.' .. In the whole of human history itisunlikely that anyings havebeen the subject of so much controversy asthe Bible,theKoranandvarioussacredbooksofotherreli-gions.Religious thinkers oftenpresent them asthe source of absolute and infallible truth. Some people turn to religion when they search after ab-solute,infallibletruth,butwhatisreligion?Whatviewsof religionaretobefoundamongbelieversandnon-belie-vers? ThisDictionaryisdesignedtohelpthereaderfindout about theroleofreligionin thehistory ofmankind,about theworldreligions(Christiantty,BuddhismandIslam), aboutreligionspeculiartospecijicpeoplessuchas Judaism,Hinduism,Confucianism,Shintoism.TheDic-tionary containsover 2,400entries.Readerscangleanin-formationfromitaboutthelinkbetweenreligionand beliefs(e.g.magic,totemism,animism),about theevolutionofreligious-idealisttheoriesandaboutthe present-BN5-01-000455-0 -'----ADictionary---, for Believers and Nonbelievers I- Inl PtV,IU ~ sfl BlISHIRS 'vl,)s .. ,)W Transla!din'\hlJut!111mCJlosapt>llJlJl lIeB{"p\lOtJUU, HuJ"lAllio;:O.1fJl3N"t ..AJlmU Iru In"'/11 19K." I'n,11sh n. 'lin1'1.1,l'''iS I't:"..JoIQ Mc'/}(/"I/(- 'f (0l0000000- .9. 01-4(0I }SI ISBN 5--01 ',(11)0 .5.5,0 I ! PREFACE. Thidil'lion,uy11. Ih,IuilIInar:'vor\kllndalk1\ J II .. (:holarsl'nnlhlSI.:R ..lilruun$.Ii'1eJ forallthu\cwhotre!Oterccl.:n or working un(jUl'..nsn"II"II' iI\' n approach10mall ellofiiglon,fh..::didinn'lIY\.imu"l/' HI n" ,!OJilindudl:awidenl-l()1ermsk( serve IIfenthe'!'Iodernallam mcnl,Ifphilmnpny .. n I1; lUIdSClcnl:C Ih.Malltlslscm:'" 1010.. Iilin" of[n:::-. arc arranged!OalphJhClicI vrdl'r,Inu'rl10\I,IfI..!!> IIC J 'JIIn ilalics 10indiOl1" Ih.1cntr: dC\'llltIJ tJIh-,'h'l'di'lulnary(f'Pnhen"V Lt\\VS():'"\TNl.-t.11!II 'IInl.'C'Il'. luin.:li\ ... indalerheI;t"r1.ILtltrvJ,... 'c J II 1Yo lU'hcx.mmcCOI'IC ptin,IIItall),I)ofIhlf,'IJI\' IU;lteJ mIh, ('hUH: 1 11 .\':'mUll'"It' thIuli" ("I,d, r whil"h- Oalcan:, )h"(rego;maKd. r11 1IdeIn " ' 'e... -rnepc " "r h " ,,, , " ,J,0f,pita!! , on, p'md \m " ('IhII:HIe ,, ." j-, Jjlio- II) 'h ,, H..Innl'r.I, , I, " Yolddy " ", j " , poc"t 1. So\-" I M:ICnl'C

A AARONITES,ofaIren' withintheOld);(;hi"m whichsplitlSC":10 denole the lovcofor the 1m01 for nnelRoth:' (ha'om-munal)raJ.:.,bythl ... J.rly (11 .nrtheAn.cII:ntIn .. thecmill.lI..hmentofHoi'JFire possessed of ) J"lufllving force A(; .... ljSl>FJ(luin" (hri... t.Inhe -"po 'o/lpten,l1tercd.InChri!>t!anchur- ilisthepartofthechurlhin whichthec1crgy andt-oc-hindwhich,inRomanCatholicand someProtestant churches, areredos (decorativewaUorscreen)isfound. In Orthodox churches, the altar isal waysplacedagainsttheeasternwall of achurch,andfromthe15thcen-turyonwards.ithas!""ICen separated fromtherestof thebuilding byico-nO-flasis AMAI.RIC nt BENA,Fe.Amaury; knownasAmalricof Chartres(d.12(7),thephilosopher whoin,>piredthehereticalmo\!l,.; ment of the Amalricians; afree-Ihin-ker who laught philosophy and theo-logyattheUniversityof. Paris_ Amalric'sideasarcextantInthe worksof orthodoxRomanCatholic