Report Gerd
Transcript of Report Gerd
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Imperforate anus is congenital (present from birth)defect in which the opening to the anus is missing or
blocked.
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Causesy The problem is caused by abnormal development of
the fetus, and many forms of imperforate anus are
associated with other birth defects. It is a relativelycommon condition that occurs in about 1 out of 5,000infants.
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Symptomsy Anal opening very near the vaginal opening in girls
y Missing or misplaced opening to the anus
y No passage of first stool within 24 - 48 hours afterbirth
y Stool passes out of the vagina, base of penis, scrotum,or urethra
y Swollen belly area
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Symptomsy Effortless vomiting not projrctile
y heartburn, regurgitation, and nausea.
y Ulcers, strictures, esophageal cancery Inflammation of larynx and throat
y Inflammation and infection of lungs
y Fluid in the sinuses and middle ears
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Howto diagnosedy Endoscopy (fiberoptic endoscopy) esophagography
y Esophageal ph testing
yX-rayy Examination of throat and larynx
y Esophageal manometry- used to measure the strengthof the esophageal sphincter
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Treatmenty Formula or breqast milk with rice cereal
y Upright position while eating and an hour after eating
y Laparoscopic or surgical myotomy (narrowing of theesophageal sphincter)
y Ranitidine
y Omeprazole
y Avoid acidic, fatty and alcoholic foods
y Eat small portion of foods
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constipationy Difficulty of passing hardened stools, may occur in
children of any age
y Distressing to children (painful, and may have analfissures)
y May experience abdominal pain from force ofintestinal contractions
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Assessmenty Taking history
y Normal ( every other day or every 3 days)
y Hard with discomfort in defecatingy Examine the cause of constipation
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Therapeutic managementy Increase fluid intake
y Diet high in fiber
y Privacy in bathroomy Determine the cause of stress
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diarrheay Caused by virus which is the major cause of infant
gastroenteritis
y Common viral pathogens : rotavirus, adenovirus
y Common bacterial pathogens ; campylobacter jejuni,salmonella, giardia lamblia and clostridium difficile
y Acute associated by infection
y Chronic associated with malabsorption andinflammatory cause
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Assessmenty Frequency- unlimited number
y Color- green
y Effort of expulsion- effortless; may be explosivey pH- less than 7 (acidic)
y Odor- sweet or foul
y Occult blood- positive; blood may be overt
y Reducing saubstances- positive
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Assessment (mild diarrhea)y Anorectic and irritable
y Episodes of diarrhea 2-10 loose watery
yWith fever (38.4-39)yWarm skin
y Dry mouth
y Rapid pulse
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Therapeutic managementy Oral rehydration solution
y Rest the GI tract
y Breastfeedingy Zinc administration (zinc deficiencies)
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Assessment (severe diarrhea)y 39.5-40 temperature
y Pulse and respiration are weak and rapid
y Pale and cool skiny May appear apprehensive, listless and lethargic
y Depressed fontanelle, sunken eyes and poor skinturgor
y Elevated hemoglobin and hematocrit because ofdehydration
y Loss in body weight
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Therapeutic management
y Oral or IV rehydration therapy
y Antibiotic therapy