REVIEW DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF REGENERATIVE SHOCK … · 2020. 9. 25. · Figure 1.1: Linear...

1

REVIEW DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF REGENERATIVE SHOCK ABSORBER

1Mr.Ganesh N. Kadam 2Dr. Naresh G. Jaiswal, 3Dr.S.Chakradhar Goud 1-2Department of Mechanical Engineering

1Research Scholar, Shree JJT University, Rajasthan. 2Assistant Professor in Mechanical Engineering.PVG's College of Engineering & Technology,

44, Vidyanagari, Parvati, Pune-411 009 (India) 3Professor in Mechanical Engineering Shree JJT University Rajasthan.

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Abstract: The vehicles normally release energy in the form of vibration which will be dissipated in heat format. This dissipated energy is usually considered as wastage. In order to overcome this unwanted release of energy as well as to enhance the performance of vibration reduction, a technique called regenerative suspensions is motivating lot of researchers. The quantity of energy released additionally the capability of regenerating energy is provided in this present work. The research carried out in designing this regenerative suspension is reviewed in this paper. The scheme developed for energy harvesting along with their feature was explained in descriptive manner. The energy harvesting technique along with reducing vibration is considered as significant in regenerative suspension. Index Terms— green manufacture, electromagnetic actuator, energy regeneration, vehicle suspension.

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

I. INTRODUCTION

The rate of use of automobiles is increasing enormously. This motivated lot of government employers as well as manufacture of automobiles to develop technique for conservation of energy. The protection of environment in case of aboard and home is also considered as significant. The energy exploited by vehicles due to several reasons such as vibration energy of suspension, engine exhaust emissions energy, the braking energy etc. must be reduced in order to attain environmental protection and the dissipation from vehicle as well as the consumption of fuel can be reduced. By means of utilizing inventive electromagnetic shock absorber the vibrational energy that is released from the vehicle can be transferred into electrical energy. In recent years the concept of energy is inspiring lot of researchers. The emerging technology in the vehicle is found to be clean energy. The expensive strides were made by the manufactures of vehicles in order to enhance the economy of fuel. The manufactures of cars through designing the streamlined low drag vehicle body they can try to decrease the wind drag. By means of this approach the fuel economy can be improved. In order to diminish the quantity of weight in the vehicle the designers are planning to utilize light weight component. Through this fuel consumption can also be reduced.

It is pointed out that only 16% of energy is actually used for driving. If only 16% of energy is actually used to drive, where does the rest amount of energy go? More than 74% of energy which is fuel in case of vehicle will be emitted in form of heat. The key loss in energy is due to aerodynamic drag (2.6%), accessory usage (2.5%), drive line losses (5.2%), rolling resistance (4.2%), braking losses (5.8%), and standby and idle (17.2%), engine losses (62.5%) etc. in order to

reduce the wastage of energy due braking losses which is about 5.8 % the technique based on regenerative braking can be designed and utilized in electric related vehicle. The emission of vibrational energy within vehicle suspension will be a reason for major energy loss in these automobiles. The creation of vibration is seen while the vehicle is travelling in rough roads. For the case of retrieval of energy this vibration is not taken into account. During the transfer of electrical energy to thermal energy some sort of energy is wasted. The average speed of the vehicle in a moderate road is found to be 90 km/hr and the average power in the vehicle is found to be 100-400 watts from an experiment. These criteria can be satisfied for using suspension system within middle-size vehicle. The minimal power necessary for processing constant tons such as fuel injection and ignition in Middle-size vehicle was 180 watt. Similarly for performing sustained load process such as head light main lamp, tail lights, side light etc the minimal power of 260 watt is required. For processing every one of the electrical element present within the vehicle the entire power of about 180 to 440 watts is required. In case of recovering every energy lost through vibration for charging the battery in the vehicle regenerative shock absorber can be utilized rather than alternator. Through the load created through alternator in engine can be removed. The fuel recovery of about 10 % can be achieved through this vehicle suspension system. This system must be executed in regenerative shock absorbers. This is found from the experimental result. Therefore, if the amount of energy wasted by all four shock absorbers is harvested for driving, we can increase the fuel efficiency by 1-8%. Through this energy recovery scheme nearly three percent of the efficiency of the fuel can be enhanced. In case if the whole world is considered large number of vehicle will be existing which leads to saving of

Journal of Seybold Report ISSN NO: 1533-9211

VOLUME 15 ISSUE 9 2020 Page: 2369

2

large quantity of energy. Using suspension the energy that is recovered will help in decreasing the consumption of fuel. Electromagnetic regenerative shock absorbers convert kinetic energy of vibrations into useful electricity depending on their structural configuration these systems are broadly classified in three types as, 1) Electromagnetic shock absorber with linear generator: Linear regenerative damper can be designed with the same size of actual shock absorber. The friction loss is significantly small since there is no contact between wire and magnets. The orientation of the axial magnets alternates are divided by iron space. Electricity will be generated when the wire coil cut the magnetic flux.

