Reminders - cpb-us-w2.wpmucdn.com...Incremental Planning oPlanners need to “restrict their...
Transcript of Reminders - cpb-us-w2.wpmucdn.com...Incremental Planning oPlanners need to “restrict their...
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RemindersThursday,February2nd◦ Blog2duebeforeclass◦ MeetatthecornerofW.MainStreetandS.3rd Street
◦ WewillbeconductingtheCityFormexercise◦ Bringsketchbookandrelatedmaterials◦ Camera◦ Measuringtape
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DiscussionQuestionsMovie– Urbanized◦ Whatchallengeswerepresented?Issuesforgrowing/urbanizingcities?
◦ Discussatleastthree
◦ Howdidthepeopleinthemovieuseurbandesigntotransformtheircityandtheusersexperience?
◦ Whatarethetakeawaysfromshowingthismovie?Howcanwetranslatewhatwaspresentedinthefilmtothisclassandyourfuturecareerasplanners?
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PlanningTheoryCRPLAN2110– CreatingInnovativeCitiesandRegions1/31/2017
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Planning:LinkingGoals/KnowledgetoActionPlanningisaprocess,procedure,ormethodforsettinggoals,identifyingandassessingoption,anddevelopingstrategiesforachievingdesiredoptions.
Itisapervasivehumanactivityimbeddedinfuture-orienteddecisionmaking.
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QuestionIsPlanningTheorynecessary?◦ Practicalperson◦ Theorist
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Outline• COMPREHENSIVERATIONALMODEL• DISJOINTEDINCREMENTALISM• MIXEDSCANNING• ADVOCACYPLANNING• COMMUNICATIVEPLANNING
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RationalModelAstructuredprocessofdecision-makingthatseekstomaximizetheachievementofdesiredgoals(ends)bycarefulconsiderationofpotentialconsequencesofavailablealternatives(means)
Rationalityfocuseson◦ Thequalityofdecision◦ Thesubordinationofactiontoknowledgeandofknowledgetovalues
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RationalPlanningModel
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Definetheproblem
Clarifyvalues
Selectgoals
Formulatealternativeplans
Forecasttheconsequencesofthealternatives
Developplansforimplementation
Reviewandevaluate
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ComprehensiveRationalPlanningAchievement
◦ Aframeworkofreferenceand“basisforauthority”◦ Arolemodelfordesirableplanningfordecades
Criticism◦ Theassumptionofthemodelistoo“strong”toapplyto
therealityinitspureform◦ Inreality,variousconstraintsboundrationalityinplanning,
itisimpossibletofollowthepureformoftherationalplanningmodelinmanycases
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ChallengestoComprehensiveRationalPlanning
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IncrementalismCharlesLindblomTheScienceofMuddlingThrough,1959
◦ Selectgoalsandpoliciessimultaneously◦ Consideralternativesonlymarginally
differentfromstatusquo◦ Makesimplified,limitedcomparisons
amongalternatives◦ Trustresultsofsocialexperimentation
overtheory◦ Actincrementallythroughrepetitive
attacksonproblemsbeingaddressed◦ Satisficeratherthanmaximize
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IncrementalPlanningo Plannersneedto◦ “restricttheirattentiontorelativelyfewvaluesandrelativelyfew
alternativepolicies”◦ “theorizeplanningbehaviorsunderthenameof“successivelimited
comparison”or“scienceofmuddlingthrough.”
