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Definition of GERD Epidemiology of GERD Pathophysiology of GERD Clinical Manisfestations Diagnostic Evaluation Treatment Complications
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Symptoms OR mucosal damage produced by the abnormal reflux of gastric contents into the esophagus
Often chronic and relapsingMay see complications of GERD in
patients who lack typical symptoms
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Physiologic GERDPostprandialShort livedAsymptomaticNo nocturnal sx
Pathologic GERDSymptomsMucosal injuryNocturnal sx
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GERD occurs in all ages but, most common in those older than 40 years of age.
About 10-20% of people in western countries suffer from GERD symptoms on a weekly basis
About 7% have symptoms daily. Except for NERD and pregnancy , no much
difference in incidence between men and women.
But for Barrett’s esophagus, prevalence is more in males particularly white adult males.
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Primary barrier to gastro esophageal reflux is the lower esophageal sphincter
LES normally works in conjunction with the diaphragm
If barrier disrupted, acid goes from stomach to esophagus
May be due to Spontaneous transient LES relaxations Transient increase in intra abdominal pressure An atonic LES
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Drugs that reduce LES tone include calcium channel antagonists (e.g., nifedipine, verapamil, diltiazem), nitrates, anticholinergic agents(e.g.,tricyclic antidepressants , antihistamines), and oral contraceptives and estrogen.
Foods that reduce LES tone include chocolate, fatty foods , onions, peppermint, and garlic
Smoking(nicotine) reduces LES tone.
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2)DISRUPTION OF ANATOMICAL BARRIERS Associated with hiatal hernia The size of hiatal hernia is proportional to the
frequency of LES relaxations Hypotensive LES pressures and large hiatal hernia-
more chance of GERD following abrupt increase in intra abdominal pressure
3) ESOPHAGEAL CLEARANCE The GI acid produced spent too much time in contact
with the esophageal mucosa Normally swallowing contributes to esophageal
clearance by increasing salivary flow Saliva decreases with increasing age, so more often
seen with elderly.
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4)MUCOSAL RESISTANCE The mucus secreated by the mucus secreting glands
involves in the protection of esophagus The bicarbonate s moving from the blood to the lumen
can neutralize acidic refluxate in the esophagus. On repeated exposure to the refluxate or due to some defect in normal mucosal defenses hydrogen ions diffuse into the mucosa, leading to cellular
acidification and necrosis leading to esophagitis.5)DELAYED GASTRIC EMPTYING An increase in gastric volume may increase both the
frequency of reflux and the amount of gastric fluid available to be refluxed
Physiologic Postprandial Gastro esophageal reflux occurs
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6)COMPOSITION OF REFLUXATE If the pH of the refluxate is less than 2, esophagitis
may develop secondary to protein denaturation Also pepsinogen activated to pepsin at this pH may
cause esophagitis.
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Erosive esophagitisResponsible for 40-60% of GERD symptomsSeverity of symptoms often fail to match
severity of erosive esophagitis
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Esophageal strictureResult of healing of
erosive esophagitisMay need dilationCommon in the distal
esophagus and are generally 1 to 2 cm in length.
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Barrett’s Esophagus Columnar metaplasia of the esophagus,i.e
replacement of the squamous epithelial lining of the esophagus by specialized columnar- type epithelium
Associated with the development of adenocarcinoma
Have a greater chance (30%) of developing esophageal stricture
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Barrett’s Esophagus Acid damages lining of
esophagus and causes chronic esophagitis
Damaged area heals in a metaplastic process and abnormal columnar cells replace squamous cells
This specialized intestinal metaplasia can progress to dysplasia and adenocarcinoma
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3 CLASSES OF SYMPTOMS TYPICAL SYMPTOMS May be aggravated by activities that worsen
gastroesophageal reflux such as recumbent position, bending over, or eating a meal high in fat. Heartburn—retrosternal burning discomfort Regurgitation—effortless return of gastric
contents into the pharynx without nausea, retching, or abdominal contractions
Water brash (hyper salivation) Belching
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ATYPICAL SYMPTOMS In some cases, these extra esophageal symptoms
may be the only symptoms present, making it more difficult to recognize GERD as the cause, especially when endoscopic studies are normal.