Figure 1.1: Linear Electromagnetic Harvester Design Overview

2) Electromagnetic shock absorber with rotary generator: A rotary generator can be used in energy harvesting shock absorber. Rack and pinion arrangement with bevel gears, which convert reciprocating motion into rotary, can be used to drive the generator. Number of helical gears may also be incorporated to increase rotational speed of the generator. In comparison to direct drive linear generators, rotary harvesters operate with amplified velocity, which results in greater power output this type of arrangement is favored in self-powered active vibration controllers.

Figure 1.2: Regenerative shock absorbers with Bevel gear

arrangement.

3) Hybrid systems with hydraulic transmission: The energy harvesting system consist of hydraulic, electromagnetic (EM) mechanisms and electric circuits. The

external circuit was integrated to the system to observe the harvested energy properties of shock absorbers. To obtain the optimum harvesting energy from the regenerative shock absorber, the value of external resistors of system was chosen as equal to the internal resistors of the coil and generator. The constant resistors were used as the load of the energy harvesting system.

Figure 1.3: Schematic of the hybrid energy-harvesting shock absorber.

The harvesting of energy utilizing the vibration made the vehicle is yet found to in its initial stage of research. The vibration that is created by motion is most certainly existing in the surrounding environment. So in future years this vibration can be used as a renewable source of energy. The main motive is to develop a system for harvesting of energy utilizing vibration created by motion. Below fig.1.4 gives the basic block diagram of vibration energy harvesting system. The basic query regarding this regenerative suspension system is undoubtable because many work have been carried in this system. 1) Find the power of potential for harvestable? The power will exist in the range of 46 w to 7500 w. (2) tell about the correlation existing among driving speed, road roughness and power? (3) how much the influence of parameter alteration in the vehicle will be found in the harvestable power?. (4) in case if the energy from the suspension system is utilized whether the quality of ride in the road will be enhanced? The above mentioned query was crucial in designing the regenerative shock absorbers based on regenerative suspension.

Figure-1.4: Block diagram of vibration energy harvesting

system [22] In order to solve the above raised problem in this present work the suspension system based mathematical model was



3

designed. Further the analysis of potential power, road handling, ride comfort and vehicle dynamics can be made simultaneously. Based on research gaps identified in literature review objective and scope of the proposed research work is that energy loss from shock absorber is maximum in the form of heat energy. Main purpose of this research is to develop regenerative hybrid shock absorber which will convert vibrational energy into electrical energy along with good tradeoff of light in weight, efficient, ride comfort and control. Moreover, the proposed system will work without power driven actuators or sensors. To study the principles of the various types of Regenerative suspension systems with their functions, performances and their affecting parameters. To perform theoretical analysis of the regenerative suspension system using quarter car model. To develop numerical model to investigate the performance of the energy harvesting shock absorber. To enhance the affecting parameters of energy harvesting circuit. To develop and study a prototype of regenerative shock absorber. To validate results obtained by theoretically and numerically with the experimental results. The vehicle suspension system possess certain important function which includes making the wheels of the vehicle to hold the roads, the removal of chassis present in the vehicle found from road disturbance and help in providing support to the vehicle weight. The main components considered in suspension are damper and spring. In order to emit the vibrational energy in form of heat the designing of damper is made. Through designing this damper the vibration which created by the excitation of the road can be reduced. The heat that is emitted will be from the electrical power or fuel. It is concern that more amount of energy is exploited. The most viral technology spreading recently is found to be green manufacturing. This green manufacturing is also referred to as environmentally conscious manufacturing. In the upcoming year the technology related to green manufacturing will be found to be trending in vehicle industry. The emission of energy in vehicle is created due to suspension. By means of harvesting the energy utilizing vibration, this vibration energy can be transferred onto regenerative energy and finally the efficiency of fuel in the vehicle can be enhanced. So the regenerative suspension is developed in this present work. Through designing the damper in regenerative suspension the energy that is created through vibration can be transferred into kinetic energy rather than emitting this energy as heat. This kinetic energy will be stored in the device as the potential energy or electricity. The damping force utilized in damper can be tuned by means of this stored energy as well the power vehicle electronics and suspension performance can be improved in order to improve the efficiency of the fuel. II. ENERGY DISSIPATION OF VEHICLE SUSPENSION The little sort of consideration is provided for loss of energy through vehicle suspension in earlier days. Still the query arises regarding the emission of energy through shock absorbers existing in vehicle suspension. For attaining

motion in vehicle majorly 10-20% of energy is utilized from reference [1]. The major loss of energy is due to emission occurring within suspension vibration. The emission of energy by means of suspension damper will be due to damping coefficient, suspension stiff, vehicle speed, road roughness etc., was presented by Velinsky et al. [2]. An experimental analysis is made by Segel et al. [3] with the dampers found in the passenger vehicle. It was found that the amount of energy emitted from four of the damper is 200W in case of driving the vehicle in harsh road condition in an average speed of 13.4m/s. from this analysis it is proved that the emission of energy through vehicle suspension must be taken into account.