o“Disjointed”incrementalstrategyinplanningprocess◦ Justifiesincrementalchangesbyarguingthatitisrelevantaswellas
realinacomplexsociety
◦ Smallchangesareappropriateto“mutualadjustment”inademocraticsocietywherefragmenteddecision-makingsendlesslyadjustthemselvestoothers
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FavorsRationalModel FavorsIncrementalModel
Adequatetheoryavailable Adequatetheorylacking
Newquestion Modificationofoldquestion
Resourcesgenerous Resourceslimited
Substatialtimeforstudy Limitedtimeforstudy
Numerousrelationstootherpolicyissues Fewrelationstootherpolicyissues
Incrementalism
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MixedScanningPlanningo AmitaiEtzioni:oMixedScanning:AThirdApproachtoDecision-Making,1967
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◦ “Bounded”instrumentalrationalitysimplifiestheworldlessthanincrementalism
◦ Awide-angleexaminationofpatternsacrossallpossibilities◦ Long-termcontextandplan
◦ Aclose-inexaminationofthepromisingoptions◦ Short-termchoices
SWOT- Strengths,Weaknesses,Opportunities,Threats
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InterestsarePlural:Community,Power,&SocialJusticeo 1960s
◦ Communitiesconsistofmultiplevoices◦ Planners’incapacitytodiscernpublicinterest
o Planninggoalscannotbereducedtoaunifiednotionofthepublicinterest◦ Singlevoiceusually=mostpowerfulvoice◦ Marginalizedvoicestypicallyexcluded◦ Inclusionofmarginalizedinterestsinplansrequiresplannertoactdecisivelyfromasocialjusticeperspective
PlanningResponses◦ AdvocacyPlanningandRadicalPlanning
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AdvocacyPlanningo PaulDavidoff(1960s)
◦ “AdvocacyandPluralisminPlanning”(1965)
o Plannerdoesnotequalvalueneutraltechnician
o Largeinequalitiesinpoliticalandbargainingprocesseso Manycommunitiesunder-represented/unorganizedo “Citizenparticipation”programsusuallyreacttoofficialplansandprograms
o The“publicinterest”isplural,notunitaryo Asingleplancannotrepresentthepublicinterest
o Planningshouldbepluralisticandrepresentdiverseinterests
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AdvocacyPlanningo AdvocacyModelo Planners“representandpleadtheplansofmanyinterestgroups.”
o Plannersassistvariousinterestgroups(“clients”)toproposetheirowngoals,policies,andplans
o Plannersadvocatefortheinterestsoftheirclientso Specialresponsibilitytowardmarginalizedinterests
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AdvocacyPlanningStrengths:◦ Givingvoicetolessrepresentedgroups◦ Mainstreaming”ofadvocacyconcerns◦ Ex:Requirementstoexamineenvironmental,social,andotherimpactsforlargeprojects
◦ Encouragesmoreopenplanningprocesses
Limitations:◦ Nowaytoreconcilepluralplans—fostersconflict?◦ Sometimesseenaspatronizing◦ Politicallynaïve—nochangeindistributionofpower◦ Highlyinfluencedbypoliticalclimate
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CommunicativePlanningo Habermas (1984,1987),ATheoryofCommunicativeReason
o Rejectsabstractrationalismasmaskingsocialstructuresofinequality
o Providesforanalternativerationalitylinkedtocommunityengagement
o Identifiespriorities,justifiesclaims,andselectsstrategiesbasedondeeplydeliberativeprocessesofpublicinteractionanddebate
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CommunicativeRationalityo Planningisfundamentallylinkedtoclarificationofinterests(desiredends)
oTheselectionofmeanscannotbeisolatedfromtheidentificationofvalueends
oBotharelinkedtocommunity,andtothecommunicativeactsthatbindcommunitiestogether
oEmphasison:oTransparencyoInclusivenessoTruth-seeking
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ConsensusBuildingo Consensusbuilding’sresultsasthepublicinterest
◦ tocreateworkablecomprehensivestrategies◦ toachievecoordination◦ togetmeaningfuldebate◦ togainpoliticalacceptance◦ tobeinnovative
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CommunicativePlanninginAction
o LawrenceSusskindo Thepublicinterestisrevealedthroughtheinteractionofstakeholdersseekingtonegotiatedesiredoutcomeswithinwell-structuredprocesses
o Afocusonprocessdesignandfacilitativeskills
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Planners’RoleinCommunicativePlanning
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Planners
TechnicalExperts
Mediators
FacilitatorsPresenters
Initiators
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DiscussionDefineaplanningproblemandcomeupwithawayyouwouldsolvethisproblemusingtheprescribedplanningtheorymodel:◦ Group1– RationalPlanning◦ Group2– Incrementalism◦ Group3– AdvocacyPlanning◦ Group4– CommunicativePlanning
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ForThursday– CityFormExerciseThingsthatwewillbelookingatandconsidering◦ Measuringaproperty’sdimension◦ Parking◦ Alleysandqualityoflife◦ Analyzingsurroundinglanduses◦ Measuringstreets◦ Buildingsetbacks◦ EstimatingtheFloor-To-AreaRatioofbuildings:
◦ FAR=(NumberofFloors(Buildingwidth*Buildingheight))/(Parcelwidth*Parcelheight)
◦ Greenspacesandgreenery
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