REFERENCING Lecture 2

8/14/2019 REFERENCING Lecture 2

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•Referencing or citing

• Style of Referencing

• Author-Date Style

– Harvard Referencing

– American Psychological Association (APA)

– Modern Language Association (MLA)

– Australian Journal of Physiotherapy (AJP)

• Numerical System – Chicago / Turabian Style

– Footnote Style



Referencing/Citing

• Referencing or citing is the practice of acknowledging the

work of other authors or the sources of information and

ideas in the text of a peace of word.

• References are needed for most forms of academic

writing, including essays, reports and dissertations.

• References or citations show the reader what different

aspects of your work are based on.• A reference in brackets that leads the reader to

information about the page of a book or other source that

is the evidence for what you have said.



• References are not something you should leave to theend of a sentence or a paragraph.

• Referencing or citation is an integral part of your work

and the process of referencing help to develop ideas.

• The reference after a quotation inform the reader where

to refer in order to find the quotation in the book or other

publication that it was taken from.

• Reference after the end of paragraph or a passageinform the reader about the book or other sources you

based your ideas on.

Referencing/Citing



Referencing/Citing

• It’s a part of sound academic practice and skill.

• By using references appropriately, you will avoid

plagiarism, which is falsely claiming someone else’s

words or ideas as your own



• Style of referencing vary according to different disciplines

or field of study.

• These style differ in the way sources are referred to in

the text and listed in the reference list at the end of the

assignment.

• Style of referencing

– Author-Date Style

– Numerical Systems

Style of Referencing



Style of Referencing

• AUTHOR-DATE STYLE

– These include the author name and the date in the text

• The Harvard Style

• The American Psychological Association (APA):

used in various disciplines, in particular psychology.

• The Modern Language Association (MLA): used in

humanities disciplines.• The Australian Journal of Physiotherapy (AJP): used

by physiotherapy.



Style of Referencing – Harvard

• The Harvard Style: used by most of the universities

– The page number is omitted if the entire work is cited. Author’ssurname is omitted from the text reference.

• Many factors are known to affect the successful outcomes for

students at university (Johnston 2003).

• Johnston (2003) claims that there are many factors that are known

to affect the success of students at university.




• Cases where you need to include a page number in

brackets.

– McLaine (2002, p. 16) stated that productivity among 69 percent

of workers was found to be affected by work related stress.

• You need to include the page number for text

referencing when you:

– Use a direct quote from a original source

– Summarise an idea from a particular page

– Copy tables, figures, or provide particular details




• If there are two or three authors for a text reference

– According to Cooper, Krever and Van (2002) the use of this

process leads to greater accuracy.

• If there are more than three authors for a text

reference

– This has been suggested by Sandler et al.et al. (2002) in there first

Australian study

• Et al. – Latin Word (“and the others”)




• The reference list include in the Harvard Author-Date

System:

– Is titled ‘References’

– Is arranged alphabetically by author’s family name – Is a single list – books, journal articles and electronic sources

are listed together and not arranged in separate list.

– Includes the full details of your in-text references (author, date,

title, publishing details)

– This is not a bibliography :a bibliography lists everything you

may have read, while a reference list is limited to the in-text

references in your assignment.




• Setting out the items in Harvard Author-Date Reference

system

•Format of the Harvard Author-Date Reference – are setout in the following order:

– Author, Initials., Year. Title, publication information.

• The title is placed in italics and the element areseparated by commas.




• Example of a book (Author, Initials., Year. Title of Book.

Edition. Place: Publisher.)

• McShane, Steven L. and Von Glinow, Mary Ann, 2008. Organizational

behavior. 4th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill Irwin.

Authors family name followed

by a comma, then initials

Year of Publication followed by

full-stop – No Brackets

Title of the book in italics

Uppercase use for first word

Place of

publication Publisher




• Chapters of edited book

– Chapter author(s) surname(s) and initials., Year. Title of chapter

followed by “In” Book editor(s) initials and surname with ed. or

eds. after the last name. Title of book . Place of publication:

Publisher. Chapter numbers followed by full-stop.

– Smith, J., 1975. A source of information. In W. Jones, ed. One

Hundred and one ways to find information about health. Oxford:

Oxford University Press. Ch. 2.

– Samson, C., 1970. Problems of information studies in history. In

S. Stone, ed. Humanities information research. Sheffield: CRUS,

1980, p. 44-68.