II. ENERGY HARVEST FROM VEHICLE SUSPENSION The query rise on the amount of energy that is utilized from the vehicle suspension. By means of regeneration process the harvested energy can be sufficient for fulfilling the necessity of energy consumption. This process is obtained from electromagnetic active suspension. This proves that the suspension is found to be self-powered by Suda et al. [4]. The GM Impact was presented by H su [5] that is travelling in highway with an average speed of 16 m/s is found to have regenerative power of about 100W for every suspension. This is referred as percent of total driving power. The comparison analysis is made by F. Yu et al. [6] on the consumption of energy in active and passive suspension based car. The parameter that were taken into account was the simulation time was 20s, road roughness was class C and vehicle speed was 20m/s. for these parameter the consumption of energy through active suspension is found to be 645 kJ and that of passive suspension is found to 651 kJ. Through this approach the RMS created by sprung mass through acceleration is found to be decreased around fifty percent. Through recycling the suspension energy created by vibration the reduction in consumption of energy for active suspension can be achieved. Through executing regenerative shock absorbers within the system of vehicle suspension the efficiency of fuel can be increased to about 10% was found from the result [1]. IV. CONFIGURATION OF REGENEREATIVE SUSPENSIONS The regenerative suspension is classified onto two kind on the basis of working principle such as electromagnetic regenerative suspension and mechanical regenerative suspension A. Mechanical Regenerative Suspensions The designing of mechanical regenerative suspension is attained by transforming the usual hydraulic/ pneumatic suspension. The suspension will produce the kinetic energy. This kinetic energy will be absorbed and transferred onto potential hydraulic / pneumatic energy. This energy will be saved within accumulator. Certain sort of disadvantages is existing in hydraulic / pneumatic systems which are as follows. The larger room must be needed for carrying the installation of this pipeline system because they have huge weight. The entire system will get collapsed because of rupture and leaks existing in pipe line system. The



4

bandwidth obtained for the hydraulic / pneumatic systems is found to be narrower. This will affect the performance of the suspension. The difficult rise in the reuse of regenerated hydraulic / pneumatic energy. Mostly, the automobile vehicle are moving towards developing of electric vehicle and hybrid electric vehicle. Due to these reason many researches were not carried out in hydraulic / pneumatic regenerative suspension. Energy regenerative system was developed by Jolly et al. [7] on the basis of hydraulic device for controlling the vibration that is created in the seat of the vehicle. This scheme works on utilizing regenerated system. In order to reduce the vibration created by suspension Nissan [8] presented fully active suspension system along with hydraulic actuators. This system will save or release energy towards accumulator with the utilization of control valves. Similarly for reducing the vibration created through suspension active air suspension was developed by Noritsugu [9]. Through this scheme the performance of the suspension can be improved and the consumption of energy can be decreased. B. Electromagnetic Regenerative Suspensions The transformation of shock energy onto electrical energy will be carried out in electromagnetic regenerative suspension. Some advantages such as less space requirements, increased efficiency, high performance, convenient for reuse and store are prevailing this suspension system [10]. Recently more number of people attention is gathered by electromagnetic suspension (EMS) system. The most important component in EMS is found to be permanent magnets motor. For giving the damping force generator mode is provided and for active force actuator mode is provided. The tuning of damping force id done by means of altering the shunt resistance. On the basis of configuration of structure EMS can be divided into six kind which are explained as follows. Direct-Drive Electromagnetic Suspension In the place of normal shock absorber the linear permanent magnets motor is utilized in case of direct-drive electromagnetic suspension. Because of movement exhibited among wheel and vehicle chassis the mechanical energy created will be transferred into electrical energy. For performing this conversion no sort of transmission devices is utilized. In the reference [11-12] the designing theory related to linear motor is illustrated. The suspension system for controlling regenerative vibration was created by Okada et al. [13]. This system is created on utilizing linear actuator. The analysis on the energy regeneration and on the performance of vibration removal was done. The active vibration control system which will be self- powered was developed by Suda et al. [14]. In order obtain truck cabins two set if linear motor be present. Within the chassis of this suspension system the electric generator will be present. This will help in regenerating the vibrational energy and stocks it within the condenser. Utilizing this stored energy within condenser the control of vibration is attained by means of cab suspension present in the actuator. The chassis that are present are present heavy truck is heavier in weight when compared to the cabin. Due to this reason the vibration energy within the chassis suspension will be greater than that of the cab suspension.

This implies the system scheme to be self- powered. Following that by means of single electric actuator the active vibration control system which is self- powered was developed [15]. In order to acquire the vibration energy which is suspension, an electromagnetic linear generator was developed by Goldner [16]. For analysis the amount of energy that is harvested a linear energy harvester was developed by Zuo et al. [17]. For improving the efficiency of energy harvesting from vibration as well to enhance the performance of suspension, direct-drive electromagnetic motor was developed by Gysen et al. [10]. The linear motor that is utilized in vehicle suspension was shown in Fig.1. About one by third of the energy is consumed by the system which is utilized by air conditioner existing in car.

Fig.1 Electromagnetic suspension developed by bose Ball Screw Electromagnetic Suspension For transferring the linear motion onto rotation the most commonly used transmission device is found to be ball screw. For harvesting the energy from vibration the electric shock absorber along with ball screw was invented by Arsem [19]. An electric damper along with ball screw was developed by Murty [20]. In this system the alteration in damping force can be achieved with the help of shunt resistance. A ball screw harvester was developed by Suda et al. [21] (given in fig 2) and further its regenerative and dynamic features was analyzed. A ball screw damper was developed by F. Yu et al. [22] as well as the performance was evaluated.

