RECWOWE FINAL CONFER ENCE -...

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Organised by :

The Maison des sciences de l’homme Ange-Guépin (MSHG), Nantes,

France, and the Centre d’Etudes Européennes (CEE), Sciences-Po Paris.

RECWOWE FINAL CONFERENCE

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The conference venue and accommodation will be provided by the Hotel Bloom, which is located beside the Brussels’ inner ring road, close to the European institutions and adjacent to the Botanical

Gardens.

Please note that the sessions will take place on the levels -1 (Consilium and Forum) and +1 (meeting rooms 1-5) of the building.

A welcome desk will be organised on the ground floor, as well as on the levels -1 and +1 where

the sessions will take place.

Table of content:

Conference at a glance ..................................................................................................................... p. 60

Introduction ........................................................................................................................................... p. 4

Programme of the Conference ........................................................................................................ p. 6

Wednesday, June 15 2011 ........................................................................................................................... p. 6

Thursday, June 16 2011 ............................................................................................................................. p. 19

Friday, June 17 2011 .................................................................................................................................. p. 38

Practical information ......................................................................................................................... p. 51

Social programme .............................................................................................................................. p. 52

Participants list ................................................................................................................................... p. 53

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INTRODUCTION

1- A FEW WORDS ABOUT RECWOWE RECWOWE is a network of excellence financed by the European Commission in the FP6, the research programme of DG Research & Innovation, which focuses on the analysis of the relationships between work and welfare. RECWOWE stands for “Reconciling Work and Welfare in Europe”. Our project started in October 2006 and is gradually drawing to a close (September 2011). In fact, the Brussels Conference is the final RECWOWE conference. It is jointly organised by the two institutions coordinating RECWOWE: the Maison des Sciences de l’Homme Ange Guépin in Nantes and the Centre d’Études Européennes of Sciences-Po in Paris. RECWOWE is a network of excellence gathering some 200 researchers from 30 different research institutions in 17 different European countries. The paramount objective of RECWOWE has been to create a European research network capable of overcoming the fragmentation of existing research on questions of work and welfare in Europe. Our aim has been to promote the research excellence required in identifying and understanding the multiple tensions between work and welfare, as well as strategies for managing or resolving them. Four main tensions have been identified:

A. Tensions between a call for more flexibility on the labour market and a need for security for citizens,

B. Tensions between work and family life, increased fluidity in family patterns and enhanced flexibility in employment patterns and relationships,

C. Tensions between the number of jobs created and their quality,

D. Tensions induced by the development of “employment-friendly” welfare reforms, i.e. the political tensions created by the difficulties in matching industrial welfare systems to the requirements of creating post-industrial jobs.

Within RECWOWE, many collective and comparative research projects have been undertaken and the aim of our final conference is to present our main results to a broad audience, both academic and policy. RECWOWE has planned to achieve no less than 22 collective publications in a new Palgrave book series ‘Work and Welfare in Europe’, in Oxford University Press, Peter Lang, etc, and as special issues in relevant journals. Most of these are presented and discussed during the Brussels conference. RECWOWE has also created a working paper series, and has made efforts to better integrate European research through various training activities, European and national exchange meetings, and with the creation of a meta-data basis called EDACwowe (European Data Center for Work and Welfare), which provides information on the content and quality of numerous data bases for comparative analysis on work and welfare. 2- ABOUT THE CONFERENCE

During the conference, RECWOWE members present their work, chapters of books or articles in special issues of journals which are then discussed by invitees and participants from outside RECWOWE who work both in academic and community policy domains. In this way, we hope to be able to share our results as broadly as possible, both from an academic and from a policy perspective, and to prompt reflection on the tensions between work and welfare within the context of the current economic and social crisis. Our final conference is organised around common streams and topics which have been key concerns throughout all of RECWOWE’s activities.

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The parallel sessions are organised in order to present and discuss books and special issues produced by RECWOWE members. These sessions are organised within four main streams:

A. ‘Implementing activation’: sessions discuss the main social, economic and political consequences of various activation policies.

B. ‘Transforming social protection’: sessions discuss the content, politics and consequences of the social policy changes aimed at reconciling work and welfare.

C. ‘More jobs, better jobs?’: sessions discuss and assess the capacity of various countries and reforms to combine more jobs with a sustained or even improved quality in these jobs, including various welfare dimensions such as combining work and family lives.

D. ‘Can Europe help?’: sessions discuss the impact of the EU in supporting national countries in their attempt at reconciling work and welfare, as well as the prospect for the EU to become more social.

Four plenary sessions are also organised to synthesise the main messages of RECWOWE and address important current economic, social and political challenges in Europe.

Plenary session 1: ‘Tackling the crisis: is “Europe 2020” enough?’

Plenary session 2: ‘Changing Worlds of Work and Welfare. What do we learn from RECWOWE’s activities? ’

Plenary session 3: ‘Liberalisation, dualization or integration? How to interpret changes in the labour market and social policies over the last three decades’

Plenary session 4: ‘The Agency Gap: Capabilities for a Worklife Balance across Welfare Regimes and Within Work Organisations’

Permanent presentations:

The Conference presents RECWOWE main research and publications through permanent posters’ exhibition. A permanent ‘data stop and shop’ on the first floor presents EDACwowe, the data portal providing systematic information on and direct links to all national and EU comparative data available on Work and Welfare: www.edacwowe.eu.

Please find the programme of the conference at a glance on the last page.

• A.1 & A.2: Governance of activation policies in Europe

• A.3: Regulating the risk of unemployment in Europe

• A.4: Employers, recruitment practices and active labour market policies

• A.5: The Age of Dualization: Coping with De-industrialization

• A.6 & A.7: Activation reforms in Europe: challenges to social citizenship

• B.1 & B.3: Labour market flexibility and pension reforms. Flexible today, secure tomorrow?

• B.2 & B.4: Tensions related to the marketisation of care

• B.5: Work, family policies and transitions to adulthood in Europe

• B.6: Childbearing intentions, women’s employment and work-life balance policies

• B.7 & B.9: Care between work and welfare in European societies

• B.8: New measures for new welfare states

• B.10: Ecology of life courses in Europe

• C.1: Women on corporate boards and executive managerial posts

• C.2: Reconfiguring welfare states in the post-industrial age: what role for social partners

• C.3: Normative and legal perspectives on job quality

• C.4: The Age of Dualization: Who are the outsiders?

