified mercury) and Shuddha Kasisa (purified ferrous

sulphate) are mixed and triturated together, upto a lusterless, fine, impalpable powder is

formed, then equal quantity of Saindhava Lavana (rock salt) is added with the mixture and

triturated. The mixture is then kept in a long necked glass bottle (beer bottle) and heated

gradually on a sand bath (Valuka Yantra). After selfcooling, Rasapushpa is found to be

deposited in the inner surface of neck of the bottle and is collected.[21]

6-Swarna Vanga

Shuddha Vanga (Purified tin) is melted and mixed with equal amount of Shuddha Parada

(purified mercury) and titrated together in a stone mortar to form anamalgam. The same parts

of Shuddha Gandhaka (purified sulphur) and Shuddha Navasadara (purified ammonium

chloride) are added to the amalgam and the entire are triturated for a number of hours until

the mixture is changes to lusterless, fine, homogeneous powder. The mixture is then placed in

a glass bottle and is gradually heated on a sand bath (Valuka Yantra), until the fumes vanish

completely. On selfcooling, the golden-yellow coloured crystalline Swarna Vanga is obtained

from lower part of the bottle by breaking it.[22]

DISCUSSION

Plenty of rasaushadhis are described to control and cure the disease in raschikitsa. Among

these kupipakwarasayana is more potent and effective for the treatment of a range of

complicated and chronic disease. When mercury is titrated with metals it forms an amalgam

which is responsible for preparation of an intermediate product. Gandhak and parad are The

main promoter of chemical reaction in which Mercury reacts with sulphur and forms

mercuric sulphide (HgS) and gandhak is responsible for formation of sulphide. As compared

with other formulations due to its quicker action in minimum dose, kupipakwa rasayana has

unique importance in rasshastra. Preparation of kajjali and heating pattern are most important

to achieve maximum product and increase efficiency of preparation without any side effects.

Sublimation is the chemical process concerned with the majority of the kupipakwarasayan

preparation. It is the unique process converting a solid directly into vapour and condensing

the vapour into solid state, having the same composition.[23]

For the kupipakwa preparation

the kramagni(Gradual heating system) is the best heating pattern which is early mentioned in

Ras-classics.Heating pattern must be always in increasing order like Mruduagni 120-2500C

for 6 hrs, Madhyamagni at 250-4500C for 6hrs and Tivragni 450-630

0C for 6hrs.however


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heating should be intermediate during preparations. Duration of heating and grade of heating

(Mild, Moderate and High) depends on the quantity of free sulphur exists in the kajjali. All

kupipakwa rasayan preparation like Makardhwaj, Swarnavanga, Rassindur, Talasindur,

Shilasindur, Mallasindur, requires similar pattern of gradual heating.

CONCLUSION

It can conclude that kupipakwakalapana is complex preparation prepared through chemical

reaction at specific temperature pattern. Hence widely used in ayurvedic treatment as it have

more potency, easy to administer, palatability, efficacy and smaller dose. These preparation

Utilised in preparing other herbo-mineral preparation for minimum dose and rapid action of

medicine in acute and chronic state of disease.

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Patra Varkhaand Bhasma. Ayu, 2011; 32(1):109-15.

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Surbharati Prakashan, Varanasi, 2005.

23. Prakash B. Use of Metals in Ayurvedic Medicine. I.J.His.Sci. 1997; 32: 1-28.

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