Fig.2 Ball screw harvester

Fig.3 Rack-pinion electromagnetic damper



5

Rack-Pinion Electromagnetic Suspension This Rack-pinion is also used as transmission device that help in converting the linear motion onto rotation. A regenerative active suspension together with rotary motor and rack-pinion was developed by Suda et al. [23]. The electronic based controlled active suspension system (ECASS) was developed by Beno et al. [24-25] in which the configuration of rack-pinion was existing. From the experimental analysis it was found that the speed limit and performance of handling in the vehicle can be enhanced. A bevel gear utilizing rack-pinion damper was developed by Pei [1]. The alteration of the axes in motor can be made. This can be oriented parallel to linear motion which is given in fig 3. Planetary Gear Electromagnetic Suspension For either increasing or reducing the rotating speed planetary gear can be used. Utilizing planetary gear the efficiency of the motor and the active force can be improved. A technique on combining the planetary gear along with ball screw damper was developed by Suda et al. [26-27] in order to improve the efficiency of regenerative energy. Horstman along with Texas University and L-3 was presenting ECASS for the purpose tracked combat vehicle. Within the road arm every other components such as motor, sensors and planetary gear set will be included which is given in fig 4. In this tracked combat vehicle good safety property, compact structure and sufficient active force is present.

Fig.4 Actuator for combat vehicle suspension Hydraulic Transmission Electromagnetic Suspension A regenerative damper named GenShock was developed by Levant Power Corp. [28]. In this system the electric motor and hydraulic transmission was combined. The working principle behind this damper is illustrated in Fig.5. The hydraulic motor that is operated through rotation of fluid in consistent direction despite of the movement of the system. This process is assured through rectifying pipe. Most of the time the alteration is not visualized in the direction of rotation for electric motor, so the efficiency of the regenerative system is not disturbed.

Fig.5 Hydraulic transmission regenerative damper

By means of GenShock it was found by Levant Power Corp that the enhancement of economy of fuel about 6% was found in military vehicle. The quality of the ride can be improved by means of variable-damping and adaptable suspension. By means of damper the heat emitted is decreased. The maintenance necessity can be achieved with the help of energy recovery system. A hydraulic transmission electromagnetic energy-regenerative suspension was developed by Xu et al. [29-30]. Based on the working principle and the experimental result it was found that the better performance is achieved when compared to passive suspension. Self-Powered Magnetorheological Suspension In later period, magnetorheological (MR) damper has been indicated a lively possibility for basic vibration decrease, as a result of its mechanical straightforwardness, high unique range, low force necessities, huge power limit and vigor. Plans to spare vitality further increasingly, numerous researchers have been concentrating self-controlled MR damper. Jung et al. [31] proposed a self-fueled shrewd damping framework that comprises of a MR damper and an electromagnetic enlistment (EMI) gadget to decrease vibrations of remain link. The EMI gadget ingests vibration vitality to produce electrical vitality and force the MR damper. In spite of the fact that the EMI gadget is isolated from the MR damper, it gives another innovation plan to self-controlled vibration control framework. Choi [32] and Bogdan [33] applied some comparative investigates. Chen et al. [34] proposed a self-detecting MR damper with power age, appeared as Fig.6. Right now, damper and force generator is coordinated into a natural entire and the voltages of coterminous curls with various stage are used to ascertain the relative speed.



6

Fig.6. Self-sensing MR damper with power generation A. Conflict For achieving stability in handling which includes semi-active suspension and active suspension as well to achieve comfort in driving the performance of the suspension must be enhanced. The vibration can be controlled efficient by means of Active suspension. However lot of energy is consumed in this process. In case of regeneration process the actuator will perform the function of semi-active or passive damper. The performance achieved by passive damper related to control is not effective when compared to the active. For maintaining balance among consumed and regenerated energy a system must be developed. The performance of vibration control must also be enhanced effectively. This implies that there exist some sort of battle among vibration control and regeneration [34]. B. Efficiency The efficacy of energy harvesting in case of regenerative suspension must be enhanced significantly. For achieving efficacy in recovering direct-drive motor can utilized in the place of devoid of speed increaser. The more sort of loss of inertia is achieved by speed increaser. This will lead to decrease in the efficacy of regeneration and performance of the suspension. The best result in terms of efficacy is achieved by hydraulic transmission regenerative damper. Because in this equip speed increaser was utilized which has no suffer on inertia loss. But the direction of rotation will get altered instantly. C. Reliability As for engineering application is taken into account the significant factor is found to be Reliability. The high rate of reliability is achieved in case of Direct-drive motor. However the arise of any kind of fault within circuit will lead to loss of the damping force. This will not be accordance with fail-safe principle. In case of rack-pinion harvester and ball screw the direction of bump excitations and alternating rotation will be altering most often resulting in harm to the harvester. The higher rate of reliability is found in self-powered MR damper and Hydraulic transmission.