• C.5: Public sector in recession

• C.6: Job quality and work-life balance in Europe

• C.7: Working poverty in Europe: tensions, risks and policies

• D.1: Towards a social investment welfare state?

• D.2: Europe 2020: Towards a more social Europe?

• D.3: The EU and domestic politics of welfare state reforms. Europa Europae

• D.4: Letting Europe in. The domestic usages of Europe in reconciliation policies

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PROGRAMME OF THE WEEK

09:00-12:30 • Arrival and registration, coffee

Meeting rooms will be available on demand

12:30-13:30 • Buffet lunch (hotel Bloom)

13:30-14:00 • Opening plenary: Forum A

Welcome to the conference by Denis Bouget, network coordinator and Bruno Palier, scientific coordinator of the network

14:00-15:30 • Thematic sessions (five parallel sessions)

Stream A: Implementing activation

Session A.1: Governance of activation policies in Europe (Consilium) Rik van Berkel, Willibrord de Graaf, Tomás Sirovátka

The central question to be dealt with is the interface between forms of governance on the one hand and the form, content and effects of activation policies on the other hand. In analysing several case studies of (groups of) countries we will try to present the main trends in governance. From this comparative perspective we develop various types of governance (like procedural, market, corporate, network) and their effects which, as we will show, run across the typology of welfare states.

Presentation of research findings: Main trends in governance of activation ● Rik van Berkel, Sharon Wright , Renate Minas: Decentralization and centralization in activation governance

This contribution will compare the processes of decentralization and centralization in the governance of activation policies in the countries involved in this project with specific emphasis on three countries: in Sweden (context of the balanced national and local level of governance the policies, cultivated tradition of active labour market policies), in the Netherlands (deliberate shift of governance towards the local level), and in the UK (centralized decision making in design of policies but local delivery, minor role of social partners). The comparison will focus on different paths of decentralization and on how decentralization processes overlap with various modes of centralization/coordination of policies and finally on the interface between the modes of decentralization and centralization on the one hand and the design/contents of the activation policies on the other.

● Fritz Sager, Franziska Ehrler, Rik van Berkel: Marketization of activation

This article will focus on the trends of marketization in activation policies. In many European countries, quasi-markets for the provision of activation have been established nowadays. At the same time, there is considerable variation in these countries on the role and nature of these markets: in terms of the importance of markets in the provision of activation services, in terms of the regulation of activation markets, in terms of who are the purchasers and providers on these markets, etcetera. The article will compare the role and nature of markets in the countries involved in the project. Specific attention will be paid to the Netherlands and Switzerland as these countries have introduced market mechanisms most radically. Again, we will also analyze the relationships between marketization in the different contexts on the one hand and the design/contents of the activation policies on the other.

● Vappu Karjalainen : Network governance and activation

This chapter will focus on network governance, which in one way or another has been introduced as a mode of governing activation in all countries involved in this project. It will focus more specifically on the Finish case where integrated approaches in activation and networking of the stakeholders gained a crucial role in the governance of employment policy and social policy. The focus would be on the question how and why

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this trend appeared - the target group of the Finnish case, namely the hard to employ, plays a significant role here - and on the questions: what kind of problems arise in joint administrative structures and what is the link between networking and the changes in design and implementation of activation policies.

● Franziska Ehrler: New public governance and activation

This contribution will assess the emergence of new public management in activation policies in the countries involved in the project. The paper consists of two main parts: first, a descriptive account on different aspects of new public management in activation policies adopted in the countries will be provided. The emphasis is on the principles guiding the ways in which national governments steer public agencies and manage their conduct. Specific attention will be paid to new public management components like standards and measures of performance, emphasis of output control and new financing regimes. In comparing all countries involved in the project this chapter will try to identify common patterns of new public management strategies and their influence on the design and contents of activation policies. Second, the paper aims at explaining the emergence of the different patterns observed. Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA) technique will be employed to identify constellations of conditions that either favor or hinder the adoption of new public management components in activation policy. QCA will detect domestic factor combinations that allow to describe types of countries favorable to one pattern of NPM adoption or another.

Discussants: ● John Clarke, The Open University, London

● Flemming Larsen, Aalborg University

Stream B: Transforming social protection

Session B.1: Labour market flexibility and pension reforms in Europe (Forum) Karl Hinrichs and Matteo Jessoula

In most EU countries we observe two simultaneous trends: jobs and individual careers increasingly deviate from the traditional standard employment pattern, and still ongoing pension reforms usually imply lower benefits for future retirees – in general and/or for certain groups. Thus, what will be the impact for workers who held “atypical jobs” during their employment career? Will income security in old age be ensured for them? Or do we have to expect a growing share of retirees being at risk of poverty?

Starting from the assumption that these two simultaneous developments, most likely, will have a significant impact on levels and patterns of income security during old age, the contributions included in volume “Labour Market Flexibility and Pension Reforms: Flexible Today, Secure Tomorrow?”, Palgrave (forthcoming), edited by K. Hinrichs and M. Jessoula employ an innovative perspective. They explicitly take a life course perspective in order to analyze how the interplay between labour market reforms/trends and pension reforms will affect income security in old age during future decades. The panel presents four out of the seven country chapters included in the volume, selected as representatives of traditional single-pillar – Germany and Italy - and multi-pillar countries – UK and the Netherlands, as far as the pension system is concerned.

Actually, the prospects for economic security in old age have been drastically changed by (still ongoing) pension reforms both in single pillar and multi-pillar countries. In the former group a number of reforms public pension schemes have been adopted, strengthening the link between benefits and contributions as well as tightening eligibility conditions and, above all, making income maintenance in retirement dependent on a mix of (lower) public pension benefits (1st pillar) and supplementary pension provision on a voluntary or mandatory basis (2nd and 3rd pillar).

Reforms have also been adopted in countries with a multi pillar pension system - where basic (flat rate) pensions provide a minimum income for the elderly and supplementary (occupational or personal) schemes aim at ensuring income maintenance after retirement - and they seems to have followed rather different routes.

The various contributions then present country studies dealing with the following research questions: what is the combined effect of developments on the labour market and reforms of public and private pension schemes on income security of workers with atypical employment patterns/careers? Have pension reforms included policy responses aimed at adapting to more flexible labour markets, or have they reinforced the negative consequences of atypical work viz. pursuing an irregular employment career?