• E-books

– Author, Year. Title of book. [type of medium] Place of

publication: Publisher. Available at: include website

address/URL (Uniform Resource Locator) [access date]

– Fishman, R., 2005. The rise and fall of suburbia. [e-book].

Chester: Castle press. Available at:

www.libweb.anglia.ac.uk/E-books, [accessed 3 June 2005]

http://www.libweb.anglia.ac.uk/E-books

http://www.libweb.anglia.ac.uk/E-books




• Journal articles

– Author, Initials., Year. Title of article. Full Title of Journal, Volume

number (Issue/Part number), Page numbers.

• Boughton, J. M., 2002. The Bretton Woods proposal: an indepthlook. Political Science Quarterly , 42 (6), p. 564-78.

• Journal articles from an electronic source

– Jenkings, R., 1989. Clashing with caching. ARIADNE , [Online]Issue 21, 10 September. Available at:

http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/issue21/web-cache/ [accessed 2

December 2004].

http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/issue21/web-cache/

http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/issue21/web-cache/



Style of Referencing - Harvard

• Journal Abstract from a Database

– Author, Initials., Year. Title of article. Full Title of Journal , [Type

of medium]. Volume number (Issue/Part numbers). Page

numbers if available and abstract details. Available at: URL(Uniform Resource Locator) [access details]

• Boughton, J. M. 2002. The Bretton Woods proposal: an indepth

look. Political Science Quarterly, [Online]. 42(6). Abstract from

Blackwell Science Synergy database. Available at:

http://www.pol.upenn/articles,BlackwellScienceSynergy [accessed

12 June 2005

http://www.pol.upenn/articles,BlackwellScienceSynergy

http://www.pol.upenn/articles,BlackwellScienceSynergy




• Newspaper Articles

– Author, Initials., Year. Title of article. Title of News Paper ,

Day and month before page numbers of Article.

• Slapper, G., 2005. Corporate manslaughter: new issues for lawyers. Times, 3 Sep. p. 4-5.

• Internet/Website

– Author, Initial., Year. Title of document or page, [Type of

medium]. Available at: URL [accessed date]

• National electronic Library for Health. 2003. Can walking make you

slimmer and healthier? , [Online]. (Updated 16 Jan 2005). Available

at: http://www.nhs.uk.tht.walking [accessed 10 April 2005]

http://www.nhs.uk.tht.walking/

http://www.nhs.uk.tht.walking/




• Dissertation

– Author, Initial., Year. Title of dissertation. Level. Name of University.

• Richmond, J., 2005. Customer expectations in the world of

electronic banking: a case study of the Bank of Britain. PhD. AngliaRuskin University.

• Conference Report

– Authorship author, editor or organisation, Year. Full title of

conference report. Location, Date, Publisher: Place of publication

• UNDESA (United Nations Department of Economic and SocialAffairs), 2005. 6th Global forum on reinventing government: towardsparticipatory and transparent governance. Seoul, Republic of Korea,24-27 May 2005, United Nations: New York.




• Conference Paper

– Author, Year. Full title of conference paper. In,

Editor/Organisation, Full title of conference. Location, Date,

Publisher: Place of publication

• Brown, J., 2005. Evaluating surveys of transparent governance. In

UNDESA (United Nations Department of Economic and Social

Affairs), 6 th Global forum on reinventing government: towards

participatory and transparent governance. Seoul, Republic of Korea,24-27 May 2005, United Nations: New York.




• Unpublished Work

– Woolley, E. & Muncey, T., (in press) Demons or diamonds: a

study to ascertain the range of attitudes present in health

professionals to children with conduct disorder. Journal of

Adolescent Psychiatric Nursing. (accepted for publication

December 2002).




• References with Missing Details

– Sometimes it may not be possible to identify an author, place or

publisher.

• Anon author anonymous or not identifiable

• s.l. no place of publication (Latin: sine loco)

• s.n. no named publisher (Latin: sine nomine)



Style of Referencing - APA

• American Psychological Association (APA)

– Book

– Author. Date of publication. Title. Publisher Details




• Two to Six Authors

– Edition Other Than the First Edition




• Journal Article

– Author. Date of publication. Title. Journal Name, Volume (Issue)




• Chapter or Article in an Edited Book

Magazine Article

• Author Known

• Author Unknown




• Newspaper Article/Journal Article With No Author

- When there is no author, cite the article title in quotation

marks:

• ("South Australian premier resigns in tears," 1999)

• Book With No Author

- When there is no author, cite the title of the book in italics

and the publication date:

• (Dictionary of computing , 1991)




• No Date

- When a work has no publication date put (n.d.) "no

date", cite the author followed by the abbreviation for no

date:

• Clarke (n.d.) studied secondary students' classroom

behaviour.