III. LITURATURE SURVEY Pei Sheng Zhang (2010), investigated the conflictions between power generation and comfort or safety numerically, the tradeoffs between vehicle’s performances were well studied and the effects of vehicle hardware parameters on performance were also compared. Design and modeling of Linear, Rack and pinion and ball screw harvester and their comparison was done. This paper shows experimentally validated numerical results on shock dissipative energy on different ISO classed roads at various speeds. Author clearly stated the need of actual model of ball screw and rack and pinion harvester to understand the limit of rotational harvester by considering inertia, backlash, torsion, motor parameters, frictions and transmission along with optimal circuit design and vibration and self-power suspension control. Rahul U. Patil, Dr. S. S. Gawade (2013), made two dimensional model of vitality collector in MagNet programming and comprehended statically to get transition work plot or shape plots indicating motion dissemination in loops. Additionally the full scale electromagnetic regenerative safeguard was created to discover the variety in recovered voltage against in excitation recurrence and sufficiency. It was additionally discovered that the recurrence of the recovered voltage doesn't really have a similar recurrence as the excitation. Rather, the wave states of the recovered voltage will rely upon excitation recurrence, adequacy and harmony position.Zhang Jin-qiu (2013), reviewed different types of mechanical, electromagnetic and hybrid regenerative suspension system stated need of balance between regenerated and consumed energies and study on reliability of Self-powered MR damper and Hydraulic transmission . Fabio Tarantini (2015), they concluded that CO2 emission reduction and Dynamic performance of the electromagnetic generator using Matlab model and proposed modeling of the friction occurring in the ball screw mechanism, accurate analysis of the electrical charging circuit along with an active control and construction of prototype. Zhen Longxin, Wei Xiaogang (2010), presented the structure and guideline of a regenerative electromagnetic safeguard in detail and utilized ANSYS programming to dissect the attractive motion thickness of the changeless magnet exhibit of the electromagnetic safeguard additionally determined the presentation parameters. For uncommon structure the maximum attractive transition thickness in where curls come through ranges as high as 2.6T. It is discovered that when the vehicle runs at 20m/s on the c-level street, the recuperation proficiency arrives at 39% it despite everything has edge to be expanded by progress of the structure. For instance to substitute porousness material with high penetrability Alloy. Istvan Zador (2008), talked about the diagnostic and a FEM architect and enhancement model, which was approved by models estimations. The models can compute the electric, Magnetic and safeguard explicit ideal (most extreme vitality) geometrical parameters of a PM synchronous cylinder engine/generator fitted into the conceivable safeguard space. The parameters, which can be contemplated, are the ferromagnetic condition, and the amount of the magnets. It is conceivable to utilize a cylinder machine stator as a drive unit for the magnets, so we can soggy the swaying of the vehicle with the loops and equal understand the spring unit. Nitin V. Satpute, Dr. Shankar Singh (2013), they performed design, optimization and analysis of a linear generator for use in automobile shock



7

absorber. While designing the linear generator damping factor, efficiency of the generator and weight of the structure has been considered. Full scale linear generator will be able to harvest electrical energy of 60-100W for suspension velocities of 0.1 to 0.2 m/sec, which were normally encountered on the road. Full scale electromagnetic Shock Absorber will offer damping force of 250- 500N for the above velocities. Frequency of the generated voltage depends on input frequency of excitation, thickness of magnets and pole pieces. Electromagnetic damping force shows On-off effect, which needs to be further, investigated, for its effect on safety and comfort of the vehicle. A. Gupta et.al. (2006), created and tried two diverse electromagnetic safeguards. Pinnacle power produced during the crossing of the ATV expanded from a small 7.4–88.8 W when the Mark 2 stun configuration was supplanted the Mark 1 structure. Research was directed with a bigger DC engine and a rack-and-pinion framework. Since expanding request on vehicle eco-friendliness requires investigating ideas like electromagnetic safeguard. Urszula Ferdek, Jan Luczko (2012), made physical and numerical model for a twin-tube water driven safeguard, utilizing oil as the working medium. To break down the model, strategies for numerical combination were consolidated. The impact of the sufficiency and recurrence of the excitation, just as the parameters depicting the stream pace of oil through the valves, were analyzed. The fundamental qualities of the damping power were acquired. This paper provides basic guidelines for creating mathematical model and numerical integration methods applications in regenerative shock absorbers. S. P. Beeby et. al. (2008), they observed vibration energy harvesting used to provide a localized power supply for wireless applications. Three transduction mechanisms employed to convert mechanical energy into electrical were presented along the characterizing equations that highlight the important design parameters. In terms of space application the method Suitability can be found through the existing kinetic energy and the level of output power required. On the basis of ball screw type actuator and gearbox the degree of unsprung mass was developed by Jun Yin et. al. (2015). The greater effect on the unsprung mass will be provided by the actuator and geometry of the suspension. The active suspension rotated by means of electromagnetic actuated is considered for the research. The control approach and performance of the developed scheme is evaluated in this present work. The concept of harvesting energy through vibration based on Electromagnetic, piezoelectric and electrostatics was designed by Liew Hui Fang et.al. (2016). Utilizing harmonic or periodic utilization the harvesting circuits was developed. The storing circuits, energy harvesting and conversion efficiency msut be improved in this type of research. The energy must be harvested from the surrounding environment in order to achieve effective recharging in these batteries. Zhigang Fang et.al. (2013), built up an ideal calculation for Energy Recovery of Hydraulic Electromagnetic Energy-Regenerative Shock Absorber. They did ideal vitality recuperation investigation and dynamic control of HESA dependent on a quarter-vehicle model joined with reproduction results. The practicality of dynamic control of HESA is affirmed by the analyses, in spite of the fact that there still need a lot further investigation. They presumed that the vitality recyclable force is more delicate to excitation