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Presentation of research findings: ● K. Hinrichs : Germany: A Flexible Labour Market plus Pension Reforms Makes Old-Age Poverty

In Germany, as in most other European countries, the income position of elderly people has improved over the last decades. Declining poverty risk rates indicate these positive developments and looking at people aged 65 and older in Germany who actually receive means-tested basic security benefits, poverty appears to be a minor problem, particularly when compared with the number of poor children. It is likely, however, that the relatively favorable financial situation of today’s pensioners is not going to last. There is an intense debate in Germany about the recurrence of old-age poverty. The current debate took on new urgency in early summer 2007 when the OECD presented an updated version of its Pensions at a Glance. The report gained much attention in German media as it was calculated that, according to recently legislated rules, an average wage earner entering the labour market in 2004 at age 20 would be entitled to benefits from the public pension scheme of not more than 58 per cent of her last net wage after having continuously worked for 45 years until normal retirement age. Within the EU-15, only workers in Ireland and the UK would have to prepare for an even lower replacement ratio (OECD, 2007). Moreover, due to the strictly applied equivalence principle, the pension prospects of workers constantly earning 50 per cent of the average would amount to merely 32 per cent of net average earnings; this prompted the OECD (2007) to warn of ‘a risk of resurgence in old age poverty’ in Germany. The anticipated reduction of about 20 per cent is only a part of the challenge, however. The calculations mentioned previously assume a constant earnings level throughout the working life (the average, 50 or 150 per cent thereof) and, moreover, uninterrupted covered employment until reaching statutory retirement age. However, this kind of continuous employment career of 45 years was not even the norm in the past. As a result of advancing labour market flexibility and more frequent interruptions in gainful employment (for example due to spells of unemployment), in future there will be more newly retired people entitled to (far) less than the standard pension.

The central question of this chapter is: what are the consequences of pension reforms on social security in old age in the context of increasingly diverse employment patterns in Germany? Very likely, the future problem of more employees retiring with insufficient entitlements to public pension benefits and, hence, being dependent on means tested supplements, will be most serious in this country. In Germany the problem will become severe because a series of reforms after 1989 not only decrease the standard replacement ratio of the public scheme. Equally important, these legislative changes strengthened the contribution benefit link when provisions aiming at socially adequate pension levels were removed. Thus, the scheme was not adjusted to a more flexible labour market and changing employment careers. Rather, the combined effect of political risks and new social risks has laid the foundations for an increased dependence on means tested benefits in old age.

Also, the turn towards the multi-pillar approach was considered the most effective strategy for guaranteeing the scheme’s financial sustainability and, above all, to keep employers’ contribution rate in check. The problematic long-term overall effects of these incremental and structural changes were possibly underestimated by the political actors who devised the pension reforms when they (over)estimated the effect of subsidies in motivating nearly one hundred per cent of workers to take out a contract for a Riester-Rente and, hence, to top up the declining level of public pensions. Proponents of a more flexible labour market assumed ‘atypical’ employment to be a springboard for stable integration and upward (income) mobility, but miscalculated the growth and the permanence of those employment patterns which were eased by several re-regulations. Likewise, the turn towards activation that was put into effect by the Hartz laws was expected to shorten unemployment spells, but lower unemployment did not materialize before the demand for labour picked up (after 2005) as a result of economic growth. Thus, the increasing risk of old-age poverty would largely be the non-deliberate result of cumulative and uncoordinated reform activities and partly due to compartmentalization between (and within) the responsible ministries.

So far, the municipalities have had to bear the major part of the expenses for the basic security scheme for old-age and disability pensioners. The federal government will take over complete financial responsibility in 2014. This change opens up new political opportunities for a rearrangement of basic and earnings-related pensions to cope with the consequences of a more flexible labour market.

● M. Jessoula: A risky combination in Italy: “selective flexibility” and defined contributions pensions

Despite comparative data showing that public pension levels are currently higher in Italy than in most other European countries, the public debate suggests that the interaction of pension and labour market rules is a hot issue, particularly concerning old-age security for atypical workers in the coming decades.

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Since the Golden Age, the Italian welfare state has actually been characterized by a robust old age protection system, based on the �Bismarckian compromise� forged in the 1950s-60s (Jessoula and Alti, 2010). The system aimed at guaranteeing adequate and continuous income, both in employment and in retirement, through the combination of specific pension and labour market arrangements: an inclusive single-pillar retirement system (public/pay-as-you-go) providing compulsory coverage to the employed population and delivering generous benefits through subsequent extensions of the earnings-related system to all compulsorily insured workers; the predominance of full-time permanent contracts and a high level of job security (via strong employment protection legislation) allowing long and mostly uninterrupted careers that resulted in full pensions. In addition, old age protection was reinforced by mandatory severance pay schemes for both public and private employees, in most cases providing generous lump sum benefits at retirement for those with continuous employment. In contrast to the high levels of security in old age for those previously in employment, redistributive measures targeted at the �outsiders� and aimed at combating old age poverty have traditionally been limited.

Over the last two decades, this peculiar combination of employment and pension rules has been radically altered by reforms in both policy sectors. Flexibilization of the Italian labour market has been pursued at the margin or selectively (Regini, 2000), by favouring the spread of atypical contracts, especially among younger cohorts. As for pensions, since 1992 a stepwise reform process has substantially modified public pay-as-you-go (PAYG) schemes and launched the transition of the Italian pension system towards a multipillar configuration. Like recent labour market reforms, changes in the field of pensions have mostly been targeted at younger cohorts entering the labour market since 1996, for whom the new Non-financial Defined Contribution (NDC) method (introduced in 1995) fully applies. Thus, the emerging pension system for younger generations is based on a peculiar combination of NDC public schemes and voluntary private funded defined-contribution (DC) pensions – in addition to minimum protection via mean-tested benefits for those with no/insufficient contribution records.

Contributions-related schemes – both NDC and DC – individualize risks and deliver pensions that closely reflect the previous employment pattern and career. What is, then, the pension scenario resulting from the interaction between the new pension rules and increasingly flexible labour market arrangements? In particular, what are the future prospects for old age security for the growing share of atypical workers? This chapter addresses these two questions and it argues that in the coming decades old age security will be guaranteed only if the following conditions are met: participation and payment of full contributions in both the first and supplementary pillars, in combination with employment patterns allowing full uninterrupted careers and delivering at least average wages. These conditions seem to be out of reach for a large share of atypical workers.