• Conference Proceedings

- Published

- Unpublished




• Electronic Report

• Electronic Conference Proceedings



Style of Referencing - MLA

• Book

The details required in order, are:

1. name/s of author/s, editor/s, compiler/s or the institution responsible

2. title of publication and subtitle if any (all titles must be underlined or

italicised )

3. series title and individual volume if any4. edition, if other than first

5. place of publication

6. publisher

7. year of publication

8. page number(s) if applicable

• Modern Language Association (MLA) – Is used in Humanities disciplines




• Example

Book

Berkman, Robert I. Find It Fast: How to Uncover Expert Information on

any Subject. New York: Harper Perennial, 1994.

McTaggart, Douglas, Christopher Findlay, and Michael Parkin. Economics.2nd ed. Sydney: Addison-Wesley, 1995.




• Chapter or part of a book

- O'Regan, Tom and Stehpen Cox. “Towards an Ecology of Cultural

Attendance.” Mobilising the Audience. Ed. Balnaves, Mark, O'Regan,

Tom and Sternberg, Jason. St. Lucia, Australia, U of Queensland P,

2002. 131-167.

• No author or editor

- If no author is given, the title is used as the first element of a

citation. Do not use either Anonymous or Anon. Alphabetise the entry

by the first main word of the title in the reference list.

- The CCH Macquarie Dictionary of Business. North Ryde,

NSW: CCH Australia, 1993.




• FOR A JOURNAL ARTICLE

The details required are:

• name/s of author/s of the article• title of article

• title of periodical

• volume number

• issue (or part) number • year of publication

• page number(s)




• Example for Journal

Turner, Graeme, and Delys Bird. “Australian Studies: Practice

Without Theory.” Westerly 27.2 (1982): 51-56.

• Conference paper

Bohrer, S., T. Zielke, and V. Freiburg. “Integrated Obstacle Detection

Framework for Intelligent Cruise Control on Motorways.”

Proceedings of the IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium, September 19-20, 1996, Sikei University, Tokyo, Japan. Piscataway, N.J.:

Institute of Electrical & Electronics Engineers, Inc., 1996. 49-52.




• FOR INTERNET

Weibel, S., “Metadata: The Foundations of Resource Description”, D-lib Magazine

10 Oct. 1995. http://www.dlib.org/dlib/July95/07weibel.html (5 Dec. 1995).

• REFERENCES IN THE TEXT

Examples

• Some maintain “that the sexes are interchangeable” (Moir and Jessel 94).

• It is futile to maintain that the sexes are interchangeable (Moir and Jessel 94).

• Moir and Jessel have shown that it is futile to maintain that the sexes are

interchangeable. (94)

• Moir and Jessel maintain “that the sexes are interchangeable” (94).



Style of Referencing - AJP

• Australian Journal of Physiotherapy (AJP)

– style is used by physiotherapy.

• There are two components to the AJP style:

- the author and date (and sometimes the page number) must

appear in the text/main body in round brackets.

- all the details on each source must be in the reference list at

the end.




• Text referencing

- When you cite (identify) references in the text of your

assignment — regardless of whether you paraphrase, summarise,

quote or copy — you should include:

1. the author’s surname (family name) (or name of editor or

organisation responsible)

2. the year of publication (latest edition or when site was last

reviewed)

3. page numbers if appropriate and where available.




• Example

• It has been argued that the relative seriousness of the two kinds of errors

differs from situation to situation (Smith 2001).

• Smith (2001) has argued that the relative seriousness of the two kinds

of errors differs from situation to situation.

• A recent study (Jones and Chan 1996, p.2) has shown a series of

outcomes that “result from economic hardship in the community”.




• For a book

author/s surname(s) and initial(s)

year of publication

title of bookedition (if relevant)

city where published

publishing company

relevant page numbers (abbreviated as pp.)