recurrence than to damping proportion, and the necessities of ride solace and wellbeing can be met by changing the damping proportion appropriately without diminishing vitality recyclable force . Mustafa Demetgul, Ismail Guney (2017), proposed a new type of hybrid energy-regenerative suspension system and examined at three different velocities by using tensile test machine. This new hybrid system includes the combined hydraulic and electromagnetic structures. Different experimental conditions, including higher speed excitations, Structural analysis and parameter optimization of this hybrid system can be studied further. The research was performed by Bohaung (2016) for enhancing the bandwidth which is referred to as system parameter, to achieve better performance in terms of power regeneration and control the designing parameter must be optimized, the prototype which is referred to as proof-of-concept as well as the experimental analysis must be verified, the new regenerative system must be developed. The RMS result which is obtained for stochastic excitation and harmonic excitation must be analyzed in order to find the existing relationship. Better system must be developed based on perturbation methods for attaining better efficiency in term of ride comfort in suspension system as well as in power regeneration. The execution of the approach namely regenerative Skyhook control must be carried out. The problems that are found in active suspension system such as fail-safety, high cost and high weight can be solved by means of the work developed by Babak Ebrahimi (2009). In order to solve the above mentioned issue such as fail- safety, high, high weight the hybridization of active electromagnetic damper along with passive damper within the single fold was done. Thus the hybridization of both of the damper was developed in this present work. In order to create the active damping the process of hydraulic damping will be carried out. Then to create passive damping eddy current damping effect was utilized. The use of passive damping effect within the active damping can decrease the consumption of power. For performing the model on this approach a fluid analysis must be carried out. So that the designing of the damping behavior will be done similar to reservoir chamber behavior in case of compression. A newer shock absorber was developed by Zhigang Fang et.al (2013). The prototype based on HESA as well as the energy recovery scheme was developed and made trial before producing. In the prototype related to HESA the feature of damping was analyzed. In case of little excitation amplitude and less cracking pressure the performance of this prototype was found to be better. As for consideration the compression existing in damping force is larger when compared to the extension stroke. If the excitation frequency get enhanced the rectifying efficacy of the hydraulic rectifier get affected. The frequency get excited because the delay occur in closing and opening of check valves. This will finally decrease the efficacy of energy recovery. The above mentioned problem is difficult to solve because hydraulic rectifier causes defect not in HESA damping feature and in energy-regenerative feature as well. Even more technique is needed to solve this issue. The major fall of energy in HESA prototype is because of loss of oil. Through decreasing the diameter of the pipe line by the developed model the loss can be minimized.



8

IV. METHODOLOGY Energy harvesting or recovering has been more popular topic recently with ever increasing environmental pollution. The countries, particularly, automobile manufacturers have intensified their researches on the low emission and energy efficient vehicles [1]. Besides, many countries around the world have extensively supported the studies of heat, bioenergy and vibration energy recoveries [1]-[8]. Shock absorbers or dampers are the mechanical devices that designed to absorb the shocks and minimize the vibrations. They are also used to maintain the contact between the vehicle‟s tires and road surfaces [9], [10]. Many studies have been carried out on making shock absorbers much more efficient in performance [9]-[11]. For the last 25 years, shock absorbers have been a considerable issue in energy-regenerative systems. The different techniques were applied to the road disturbances to generate electricity [12]-[14]. As for vehicles, it is mentioned that around 10– 16% of the fuel energy is employed to overcome the resistances such as air drag, road friction and vibrations [15]. Over the years, traditional suspension systems have been significantly developed. For example, the relative linear movement between sprung and unsprung mass was changed into the movement of electric motor rotor [16]. The hybrid suspension and various linear transmission systems were began to be used. However, these technologies are still far away from the usage of commercial purposes [10] Studies of power potential in regenerative vehicle suspension have reported a range of harvestable energy values between 46W and 7500 W using different techniques [8]-[10], [12]-[15]. In a different study, Kawamoto et al. [17] reported a model in which 15.3W energy was recovered from one of the shock absorbers of a vehicle at 50 mph on the C class road with a vibration above 2 Hz. Zhang et al. [18] obtained 11.7W energy from regenerative suspension system of a real car with three-phase motor under randomly excited condition. Zuo and Zhang [9] recovered an average of 100– 400W energy from the suspensions of a middle-sized car at 60mph on the good and average roads. Li et al. [14] captured 114.1W energy on average from hydraulic regenerative suspension system with harmonic excitation at 8mm amplitude, 2Hz frequency and 7.5Ω optimal external resistor. Chen and Liao [19] designed a magnetorheological damper which integrated the dynamic sensing, damping and energy harvesting, and they harvested around 0.1W energy from this system. Li et al. [20] proposed a motion rectifier in regenerative suspension system, which is composed of one shaft, three bevel gears, two roller clutches, two racks and one pinion. They recovered 15 W electricity from the smooth-paved road at 15 mph speed. Moreover, very recently, Levant Power Corporation [21] designed two „GenShock‟ prototypes for energy harvesting and active damping control. Fang [22] developed a hydraulic electromagnetic shock absorber or HESA for energy recovery and damping studies. It is possible to convert vibration/kinetic energy to electric energy by using regenerative shock absorber effectively. The harvested energy from automotive shock absorbers will result in a much more economical vehicle performance in terms of fuel consumption as well as it will decrease the amount of CO2 emission ranging from 1.4 g/km to 5 g/km [23]. The studies of hydraulic and EM shock absorbers have demonstrated that external electrical circuit is integrated to the system to