● D. Natali: Lessons from the UK? When Multipillar Pension Systems Meet Flexible Labour Markets

The British pension system represents an interesting case for testing the capacity of public and private programmes to provide security in old age for both standard and non-standard workers. Britain has a multi-pillar pension system that it is based on the complex articulation of public and non-public retirement schemes, with of low public benefits and a mature but heterogeneous occupational and personal pensions sector built on voluntarism (Bridgen and Meyer 2007). Moreover, the British pension system is embedded in a liberal market economy with a largely deregulated labour market. Such a multi-pillar system does not provide a high level of protection against old-age risks for everyone and the weaknesses in the British system have led some authors to speak of a ‘pension crisis’ (Pemberton, 2006; Ring, 2005), while other have described British pensions to be in a ‘sorry state’ (Whiteside, 2006).

The peculiarity of the British ‘liberal’ multi-pillar model rests on four key elements. First, and in contrast with many other European countries, the UK has not experienced a ‘golden age’ in pensions characterized by strong old-age security for workers in a highly regulated labour market. In contrast, the British pension system has shown long-term problems of limited and uneven protection across occupational and social groups (Taylor-Gooby, 2005). These shortcomings have been consistent with the key principles of the system: low public protection (below the poverty line), private sector voluntarism, and the contributory logic of both public and private retirement schemes. Second, retrenchment of public pensions started at the beginning of the 1980s in parallel with labour market deregulation, well before the introduction of similar measures in the rest of Europe. Third, the current problems in the UK pension system are mainly related to benefit adequacy (the ability to prevent poverty in old-age and to provide adequate resources for the elderly) rather than to the financial viability of either the public or non-public schemes (Clark, 2006; Pemberton, 2006). In the UK the main challenge is the risk of widespread poverty among pensioners.

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Pension reforms and labour market trends have both contributed significantly to ‘security’ and ‘savings’ gaps, especially for atypical workers (for example part-time, temporary and self-employment) and for other social groups. In particular, the ‘scandal’ of women’s pensions (much lower than those of men in both first, second and third pillars) has characterized the long-term evolution of the system (Thane, 2006). These groups are among the so-called ‘under-pensioned’ (PPI, 2003a; 2003b), that is, people with inadequate benefit entitlements. Consequently, recent legislative innovations have aimed at improving old-age security, especially for less protected groups. Reforms have affected both public schemes and supplementary private pension funds. These reform efforts and their projected outcomes therefore represent an interesting source of insights for other European countries experiencing increased problems concerning the old-age security for atypical workers (Bridgen and Meyer, 2007). Reforms introduced by New Labour in the last decade have actually aimed at dealing with those risks, while reinforcing the multipillar model. Low public pensions have been increased, while private sector voluntarism has been partially revised through the auto-enrolment mechanism. State pensions have improved, especially for low earners, carers and, thus, women in particular. The new means-tested scheme (Pension Credit) contributes to poverty alleviation for many pensioners. Higher benefits from Basic State Pension and the introduction of the flat-rate State Second Pension have contributed to increased protection as well. New measures have also been introduced for supplementary pension funds. The introduction of Stakeholder Pensions and the Personal Accounts that followed have aimed at dealing with savings gaps by increasing coverage and contribution rates. As a consequence, projections show reduced gaps in the future for atypical workers and for women, but the ‘under-pensioned’ problem is expected to persist in the coming years (especially in supplementary schemes). Problems remain in terms of the limited coverage offered by public schemes for care periods.

● K. Anderson: The Netherlands: Reconciling Labour Market Flexicurity with Security in Old Age

The Netherlands is regularly praised in international policy circles for two central aspects of socio-economic policy: its multipillar pension system and its flexicurity reforms. The Dutch multipillar pension approach has a long tradition, but flexicurity is a more recent policy innovation. Enhancing labour market flexibility has been a core element of the overhaul of labour market policies that resulted, at least in part, in the ‘employment miracle’ of the 1980s and 1990s (Visser and Hemerijck, 1997; Becker and Schwartz, 2005; Van Oorschot, 2002). This remarkable turnaround stands in sharp contrast to the economic malaise of the 1970s and early1980s when the Netherlands was a classic case of ‘welfare without work’.

The combination of multipillar pensions and flexible labour markets might at first glance appear to be a recipe for inadequate retirement provision. Indeed, critics of multipillar pension systems point to the dangers of placing so much of the risk of financial markets on workers. Similarly, critics of labour market deregulation emphasize the growing vulnerability of workers to the vagaries of economic swings when unemployment protection decreases. The Dutch experience demonstrates, however, that there is a viable response to the challenge of ensuring adequate retirement income in a political economy characterized by multipillar pension provision and increased labour market flexibility. Dutch labour market reforms have contributed to the expansion of employment, especially of women and older workers. In addition, labour law reforms and occupational pension policy adjustments have resulted in expanded benefit access for non-standard workers. However, not all atypical workers are treated equally. Part-time workers have access to earnings-related occupational pensions under the same conditions as full-time workers, but temporary and on-call workers still face gaps in coverage, as do some categories of the self-employed.

Moreover, patterns of part-time work – by far the most common category of atypical work – are highly gendered (Yerkes, 2009), as women are far more likely to work part-time than men. Even if part-time jobs qualify for employment protection and occupational pension accrual, and female poverty in old age is very low, women’s overall pension levels are much lower than men’s, because women’s earnings as part-time workers are lower than men’s mainly full-time earnings.

The Dutch approach to combining more flexible labour markets with retirement security rests on two essential institutional preconditions seldom available to other European welfare states. First, the importance of the flat-rate, state pension in preventing poverty in old age can hardly be exaggerated. The Dutch basic pension is fairly generous in international comparison, and it provides adequate retirement income regardless of previous labour market status. This means that atypical employment does not necessarily lead to old age poverty as it often does in other countries. Second, recent changes in labour law and the extensive system of pre-funded occupational pensions have resulted in improved coverage for nonstandard workers. The latter precondition is heavily conditioned by Dutch corporatism: employers and unions make collective agreements ‘in the shadow of hierarchy’ (Visser and Hemerijck, 1997). Also, since the 1980s, Dutch governments have

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prioritized the expansion of employment, including atypical employment (especially part-time), and they have adopted legislation to enhance the retirement provision of atypical workers.