theologianswhotriedtorefutehIS teaching..Amalricwat. apan1bl'j:;t, maiDlaiojns'halc,pry1binBiinIhe worl4.....was one1 since existsisGod_Theas apart of God. Departing from the Christianideatotheeffectthatall menareequalinsin.Amalriccon-sidercdallmen[0beequal,since they had been created inthe likenc'SS of God.He saw thespirit of Godto beprescntinthosewhopossessed .Ignorancehesawas cultivation as Paradiseand notbelieve inlifehcyondthe Amalric'shere.::.ywascon bytheRomanCatholic 1210 and in121S thl Pope .oncc and fOT foUowersofthe 01Amalricof Beno,who toformaseparate _or the12thandhe 6re131hcentwy_The -Amalriciaosprote!.teda(!:ainc;t!'>oetal inequalityandfeudalIdeologyas n:prcscnledhyRoman("utllolicism. Thl")'rejcl"IedtheChurchandthe clergy.(hePope,whomtheytermed the"Antichrist",Christianrituals andsacrmnclliJ.TheAmalricians that. sincethey were part of IOBislswasdesigned 10hclp diss0ci-atetheRomanCalholicdatil. frompantheumandnegativetboo--101)'.IhatdeniesthcplSUb!lityor undcrotandinstt ANC, SJ"()R we IR.'\IIIP "

ANATIlt:MA(fromIhe (ired word nll';lning"IIA"("linedthing"),in ('lrnlIlUfI;/\'.thecur!'le of ,'\C"",mlllllfat;on. regarded uIhe ullimalcpuni!'.hmenl.IIwa.'I.in-"lilliit'll illI he('llum:il of ('halcedon (4'i1A.D.),Ihef"nurlh (/lwu"iI.Anathemawasnhenur.cd hv('hurt:hl'sufvarinusdenomina- 10 st.-rvcpnlilical ends, a5a tonI of rdi,.:inuslerror inthefightagaiR5l progressive movements. ANAXA(;OKAS(c.B.c.), (iredphilusnphcr.Hewasdriven nul of Athens forquestioning the e5-lahlishcd doltmas of religion.He de-clared thillthe celestial bodies, which hOld rormerlyheen recognized as di-vinehcings,werematerialma5VS thai had formed withoutlhe .... linn(Ifsupernaturalforces.Along with andlhe (secAlootfsm)he Icaehing of nalural efredthaiaU "sceds",lhat is, particles ANAXIMANDER Greekmaterialist wu thefirst10come 'he01".rkhe v;ne forces. and penpIe" in Iiteir I hadevolvedfroin(........." .Q IheyfoundlhemsetveaIbadd .. df)'land,had....pted ,100_.. andthefunctionsof t ... __ 10 suillbe new CIIYU'OIIaII::& ANAXIMINI8(e (matenalilt " ANCIP:-"i CBlNI\. RI ':I.1(i10N 01' .-piesof thisarcprovidedhythefu-sionoffelLspiritual,supernatu-ral created byG(xi, who pos scsscdrreewillandannouncedthe 'willof God"tomen.According to the "ccieMialhierarchy" accepted by Christians,angelsarcdividedby rankintoninechoirsconstituting threehierarchies:(1)Seraphim, Cherubim,andThrones;(2)Domi nalions,Virtues,andPowers;(3) Principalities,Archangels.and Angels.Reverence of theisa vestigeofearliervenerationof spiritsandoneofthelegaciesc! polytheismin monotheistic religions.