Lincoln YS and Guba EG (1985): Naturalistic Inquiry. Bevely Hills, CA:

Sage Publications.




• For a journal article

author/s surname(s) and initial(s)

year of publication

title of article (do not capitalise the title of the article)

title of journal or periodical (in italics with important words in upper case)

volume number (no issue number is included)

page number(s)

Thornquist E (1992): Patient-physician trust: an exploratory study. Journal

of Family Practice 44:169-176.




• For an electronic source

author – the person or organisation responsible for the source

date of publication

title

type of medium (e.g. [online] or [CD-ROM], except for Internet source)

edition

place of publication

publisher

date of update/revisionlocation (may include: a host document; availability and access number)

date of access

American Physical Therapy Association (2003): APTA Code of Ethics.

http://www.apta.org/PT_Practice/ethics_pt/code_ethics Accessed 22 September, 2003.



Style of Referencing - Numerical

• Numerical Systems

– The Chicago or Turabian Style (used by art and

humanities)

– The Footnote Style (used by School of Architecture)



Style of Referencing - Turabian Style

• Chicago / Turabian Style

To acknowledge a source in your paper, place a superscript number immediately

after the end punctuation of a sentence containing the quotation, paraphrase, or

summary.

Example: This is how one acknowledges a source in Chicago/Turabian

documentation.1

Do not put any punctuation after the number.

1. Donald N. McCloskey, Enterprise and Trade in Victorian Britain: Essays inHistorical Economics (London: George Allen and Unwin, 1981), 54.

1. Louise M. Rosenblatt, "The Transactional Theory: Against Dualisms,"

College English 54 (1993): 380.



Style of Referencing - Footnote Style

• The Footnote Style

There are two components to the footnote system:

§ the note identifiers and accompanying footnotes in the text of your

assignment

§ the bibliography, at the end of the assignment.




• The footnote system enables you to reference by using

consecutive numbers called note identifiers within your text,

starting with the number 1. These numbers are used to identify

information that has been referenced.

• Each note identifier or number is also listed at the bottom (or

foot) of each page with relevant bibliographic details. This is

called a footnote. Footnotes are usually set in a smaller fontthan the font in the body of your assignment.



Endnotes

• What ever style of referencing you follow, please

remember to remain consistent throughout your work.



References

• Educational Services & Learning Support 2002, Referencing: The

Harvard Referencing System, University Publishing Unit , Central

Queensland University, Rockhampton.

• How to Acknowledge What You Have Read Abbreviations n.d, URL:

http://www.libd.monash.edu.au/vl/cite/cite11.htm, (Accessed 18February 2004)

• Roberts, Andrew (2007), “ABC of Referencing – ABC of Citation”, URL:

http://www.mdx.ac.uk/WWW/STUDY/Refer.htm#Referencing, (Accessed 16

December 2007)

• University of South Australia (2007), “Referencing Using the Harvard Author-

Date System”, URL:

http://www.unisanet.unisa.edu.au/learningconnection/student/learningAdvisor

, (Accessed 20 October 2007)

http://www.libd.monash.edu.au/vl/cite/cite11.htm

http://www.mdx.ac.uk/WWW/STUDY/Refer.htm

http://www.unisanet.unisa.edu.au/learningconnection/student/learningAdvisors/documents/harvard-referencing.pdf

http://www.unisanet.unisa.edu.au/learningconnection/student/learningAdvisors/documents/harvard-referencing.pdf

http://www.mdx.ac.uk/WWW/STUDY/Refer.htm

http://www.libd.monash.edu.au/vl/cite/cite11.htm



References

• APA (American Psychological Association) Style, n.d,

URL: http://inet.acu.edu.au/node.cfm/30877A04-38D0-4377-A62766D134F1

, (Accessed 04 March 2008)

• Chicago/Turabian Documentation, n.d. URL:

http://www.wisc.edu/writing/Handbook/DocChiNotes_1stRef_article.html,(Accessed 26 March 2008)

http://inet.acu.edu.au/node.cfm/30877A04-38D0-4377-A62766D134F1BEB5

http://www.wisc.edu/writing/Handbook/DocChiNotes_1stRef_article.html

http://www.wisc.edu/writing/Handbook/DocChiNotes_1stRef_article.html

http://inet.acu.edu.au/node.cfm/30877A04-38D0-4377-A62766D134F1BEB5

REFERENCING Lecture 2

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