The chapter therefore emphasizes the comparatively good performance of the Dutch multipillar pension system in providing income security for non-standard workers, and it argues that corporatist bargaining processes are the key to understanding the qualified success of combining labour market flexibility with income security in old age in the Netherlands. Two developments, however, threaten this optimistic picture. First, the occupational pension system is currently experiencing its worst crisis ever. Second, the fate of the state pension is uncertain. As this chapter emphasizes, the AOW is highly effective in preventing old-age poverty, but it is expensive, and Dutch policymakers have yet to find a politically feasible answer to the question of how to finance the AOW as the old age dependency ratio increases, while maintaining the value of the AOW is especially important for the retirement incomes of non-standard workers.

With the participation of:

● John Myles, University of Toronto

● Maurizio Ferrera , University of Milan

● Sini Laitinen-Kuikka , Finnish Centre for Pensions

● Philippe Pochet, ETUI, European Trade Union Institute, Brussels

● Markus Sailer, DRV Bund, Berlin

Session B.2: Tensions related to the Marketization of Care in European welfare states (Room 5) Birgit Pfau-Effinger and Tine Rostgaard

The Panel will introduce the findings of a thematic issue of the Nordic Journal of Social Research. It is the result of the international research collaboration in the EU Network of Excellence ‘Reconciling Work and Welfare in European Societies’ (RECWOWE). The aim is 1. to analyze the role and forms of policies towards marketization and consumerism in the field of childcare and elderly care in European welfare states, 2. to analyze tensions and contradictions which have emerged as a consequence of the strengthening of economic principles with regard to care in European societies and 3. to contribute to the further development of the theoretical and conceptual framework for such research.

Presentation of research findings: ● Birgit Pfau-Effinger and Tine Rostgaard: Tensions connected with the strengthening of economic principles with regard to care work in European welfare states’

The aim is to introduce into the theme and to conceptually and theoretically analyse in which regard tensions can be connected with the strengthening of economic principles with regard to care work in European welfare states.

● Per H. Jensen and Barbara Fersch: ‘Strengthening of economic principles in elderly care – challenges and tensions’

The ‘care deficit’, which originates from ageing populations and the increased participation of women in the conventional labour market, poses a major challenge to most late modern societies. Although most countries are faced with similar challenges in relation to elderly care, recent attempts to meet the care deficit have taken different directions in different European societies. While some countries have maintained publicly organised care provisions combined with New Public Management strategies, others have employed various forms of cash-for-care programs. The aim of this article is to analyse new approaches and directions in elderly care in a comparative perspective. First the aim is to analyse how new approaches at the institutional level have changed the overall responsibility for taking care of frail elderly; how the role of the care giver has changed at the individual > level, and how new directions in elderly care have been accompanied by changes in cultural orientations, values and belief systems. A second aim of this article is to assess how different approaches to the ‘care deficit’ in different welfare systems create different kinds of tensions. The article draws on the experience from Denmark, Germany and Spain. The three countries represent different logics of change; they have followed different directions of change and have encountered different tensions in relation to how elderly care could and should be provided.

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● Ingela Naumann and Sandra Gulyurtlu : ‘The Economisation of Childcare. The UK, Germany, Sweden and Portugal Compared’

This paper examines the development of ‘childcare markets’ in Sweden and the UK since the 1990s. It demonstrates that while similar sets of ideas have led to reforms in childcare policy in both countries, changes have taken quite different directions: in Sweden market principles were introduced in a formerly public childcare system, while the UK government has increased state intervention into a predominantly private service domain. The paper goes on to discuss how these new types of public/private mix in childcare provision remain embedded in the nation-specific welfare state arrangements and create different challenges and tensions for service users, providers and the state in the two countries. The paper concludes that despite some general European trends, the shape, function and effects of ‘welfare markets’ differ greatly between fields of service provision and countries.

●Tine Rostgaard: ‘Care as you like it – Construction of a consumer approach in home care in Denmark’

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the development of the form and concept of consumerism in social policy, taking the domiciliary care for the elderly in Denmark as an exemplification and showing how this presupposes the involvement of the market.

Discussants: ● Neil Gilbert , University of California, Berkeley

Stream C: More jobs, better jobs?

Session C.1: Women on corporate boards and executive managerial posts (Room 3) Colette Fagan, María González Menéndez and Silvia Gómez

The session will look at a key determinant of job quality: the vertical segregation of employment by gender, in particular in regard to the presence of women in elite labour market positions in Europe and, more specifically, in the private sector. The relative standing of women on corporate boards and in top executive positions in the private sector indicates the extent of the gender gap in high-level decision-making in the economy.

The session will present and discuss the results from the forthcoming edited collection in the RECWOWE Palgrave series, which provides a European comparative analysis of women’s representation on corporate board and executive managerial positions and national policy developments in quotas and other mechanisms designed to achieve a more gender equal composition of boards.

The findings and policy implications provide the basis for the round table discussion with external discussants: ● Willem Adema, OECD

● Ann Orloff , Northwestern University

● Mirella Visser, past president of the European Professional Women’s Network

Session C.2: Reconfiguring Welfare States in the Post-industrial Age:

What role for social partners? (Room 1) Waltraud Schelkle

The point of departure for our project was that the reconfiguration of welfare states is driven by structural changes that affect social partners in diverse ways and that play themselves out differently in relevant social policy areas. These changes are often, if not exclusively, perceived as the coming of a post-industrial age that makes collective bargaining as well as the institutional-administrative role of social partners more complex. An expanding service economy generates more inequality and instability in working conditions but also the potential to include a more diverse workforce through employment. If the collective representations of workers and employers do not respond to these changes, but keep on focusing on the trade-off between

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employment and real wages for a core, full-time workforce, they are faced with a loss in membership, marginalisation in the political process and ultimately an erosion of public support for the institution of social partnership.

We concentrated on trade unions as they have been particularly challenged by these structural changes and were accused of largely blocking necessary reform in public debates. They have also be put under pressure by an ideological shift that sees a legitimate role for social policy not so much in the correction of markets, above all for reasons of equality, but in the correction of market failures. The latter supposedly reconciles equity and efficiency if social policy is efficiency-enhancing, for instance through basic social insurance for longevity and sickness on which profitable private provisions of pensions and health can build. The European Union’s social agenda is largely driven by an attempt to realise this potential of ‘social policy as a productive factor’, in the European Employment Strategy, the different vintages of the Lisbon Strategy or its equality rights agenda. The problem for trade unions is not the productivist thrust per se, but the implication that redistributive social policy becomes suspect.