-ANGLICANCHURCH,theslate churchinEngland.ItC.lIDCinto being during theRqormotioninthe 1(Jlhcentury.TheAnglicanChurch embraces boththeRomanCatholic dogmauftheredeemingpowrl.. theChurchandtbeProtestant teachingof throughJX:r. sonal faith.In its liturgy and orgamz-atiunalprinciplestheAnglican ChurchisnearertotheRoman CatholicChurchthantheother ProtestantChurches.Theoutward ituals of RomonCatholicismunder-wenthardlyany reforms in the Ang-licanChurch.It has",Isoretained 'licroTCllvreminiscentoftheRoman (atholichierarchy.Theheadof the AnglicanChun:histheKing.who Clppoints the hi.c;hops.The Primlte of theAnglicanChurchistheAreB :r.hopofCanterbury.ThreemO\'Q mente;aretobefoundwithintht Anglican Church:HighChurcD,tht c.oscsttoRomanCatholicism;LoW ("hurch, dose to puritanism 81IdpiC' ANiMISM iml;BroadChurch.themaintrend withintheAnglican('hurch,which seekstouniteallChri....tian ments. also formallysep-arateAnglicanChurchesinScot land(EpiscopalChurchofScot land), Wales, Ireland and the United States (Protestant Episcopal Church intheUSA), Canada,Au.'1lraliaetc. After1867,thcAnglkan whilepre.'1ervingtheirinde pendencc,cametogetherinthe AnglicanCommunion.Thefune tionsof acon!\ultativehodyforthis organi/.ationarccarriedoutbythe so-calledLambethCOIl/erellce.fTh( AnglicanChurchesplayanactive par'in the Ot'CUmrnicfJl movem",!. ANe,UJ..CATHOLICISM,.a n_\'e' mentwithinIheAnglican(hUTCh whie 1was.,nthe1840s,initiatedhv a9;1 JUpof Oxk-dtheolngianswb ... theRomn(athnli' ebuacter 01Anglkanrsman c lIed theclosestps.sibh ... linksw th Rome. ofthismovement inE tgJanc'formedanindepcnden" grlJUpwitbmtheAnglicanChurch. whicl:Jwaste.becomeitsnrc ....o servtiveWing.r levhavetbClrown newsp PC"" lndjour ,alsandcon VI,.;. est.)araleClie... lCCS. Catholicsu::crwte dnamlv .. ttheE l1Ji,hawocracy. Anglo-CatholiClsmal'lohasadb-' en'sntheJnilr,dState'S.Atthe Jresenltimeo\nJ,t.lCathOlICad\ catedoser.elationsbc'Weenall Chnstlan cburc"'cs. 4NGRAMAINl'\...,nZonlSInUn 1Sn; pcrwmflotlon"Evil.the de-'/ or... lnt ')1legation, theFlth-" offalsebood,nJushcI' wtene and death.AngraMamyu :>ositeofthUf'QMa.r1a.(hlJil'v !.pu'1.Botharebornorboundlt time, howl.vcr whileA.huraM; -da ISeternal,AngraMainyu orbecomespowerk.'IS.forit al v.:ays.thepr-"ncipk)fgoodthatL\ VIctOriOUS. ANIMALS,WOR.')ItIPOF ....Zoolatry. ANIMATISM,Ihenolion"nIJ)-jlCrsgnalforcewitbin..Na-ture,whichthelallerlifeand r 'apes the of men.Animal ism isa typical fealureof carly (orms 01religion.Withthisnotionofa non'pcrsonali,:cd,supcrnaluill forcewerclinke':!aUkinds ofsux,ssu( cessrnthehunt,SUl,;ccs.,in thecrcor . IeEskimos),S\JC in battlef\, fr..cxamplw.thLeRed nail nrand so L'T1. F-e.oilitvc-flive ilndthevIdof fruttand.... e!1WIheld'tox=ndonthisim. pc1'1..1-rI,X\nimati"1lprob Jbly rer"esen"")eofefirrtlucmpt tnnrprethworlda!single wholItItlhefou-:::m'Jvcrse gu: i:n;nv ANL\1ISM.1> .1: rnsoulsand piltr,J1essentiale en.. 1mal-; reJlgton.Animistic1m. are Splltrof!.Ieee ne ..... ors,c souls11 IlVJngp"oplc the.:>cr 'Somliellionofheoree(,,'rc r 1espil5from"';tures par'_larlyandvarie-J. T lC...rrts of theelem:"lt!ouldIlChc"lc'Volent,or,ontheother thcyclidthrcatenthewellhcrng of 'Danknd.Tllis whysmallncTi fic:swe-.:offcredtotbem,whcn.. wasdCf;.nednecessary.A"bcli.;!in spir'tsandsoulsdevelopedthere c'n"'"gCdgcnenlizedconceptsfor thedesignationoftheSUPCi ualur.tl propertiesaunDut:dto.hmg5(or A;';i'>lATES people),such mana,grac.l'.