Nonallergic asthmaHoarsenessPharyngitisChest painDental erosions
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ALARM SIGNS/SYMPTOMSThese symptoms may be indicative of
complications of GERD such as Barrett’s esophagus, esophageal strictures, or esophageal cancer
Dysphagia Early satiety GI bleeding Odynophagia Vomiting Unexplained Weight loss Iron deficiency anemia Choking Continual pain
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If classic/typical symptoms like heartburn and regurgitation exist in the absence of “alarm symptoms” the diagnosis of GERD can be made clinically and treatment can be initiated
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H2RA or PPIExpect response in 2-4 weeks If no response
Change from H2RA to PPI Maximize dose of PPI
If PPI response inadequate despite maximal dosage Confirm diagnosis
EGD(Esophagogastrodudenoscopy) 24 hour pH monitor
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Endoscopy (with biopsy if needed) In patients with alarm
signs/symptoms Those who fail a medication trial Those who require long-term
treatment Important in distinguishing
between esophagitis and Barret’s metaplasia
Absence of endoscopic features does not exclude a GERD diagnosis
Confirmation can be achieved by provocative tests such as an acid perfusion test(Bernstein test), standard acid reflux test etc.
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24-hour pH monitoringHelps in establishing the presence of acid
above the LES as the cause of symptoms or esophageal damage.
Documents the amount of time the esophageal pH is low.
Useful in patients who have not responded or who have had an incomplete response to empiric therapy, have symptoms with out evidence of mucosal injury, or have atypical symptoms.
Trans-nasal catheter or a wireless, capsule shaped device
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Patient with heartburn
Iniate tx with H2RA or PPI
H2RA taken BID
Good response
Frequent relapses
On demand tx
PPI taken QD
Good response
Maintenance therapywith lowest effective dose
Symptoms persist
Consider EGD if risk factors present(> 45, white, maleand > 5 yrs of sx)
Increase tomax dose QD or BID
Good response
Confirm diagnosisEGD, ph monitor
No
Yes YesNo
Yes
Yes
No
No
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Goals of therapyAlleviate or eliminate the patients
symptoms.Decrease the frequency or recurrence and
duration of gastro esophageal reflux.Promote healing of the injured mucosa.Prevent the development of complications.
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Lifestyle modifications Avoid large meals Avoid acidic foods (citrus/tomato), alcohol, caffiene, chocolate,
onions, garlic, peppermint Decrease fat intake Avoid lying down within 3-4 hours after a meal Elevate head of bed 4-8 inches Avoid meds that may potentiate GERD (CCB, alpha agonists,
theophylline, nitrates, sedatives, NSAIDS) Avoid clothing that is tight around the waist Lose weight Stop smoking
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AntacidsOver the counter acid
suppressants and antacids appropriate initial therapy
Approx 1/3 of patients with heartburn-related symptoms use at least twice weekly
More effective than placebo in relieving GERD symptoms
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Histamine H2-Receptor AntagonistsCompetitively block the histamine
receptors in gastric parietal cells, thereby preventing acid secretion
More effective than antacids for relieving heartburn in patients with GERD
Faster healing of erosive esophagitisCan use regularly or on-demand
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AGENT DOSAGE Cimetadine 400-800mg twice
dailyCimetidine(tab),Zydus Cadila
Famotidine 20-40mg twice daily
Famocid(tab), Sun
Nizatidine 150mg twice dailyAxid
Ranitidine 150mg twice dailyAciloc(tab), Cadila
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Proton Pump Inhibitors Effective not only with patients having
erosive esophagitis or complications(Barret’s esophagus), but also with non erosive GERD who have moderate to severe symptoms.
Act by decreasing the basal and stimulated gastric acid secretion through inhibition of the final step of acid secretion by the parietal cell- the H+/K+ ATPase proton pump.
Better control of symptoms with PPIs vs H2RAs and better remission rates
Faster healing of erosive esophagitis with PPIs vs H2RAs
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AGENT DOSAGE Esomeprazole 20-40mg
dailyEsomac(tab), Cipla
Omeprazole 20mg dailyLomac(cap), Cipla
Lansoprazole 15mg dailyLan(Cap), Intas
Pantoprazole 40mg daily
Pan-OD(tab), Burgeon
Rabeprazole 20mg daily
Rabeloc(tab), Cadila
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H2RAs vs PPIs12 week freedom from symptoms
48% vs 77%12 week healing rate
52% vs 84%Speed of healing
6%/wk vs 12%/wk
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Antireflux surgeryFailed medical managementPatient preferenceGERD complicationsMedical complications attributable to a
large hiatal herniaAtypical symptoms with reflux documented
on 24-hour pH monitoring
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Postsurgery10% have solid food dysphagia2-3% have permanent symptoms7-10% have gas, bloating, diarrhea, nausea,
early satietyWithin 3-5 years 52% of patients back on
antireflux medications
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Endoscopic treatmentRelatively newNo definite indicationsSelect well-informed patients with well-
documented GERD responsive to PPI therapy may benefit
Three categoriesRadiofrequency application to increase
LES reflux barrierEndoscopic sewing devices Injection of a nonresorbable polymer into
LES area
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Definition of GERD Epidemiology of GERD Pathophysiology of GERD Clinical Manisfestations Diagnostic Evaluation Treatment Complications
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?QUESTIONS?