Our special issue in the European Journal of Industrial Relations is a complementary endeavour to Colin Crouch’s inquiry into the ‘snakes and ladders of 21st century trade unionism’ (Crouch 2000). We identify how the snakes and ladders matter, that is how weakening and strengthening conditions are shaping the role of unions in the reconfiguration of welfare states. Crouch identified as weakening conditions, among others, the shift of industrial relations activity to the enterprise level and the collapse of the standard employment relationship, while strengthening may result from the need for social pacts in an integrating Europe and in welfare reforms. One question we had is how even snakes can be turned into ladders if trade unions are able to respond constructively.

Waltraud Schelkle: Introduction

Presentation of research findings:

● Andreas Kornelakis: Social Partners and the Welfare State: Recalibration, Privatization or Collectivization of Social Risks?

The comparative political economy literature has been inconclusive in its assessment of the extent of welfare state retrenchment. One strand of research emphasised that welfare states have not undergone outright retrenchment, but recalibration. Another strand argued that there is a shift towards the privatization of risks and increased reliance on the market. While these assessments likely represent differences in magnitude, our paper seeks to contribute to these debates with an alternative argument: collectivization of social risks. We employ a method of contextualized comparisons, examining three cases of collectivization across diverse contexts: the financing of disability insurance in the Netherlands, training provision for employed and unemployed in Greece, and regulation of atypical contracts in Italy. The paper concludes by discussing the political dynamic that ensued and the wider relevance of the argument to debates in comparative political economy and comparative industrial relations.

● Anil Duman: Employee Welfare and Restructuring in Public Sectors: Evidence from Poland and Serbia

This paper challenges the view of CEE labour as a uniformly weak actor and explores under what conditions it can play an active role in the welfare reform process. Drawing on evidence from Poland and Serbia’s education and health care, it shows that CEE unions operating in the public sector largely retained their ability to prevent large-scale restructuring and defended employment-related privileges of their constituencies. The unions’ resilience is explained by the characteristics of CEE public sectors, sheltered from competitive pressures by delayed privatization and highly vocal due to extensive structural and associational power enjoyed by their employees.

● Richard Parry : The role of wage bargaining partners in public sector reform: the case of primary care contracts

The article takes the 2004 contract between British general practitioners (GPs) and the government as an example of the kind of dilemmas that confront all European health systems. The 2004 contract enabled commercial providers to enter the primary care market employing salaried GPs, and allowed doctors to withdraw from out-of-hours coverage. Our research suggests that the doctors underestimated the threat of commercialization of the previously socialised NHS primary care posed by these new contracts. Only after

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the consequences of the reform became clear did they take policy positions against the commercialization of the NHS facilitated by the contract they had agreed, an example of the way that wage bargaining partners in health become involved in the structural maintenance of the system as well as the pay and conditions of their members, with possible tradeoffs between the two.

● Bernhard Ebbinghaus: The role of trade unions in European pension reforms: From ‘old’ to ‘new’ politics?

Trade unions played a substantial role in the ‘old politics’ expanding pension systems in Europe; they are still active in the ‘new politics’ of pension reforms. Given the electoral impact and political veto points, governments may seek overcoming reform blockage in political decision-making and implementation by social consensus seeking with trade unions and employers. Besides political interest politics, various modes of social governance allow trade union influence: institutionalized forms of self-administration of pension insurance, the self-regulation via negotiated occupational pensions, institutional consultation of interest groups, and tripartite concertation (or social pacts) between government and the social partners.

Discussants:

● Maria Jepsen, ETUI, European Trade Union Institute, Brussels ● Jean-Paul Tricart, DG Empl, Head of Unit Social Dialogue, Industrial Relations

15:30-16:00 • Coffee-tea break, data stop and shop (EDACwowe)



Session A.2: Governance of activation policies in Europe (Consilium) Rik van Berkel, Willibrord de Graaf and Tomás Sirovátka

See detailed presentation p. 3

Presentation of research findings: The context and effects of governance of activation ● Paolo Graziano, Tomas Sirovatka: Governance and implementation of activation policies

Although often overlooked in research, the issue of implementation and implementation capacities are crucial in making activation and governance reforms successful. This is topic is addressed in this article, which focuses on two countries where the absence or weakness of institutional capacities is specifically clear: Italy and Czech Republic. These countries may be characterized as countries strongly influenced with the Bismarckian tradition of the welfare state (although not being the 'classical' cases), with tendencies towards centralization and procedural modes of governance of public policies in recent periods of their history (in Czech Republic also the legacy of communism). Currently, in Italy the tension between the national and regional level of governance is apparent while in the Czech Republic centralization is still strong. However in both countries gaps of coordination and implementation capacities influence the implemented activation policies strongly. The focus of the chapter will be actually on the role of implementation capacities and conditions (including the role of the actors) with respect to the activation policies and their developments in both countries.

● Willibrord de Graaf, Tomas Sirovatka: Government and effects of activation policies

This contribution will be concerned with the question what are the various effects (short-term, long-term horizon, employment effect, employability effect and other), of activation policies and how they are influenced by the modes of governance. Governance reforms are often introduced in order to have an impact on activation: they should improve the coverage of activation policies, improve the quality and flexibility of services, promote effectiveness and efficiency, etcetera. But what do we actually know of the effects of governance reforms in the area of activation policies? Do these reforms, so to speak, deliver on promises? This article will explore this issue, based on research that has been carried out in the countries involved in this project.

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● Paolo Graziano: Converging worlds of activation? Activation and the role of the EU

This contribution will examine the relationship between the emerging European activation policies and the evolution of domestic activation policies. Drawing on the emerging Europeanization literature, the crucial research questions will be the following: is there an EU-induced convergence in domestic activation policies in the European Union? What are the links between the EU activation and ‘flexicurity’ strategies and domestic activation policy reforms?

The first section of the article will set out the analytical framework derived from the Europeanization literature. The second section of the article will briefly describe the evolution of EU policies and will identify the key dimensions for the policy analysis. The third section of the article will provide illustrations of the evolution of activation policies in EU member states and, drawing on the research carried out in the countries involved in the project, will focus on the relationship between EU activation policies and domestic activation developments. A short concluding section ends the article.