(in Christianity).Elemcntsofarcstilltobefoundintheworld religionsof today. ANNATES, inEurope from themid-13thcenturyrevenuewaspaidtothe PapalCllria.It of the year'srevenueofanecclesiastical benefice(hencethenameofthc!lc dues).Insomecountries,for example. inItaly. these dues are col-lected to this day. ANNUNCIATION,Christian val, which in the Orthodox Church is celebratedasoneoftheTweh'e GreatFeasts.It celebratedon March25(April7).Itison the Biblicallegend totheeITectthat the ArchangelGabriel "announced" tothe VirginMarythegoodtidings that she would bring forth the Son of God.Regardingthiseventasone thatwasmostimportantintheac-complishmentoftheplanforman-kind'ssah'ation,Orthodoxtheologi-ansstressthatthisdaymarkedthe nn;";nof God's mysticalcommu Man.Hencethespecial ofthisfestivalforthe Thecelebrationof theAn-wasestablishedinthe Churchas early asthe 4th oncetheNotil'iryof Christ to be celebratedasa feu! . Thedateof theAnnun-establishedbycounting mouthsfromChristmas. theAnnunciationcoin-diesowing.The tolink workofpeas-lauer antto pray on theday of theAnnun ciation. "ANOINn:o ONE",apersonwho hasheenanointed\ ... ithuncti(m.In JlUlui.mlandChristiallitythewordusedtodenoteprophets,high priestsandmonarch .... whothrough thisritehavehadtheirpowerhe slOwedonthemallegedlybyGod himself.IntheNew Testamentisalsoreferredtoasthe"anointed one" (Hebrew "Mcssiah"). ANONYMOUSATHEISTIC TRASianthinker..the chanceto out the souree of development IIItheworld. thu'.iremoving frumthe orderofthedaythequestionasto the"initialimpetus",whichthc metaphysicalmatcriali!'>iShadN:cn unahlctoresolve,andal\Otodem-onstratetheinconsistenqofcre ati.ollism.Ih1ldingthaiMan\con-s"lousness emerge ...aresultor Ihe Inneractivity(1fmalter,theyeame ncartoac;cientifieunderstanding of mentaland. emOlionalphenomena, thcrehyaddmganewdimensiunto critic..!1analysis of the doc-tnnecnec'rningtheimmortalitvof thtsoulandIheL'mJCm'e"f alife arterd;':,llh.Asare"ulr,"If Russia's S(lC 0 c:c' 'nomll.: \he democ "tswcre ,Jhlem!nrmulatebws,""I, socialde- buttheyrealilt'dthat such mlli-1.without cxi ....t. ihiScnahlcJ Ih..:mto gPasfarto ;d.:.ntifv\hesoci:!1rootsofreligi{)n. Rejecling theIhcInO. acr to ju!>tiTythclrrl; (ufllshedof fidcism"(Col 1('(I('dJinrk.J, lW,Vol.14,r 28')Alhci .. mrooledinnatUi nLS PinC d"'-idcsp. cadsuppot1 n.helQ(hand20thccr.:JrC!'m Cwahpfmarkedprogre sofIlK.natl;I \\Idandoflhcdc\'clcpmcnl0( mILIlismroot-;Inthnatural Kene UIIElsrATnlE"(IRK Rf .... (U"JODI na.fthcReglt,"I(omml'fthA lfllIln(ommunlPalr(I! v k)puhlicdt-; wl.;en19:1 C'-t'l,1 (()'l/SliOlcr.(lOllftho!.C',-dIn1believe1ftthnif mer.I'tII d....ar,0-' lnlcd Cthet 4rmater .alwor 1l;'kII I ":lpOI-I()L._r(nB'-...nnon.eor.1'(;""":: ami(.!..l:ss"'I,n-re lig.ousl: .nC!.SImplie."a Il (f faithnwjr"'c.,.,.