observe the harvested energy and damping properties of shock absorbers [14], [24]-[27]. Fang et al. [22] have measured the pressure of hydraulic circuit from four different points; (1) upper and (2) lower chamber of hydraulic cylinder, and (3) inlet and (4) outlet of hydraulic motor. They have observed the similar sinusoidal pressure fluctuations for three measured points including 1-3 while point 4 demonstrated a slightly higher value than zero with relatively stable fluctuations. It has been reported that even tiny pressure fluctuations in hydraulic systems could readily turn the oil bubble into liquid, which cause to produce unwanted noises and give damages to the internal parts of damper [29]. Therefore, pressure fluctuations in hydraulic circuits have to be regularly checked. In this study, a new type of hybrid energy-regenerative suspension system has been proposed and examined at three different velocities by using tensile test machine. This new hybrid system includes the combined hydraulic and electromagnetic structures.

Fig. 2. Schematic of the proposed energy-harvesting shock absorber. The energy harvesting system contained the hydraulic and Electromagnetic (EM) mechanisms, and electric circuits (Fig.2-Fig. 3). The external circuit was integrated to the system toobserve the harvested energy properties of shock absorbers. To obtain the optimum harvesting energy from the regenerative shock absorber, the value of external resistors of system was chosen as equal to the internal resistors of the coil and generator [14], [24]-[28]. The constant resistors were used as the load of the energy harvesting system.



9

Fig. 3. Diagrams of electrical circuits for (a) generator and (b) stator coil.

V. CONCLUSION The vehicle suspension possesses certain sort of vibrational energy. By means of shock absorber this vibrational energy will be emitted in the form of heat. More of energy is considerably wasted in this. The regeneration of energy can be achieved by means of Regenerative suspensions. The properties related to regenerative suspension is revised in this present work. Especially the electromagnetic suspension is explained in detail. On considering the application reliability, regenerative efficiency and vibration control ability the performance of self-powered MR damper and hydraulic transmission was found to be effective. In vehicle industry, the technology related to regenerative suspension is becoming trending recently. REFERENCES

1. Pei Sheng Zhang (2010),“Design of Electromagnetic Shock Absorbers for Energy Harvesting from Vehicle Suspensions”.Thesis, Master of Science in Mechanical Engineering Stony Brook University.

2. Rahul Uttamrao Patil, Dr. S. S. Gawade (2012), “Design and static magnetic analysis of electromagnetic regenerative shock absorber”. International Journal of Advanced Engineering Technology E-ISSN 0976-3945, Volume III, Issue II,54-59.

3. Zhang Jin-qiu, Peng Zhi-zhao , Zhang Lei, Zhang Yu (2013), “A Review on Energy-Regenerative Suspension Systems for Vehicles” Proceedings of the World Congress on Engineering 2013 Volume III,WCE London, U.K.

4. Fabio Tarantini (2015), “Simulation of a Regenerative Electromagnetic Vehicle Suspension”.A Thesis, Master of Applied Science in Department of Mechanical,

Automotive and Materials Engineering. University of Windsor.

5. Zhen Longxin, Wei Xiaogang (2010), “Structure and Performance Analysis of Regenerative Electromagnetic Shock Absorber”.Journal of Networks, Volume 5, NO. 12,1467-1474.

6. Istvan Zador (2008), “Rear earth and high temperature superconducting permanent magnet synchronous tube motor/generator optimization for the components of the car suspension system”.Thesis of the Ph.D. work, Budapest University of technology and economics. Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Informatics,

7. Nitin V. Satpute, Dr. Shankar Singh (2013), “Design and analysis of energy-harvesting shock absorber with electromagnetic and fluid damping”.International journal of engineering research & technology ISSN: 0974 – 3154, Volume 6, PP. 129 – 133.

8. Abhitgupta, J.A .Jendrzejczyk, T.M.Mulacahy, J.R.Hull (2006), “Design of electromagnetic shock absorber” international journal of mechanics and material in design, volume 3, issue 3, page 285-291.

9. Urszula Ferdek, Jan Luczko (2012), “Modeling and Analysis of a twin-tube hydraulic shock absorber ”.journal of theoretical and applied mechanics ,50, 2, pp. 627-638.

10. S. P. Beeby, R. N. Torah, M. J. Tudor (2009), “Kinetic Energy Harvesting”, ActaFutura, Issue 3rd.

11. Jun Yin, Xinbo Chen, Jianqin Li, and Lixin Wu (2015), “Investigation of Equivalent Unsprung Mass and Nonlinear Features of Electromagnetic Actuated Active Suspension ”,Hindawi Publishing Corporation, Shock and Vibration, Article ID 624712.