Discussants: ● John Clarke, The Open University, London

● Flemming Larsen, Aalborg University


Session B.3: Flexible today, secure tomorrow? (Forum) Karl Hinrichs and Matteo Jessoula

Chair: Anne-Marie Guillemard, University Paris Descartes Sorbonne


● Matteo Jessoula: Presentation of the comparative findings of the volume “Labour Market Flexibility and Pension Reforms”

Interventions by invited speakers and general discussion: ● John Myles, University of Toronto

● Maurizio Ferrera , University of Milan

● Sini Laitinen-Kuikka , Finnish Centre for Pensions

● Philippe Pochet, ETUI, European Trade union Institute, Brussels

● Markus Sailer, DRV Bund, Berlin

Session B.4: Tensions related to the Marketization of Care in European welfare states (Room 5) Birgit Pfau-Effinger and Tine Rostgaard


Presentation of research findings: ● Anneli Anttonen: ‘Marketization of Care: the Nordic Social Care Regime in transition’

The main focus is on analyses of the new politics of market related care policies in Northern European care regimes. The authors trace major tensions between the emerging political discourse on active citizenship and how it is materialised in everyday care practices.

● Per H. Jensen, Birgit Pfau-Effinger: Marketisation of Care in the German and Danish Welfare State – success story or failure?

Since the 1990s, the German and the Danish welfare state, like in many other European welfare states, have extended finances and social rights related to elderly care. At the same time, both welfare states have introduced principles of marketisation into elderly care. The outcome is different in that in Germany, the tensions between market principles and the quality of care are considerably higher than in the Danish welfare state. The article will analyses the reasons for these differences. The argument is that the ways in which care was marketised differ considerably, and that the way care policies in Denmark is organized matches better with the needs of elderly people in need of care. The analyses are based on findings from two parallel

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research projects for Germany and Denmark which are led by the authors and which are funded by the German Research Foundation (DFG) and the Danish Research Council.

● Teppo Kröger: Care work under economisation: Effects of the introduction of market-based practices within Nordic social care systems

This paper analyses the effects of the current strengthening of economic principles – including the introduction of purchaser-provider models, consumer choice and competitive tendering – on the basic features of formal care work that is performed in Finland, Denmark, Norway and Sweden. The data to be used come from the NORDCARE survey that was conducted by a Nordic researcher group among 1 200 care workers in each of the four countries. The paper describes the progress and adoption of market-inspired practices within the social care systems of the four Nordic countries and, using multi-factor analysis, analyses the consequences of their adoption on the working conditions of care workers as well as on workers’ capability to meet the needs of their service users. New tensions that have risen between the ‘rationality of care’ and cost-efficiency and their potential effects on the quality of care and recruitment of care workers are discussed. Similarities and dissimilarities between the developments of the four Nordic countries are highlighted.

Discussants: ● Neil Gilbert , University of California, Berkeley


Session C.3: Normative and legal perspectives on job quality (Room 3) Silvia Borelli and Pascale Vielle

Essential legal characteristics of the quality of work will be at the core of the discussion. The debate will focus on topics handled in the book “Legal and Normative Approach of the Quality of Jobs in Europe”, such as: the theoretical and normative framework to assess quality of work; some essential elements of collective and individual labour rights; the relations between job quality, employment policies and social security; and equality and non-discrimination as key aspects of quality of work.

Pascale Vielle: Research findings on ‘Normative and legal perspectives on job quality in Europe’. General presentation Three discussions by invited experts around main dimensions of the book: ● Marie-Ange Moreau (Lyon 2 University): Seeking a normative framework for job quality

● Guido Balandi (Universita di Ferrara), Jean-Jacques Paris (Alpha-consultants) and Greet Vermeylen (Eurofound): Individual and collective rights at work and social security: substantial dimensions of job quality

● Maria Jepsen (ETUI, European Trade Union Institute, Brussels): Equality as a key aspect of job quality

Stream D: Can Europe help?

Session D.1: Towards a Social Investment Welfare State? (Room 1) Nathalie Morel, Bruno Palier and Joakim Palme

Since the late 1990s, new ideas and strategies concerning the role and shape of the Welfare State have been formulated, with the focus being placed on developing policies that aim to “prepare” rather than “repair”. These ideas were developed and promoted most notably by the OECD (1997), Giddens (1998), Esping-Andersen et al. (2002), and Rodrigues (2003). The same ways of reasoning also underpinned the Lisbon Agenda, which the European Union adopted in 2000 in order to meet the future challenges of ageing

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populations and the shift towards a knowledge-based and service economy. While different terms and labels have been used, all these analyses and policy developments point towards a similar policy logic based on ‘social investment’. This session rests on the hypothesis that this social investment perspective represents a new emerging paradigm for the Welfare State.

The aim of this session is thus to map out the contours of this new paradigm, both at the ideational level and in terms of the policies implemented throughout Europe. It also aims at assessing the achievements, as well as the shortcomings, of this strategy. In doing so it provides a critical analysis of the content and coherence of the ideas and policies put forward in this new perspective and opens up for a discussion of the new challenges which Europe is facing (and which other continents will meet) such as population ageing, the impact of the economic crisis, environmental issues, and of whether the social investment perspective can provide adequate responses to these challenges.

Presentation of research findings: ● Jane Jenson: Redesigning citizenship regimes after neoliberalism. Moving towards social investment

This contribution documents the characteristics of the social investment perspective in comparison to two other policy paradigms, those of Keynesianism and neoliberalism. It shows that in the last two decades of the 20th century, almost all countries were subjected to pressure for change in their citizenship regimes, with neoliberal political forces operating both within and from outside the country. Neoliberalism profoundly challenged and destabilized post-1945 political projects, policy arrangements and practices of governing. In particular, there were concerted efforts to roll back existing guarantees to social protection and practices of interest intermediation, in the name of a larger role for the market, families and communities. Then, as neoliberalism reached its limits in the mid-1990s, ideas spread about “social investment” – particularly investments to help the poor prepare a better future and especially for their children. In order to map the characteristics of social citizenship under the influence of a social investment perspective, the paper uses the heuristic of the citizenship regime, an analytic grid that permits one to make visible the intersecting dimensions of social citizenship (rights and duties; access and governance; and the responsibility mix).

● Kerstin Jacobsson and Caroline de la Porte: The EES as an indicator of the achievements and prospects for a social investment strategy in the enlarged European Union

This contribution assesses the achievements and shortcomings of the European Employment Strategy in shifting national policies towards a social investment agenda. It shows how the impact of the EES is mediated by institutional legacies (creating particular constellations of reform challenges), economic and financial situations and political priorities and agendas in the member states. The chapter assesses the progress made thus far as well as the remaining challenges in a number of selected member states from different welfare state configurations, with the main focus on the changes in labour market policy. Moreover, the challenges for a social investment strategy in the enlarged union are discussed. It is argued that the contradictory pressures for social and economic reform from the EU pose a particular challenge for all member states, but in particular for the new member states which have been pursuing a different reform path.