- Ig! hutIdlnealwaysn(. u... heln'1(..110ns2!wellhtbe (pltaliIntrof''-1:pTC'sclll davthercragoodr:::'1V pcopk r..mrc1igxmsornc.lbing aJcn.butwhattksame{1m( AIlIHsr " arebynoatheisls. can ...,ftenheexplainedbytheseepli --agnOSlicismorindifferentism ele-.Intrinsicto Iheirworldoutlook. C(lnseiou!rd .literally"ad of faith"),the forannouncingandcar oatI5CIItcnccof theInqum-ceremonyincluded:asol-inwhichthedergy, of theInquisitiontrihunal UfH;taalS.monks.mem-.brolherhoodsand InCO took pan. the laHer ,b., wouldhu m frontofthea'owd Isolemnan-of tbe5entcDCCinIhe theCourt0.ution of the rocR' bywhirPing.or vekc-whK::hwould _bylileoccuIarlu,h lilt.m car-J816. likesclf-COn\ictinn.auro-!mggcstioll u .. uallylakesplace'Aithlluttheindi-vidualto argumcnh Asaspcci(jcmeam.(Ifhringing Out'neetoPearuponIhe8c11\;'"01 theindi,,;dual's hody andhie;gcn'cral state,(ir ...'came inle being in the Ancient Eae;l. Varinu.... re-ligiousandphilosophicaltcaching., part j.cularlyYoga.usedCClmplcx. multlstagesystem.. _ofauto-sugges tlOn.ThepsychologIcalandph",jo'" logical or i.... fairlycom pin,",biehmakesil pm.... c;ihlc:fninterpretauto-suggcstirm in a rcligiou... and way.In ac tual fal1 itj" the impact \;a Wf\td\, and images connected "'ith thetatter, on the cerchral't.Jrtcxandlateronthe 5utxnrtK;lI nerve centres Ilfthe hrain, "co"("';pondinlt"tuvarinu...fune tinnal sY"lcm:o. of the hody. '" hieh enn Mllutt"Ihl; of autIH;uggc"ilion PwcescslR\olvedinthcfprmatlnn 01001 Inn ... and Id!.: and the indJ\id ual'J'OWCr01rw.y an im port anipariInauloa.' hi...uggl.!!'..flhilitv11 rd1t!1OW Ct lOccptionc; and idc ,IS arl.the !.uhjcd or auto-,uggCSlion,fflfIheindividual ilone of the mean\Ztl ....1 Ju,II,"n II innue;cdhvIhc JewsInpll'Mo\,mlimesfura "ftheWlldnnlC!V1llallc 10'n'hiS Anmpor aniprerequlsltlfOiIhe!"UII"'nc!l orIhKlineo!aprw, al. ...IImdl. pend( ft!frmpr-"illom10 herentIn (hureh'r 'ivn' ""...... !JI"h't" InnogrolphyIii',ril.\1......lieal cnllC1c"mfir1m'.!mto Ix nm11lb1hcntuJ)rh'Trnntl' woo; .. which IhemaIOtil-:mVIj .lUslnru.;.d, fillj mC'Jdres W('IIluthncc.l,alonr.'tjO thrc Ii.Hemethodfe>1rc".tut 'flOIII thoseqUC!!.1I'ns.wa-pm .....as -'T,31.1dtusheologioo-politi' (Theological 1670),LaterBlblle'alCrlticl!'.mWas S..Icccs... rullyadvancedintheWorks ofIcunAslnlC,WilhelmdeU'1 J"limWelll.ouscn.Karl Graf.f"f(lmilmonf, the Marxi.' I;'h'). lar..whoconcernedthemselves'NitL criticism of the Old Tca. mentPaulLoforgtu!,NikOlaiNikol, .\ky,Izrai!Fronk-Komenec,{hand AhromRanadch hesingJd Ollt.Itwascst;'lhhshcdlh; 0 thcirthatwnrktore'd hetextsoftheOldTt'!.tamcnt beganintheccnturvnC.al partsof ithadocen'landcl dow"orallyIt10earlierdatlhiS piXswasnotcom.,letrur.'the nd,--""IIlTyn,CBiblic.1.1en 'y'"' r, It- iishcdtherclafv3m.'n ...'1'ineonlcsl' hlrhror.v: dtheBe;ksfthcOIl!Tt' andr thev... r omp'al,th')!',C Boo!.It wasnotuntt!the19th tUIYthaihHor 01erlt_In)f Testamenthcgant4 LVI!i Pro')nl r Tlih;lIg"lI(C'wotmalcam. J\l'en .I tTlIuti(ntoIhl'wrk,Inprtle I'er,-liflandRaul' .at:'... 0th- Y,I.! J)il.3dS.rau,L,n8m: Fauerto whom1('t'-lem.. nIt'ml .' f.rmul:ungana'Jh.,..n111S'ntilCvuNSctheI Tlt lr tho.;I:lkftheTcst Wlt'ldc"en_IIthclrrftalh culartha'fBruno F"'dc.nckFlI" wr:llUmr wrknthe'mln;""Vl' tr1y(-I n'yAIth_ort...1l C-turvnuml-erf..'._1 11lJ:'. Ihr.rour.- \.'Ort;'f' 1alai therw