12. Liew Hui Fang, Syed Idris Syed Hassan, Rozemizi Bin Abd Rahim, and Mohd Fareq Abd Malek (2016), “ Study of vibration energy harvester”,ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, ISSN 1819-6608, VOL. 11, NO. 8.

13. Zhigang Fang, Xuexun Guo, Lin Xu, and Han Zhang (2013), “Experimental Study of Damping and Energy Regeneration Characteristics of a Hydraulic Electromagnetic Shock Absorber ”,Hindawi Publishing Corporation,Advances in Mechanical Engineering, Article ID 943528.

14. Mustafa Demetgul , Ismail Guney (2017), “Design of the Hybrid Regenerative Shock Absorber and Energy Harvesting from Linear Movement”, Journal of Clean Energy Technologies, Vol. 5, No. 1.

15. Bo haung (2016), “An energy-regenerative vehicle suspension system development, optimization, and improvement”, Thesis of the Ph.D work in the School of Mechatronic Systems Engineering Faculty of Applied Sciences.



10

16. Babak Ebrahimi (2009), “Development of Hybrid Electromagnetic Dampers for Vehicle Suspension Systems”. Thesis of the Ph.D. in Mechanical Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.

17. Zhigang Fang, Xuexun Guo (2013), Lin Xu and Han Zhang, “An Optimal Algorithm for Energy Recovery of Hydraulic Electromagnetic Energy-Regenerative Shock Absorber”. An international journal of Applied Mathematics and Information Science 7, No. 6, 2207-2214.

18. H. B. Arsem, (1971) “Electric shock absorber” United States Patent Office 3,559,027, Patented.

19. Christopher Paul cox (2014), “Methods and apparatus for position sensitive suspension damping”, United States Patent, Pub.No. US 2014/0008161 A1.

20. John A. Konotchlck (1994), “Linear motion electric power generator”, United States Patent Pub.No. 5,347,186, Patented.

21. Ronald B. Goldner (2005), “Electromagnetic linear generator and shock absorber” United States Patent, Patent N0: US 6,952,060 B2.

22. Nima Eslaminasab (2008), “Development of a Semi-active Intelligent Suspension System for Heavy Vehicles” Thesis of the Ph.D in Mechanical Engineering, University of Waterloo.

23. Jorge de-J. Lozoya-Santos, Damian Cervantes-Muñoz (2015), “Off-Road Motorbike Performance Analysis Using a Rear Semi active EH Suspension” Hindawi Publishing Corporation, Shock and Vibration , Volume 2015, Article ID 291089.

24. Lei Zuo, Pei-Sheng Zhang (2013),“Energy Harvesting, Ride Comfort, and Road Handling of Regenerative Vehicle Suspensions”,Journal of Vibration and Acoustics, Vol. 135 / 011002-3.

25. W. Gao, N. Zhang and H. P. Du (2007),”A half-car model for dynamic analysis of vehicles with random parameters”, 5th Australasian Congress on Applied Mechanics, ACAM 2007 ,10-12 December 2007, Brisbane, Australia.

26. Brian Clancy (1996), “Motor simulation of a shock absorber”, A thesis, Master of Engineering, School of Electronic Engineering, Dublin City University.

27. Musa Mohammed Bello, Adamu Y. Babawuro and Sado Fatai (2015),“Active suspension force control with electro-hydraulic actuator dynamics” , ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, ISSN 1819-6608, Vol. 10, NO. 23.

28. Koen Deprez (2009), ”Assessment and improvement of the low frequency vibrational comfort on agricultural machinery by optimized cabin suspension”.

29. Andronic Florin , Manolache RusuIoan Cozmin , Patuleanu Liliana(2013),“Passive suspension

modeling using Matlab, quarter car model, input signal step type ”Tehnomus new technologies and products in machine Manufacturing Technologies.

30. Ran Zhang, Xu Wang, Zhenwei Liu (2018),” A novel regenerative shock absorber with a speed doubling mechanism and its Monte Carlo simulation”, Journal of Sound and Vibration 417 (2018) 260-276.

31. Ran Zhang, Xu Wang, Elie Al Shami, Sabu John, Lei Zuo, Chun H. Wang (2018),”A novel indirect-drive regenerative shock absorber for energy harvesting and comparison with a conventional direct-drive regenerative shock absorber”, Applied Energy 229 (2018) 111–127.

32. Peng Li and Lei Zuo (2013), “Assessment of vehicle performances with energy harvesting shock absorbers”,SAE International.

33. Lei Zuo, Brian Scully, Jurgen Shestani and Yu Zhou (2010),” Design and characterization of an electromagnetic energy harvester for vehicle suspensions”, Smart material and structures.

34. Longhan Xie , Jiehong Li, Xiaodong Li, Ledeng Huang, Siqi Cai (2018), “Damping-tunable energy-harvesting vehicle damper with multiple controlled generators: Design, modeling and experiments”, Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing,99,859-872



https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsv.2017.12.017



https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2018.07.096

REVIEW DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF REGENERATIVE SHOCK … · 2020. 9. 25. · Figure 1.1: Linear...

Documents

Transcript of REVIEW DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF REGENERATIVE SHOCK … · 2020. 9. 25. · Figure 1.1: Linear...