● Giuliano Bonoli: Active labour market policy and social investment: a changing relationship

Active labour market policies have developed significantly over the last two decades across OECD countries, with substantial cross-national differences in terms of both extent and overall orientation. The objective of this paper is to examine the different types of ALMPs that have been in use in Europe since the 1950s from the point of view of the social investment perspective. It argues that ALMPs is too broad a category to be used without further specification, and develops a typology of four different types of ALMPs: incentive reinforcement, employment assistance, occupation, and human capital investment. These are discussed and examined through ALMP expenditure profiles and policy trajectories in selected countries. The chapter shows that the orientation of ALMP changes over time, and follows the overall economic and labour market context. It identifies three periods: the 1950s and 1960s, when labour shortage prompts countries to develop ALMP systems geared toward retraining jobless people so that they can be available for industry again; from the mid 1970s to the mid-1990s, when ALMP tend to become alternatives to market employment, and the mid-1990s to the late 2000s, when the main orientation of policy is activation, i.e. a mix of negative and positive incentives for jobless people to enter, mostly low skill employment in the service sector. Rather paradoxically, social investment ideas are more present in the earliest phase, while the latest one is more ambivalent in relation to this perspective.

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● Kimberly Morgan : Work-Family Policies and the Social Investment Model

After many years of neglect by policy-makers and scholars alike, the social investment approach to social policy has put the spotlight on the issue of child care and, more broadly, work-family reconciliation policies. These policies are a linchpin of the social investment approach, which seeks to shift the emphasis of public spending from passive transfers towards active, human-capital boosting investments. This chapter seeks to analyze the domestic preconditions for the adoption of a social investment model in work-family policies. This is a complex issue as significantly increased spending on child care, for instance, does not necessarily represent an embrace of the social investment model. A further complication lies in the fact that there is no unified model of reform. The task of this chapter then is to characterize the nature of recent changes that have taken place, compare these reforms to the social investment ideals that are commonly articulated, and then probe the political forces driving these reforms. The chapter focuses on three groups of countries: 1. countries where early childhood education and care policies are well-developed (Sweden and France); 2. path-shifting countries who in the past decade or so have broken from decades of entrenched immobility on child-care and leave time policy (Germany, the Netherlands, and the UK); 3. countries which so far have not developed any such policies (Austria, Italy, and Spain).

Discussants: ● Bea Cantillon University of Antwerp

● Rianne Mahon, Wilfred Laurier University

19:00 • Dinner at the Hotel Bloom

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08:45 • Coffee



Session A.3: Regulating the risk of unemployment in Europe (Room 1) Jochen Clasen and Daniel Clegg

The book to be presented analyses institutional reforms in unemployment protection systems in 12 European countries between 1990 and 2010. It seeks to analyse how far reforms of unemployment protection in this period have been characterised by the co-existence of three dimensions of policy change, namely homogenisation of unemployment benefit rights, expansion of the boundaries of unemployment as a risk category and a tightening of the institutional linkages between benefit policies and measures of labour market support.

Presentation of research findings: ● Jochen Clasen and Daniel Clegg: Triple integration: a framework for analysing unemployment protection reform

This presentation will introduce the common analytical framework of the book, and provide a brief overview of some of the main findings.

● Cyrielle Champion: Comparing institutional reform in unemployment protection in Germany and Switzerland

This presentation will compare the findings of the German and Swiss contributions to the volume, and discuss some of the reasons for the variation across the cases.

● Marcel Hoogenboom: Comparing institutional reform in unemployment protection in Belgium and the Netherlands

This presentation will compare the findings of the Belgian and Dutch contributions to the volume, and discuss some of the reasons for the variation across the cases.

● Jon Kvist: ‘Regulating the Risk of Unemployment’: A critical commentary

In this presentation, an expert on unemployment protection who was not involved in the book project will offer a critical commentary on the volume.

Discussants: ● Anton Hemerijck , Amsterdam University

● David Grubb, OECD

● Janine Leschke, ETUI, European Trade Union Institute, Brussels


Session B.5: Work, family policies and transitions to adulthood in Europe (Consilium) Trudie Knijn

Better reconciliation policies do not automatically result in gender equality for all social categories of the population, in particular under conditions of increasing flexibility of working arrangements. In particular young adults are affected in realizing a gender equal family life because of economic, financial and social constraints, labeled as the ‘new social risks’ of the post-industrial economy. Thus far, economic and sociological studies have taken labour market participation as the dependent variable; what do family policies contribute to high labour market participation?

In this panel we turn the causal relationship between work and family life upside down without celebrating the family as such let alone it’s inherent gender inequality. What are the chances for a gender equal family life, and is any protection of family life still possible and thinkable in the New Europe, or do we accept the submission of our private life to the political claim of the adult worker model? There are perverse effects of the increasing dominance of economic rules on family life; flexibilisation of the labour market and the

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increase of temporary jobs in some EU member states hamper young adults in forming a family, as do the increasing costs of housing and childcare. In reaction social policy scholars defined new social risks of the post-industrial knowledge economy that is promoted by the Lisbon agreement of the EU in order to maintain the European Social Model. These new social risks include the exclusion of newcomers on the labour market and under-investments in the new generations and child poverty due to broken families and decreasing social protection. New paradigms to tackle these new social risks have been developed and find their way into social policies varying from rather neo-liberal based approaches of individual risk taking to public social investments in education and activation. In what way current do social policies facilitate family formation and family life, and if so, do these policies discriminate between the old and the young, and men and women? This issue will be analysed at several levels; theoretically by exploring the various life course stages in the transition into adulthood and related social policies, empirically by cross-national studies of social policy and practices of family formation, childcare policies, social security and labour market protection.

Presentation of research findings: ● Trudie Knijn : New social risks for young adults in Europe; reconciling work and family life or losing both options?

New social risks emerge at the crossroad of fluid families and flexible labour markets. According to social policy scholars these ‘new’ risks deviate from the old social risks in Fordist industrial welfare economies because established protection systems are unable to cope with the risks of the post-industrial labour market, and it’s increasing numbers of flexible non-permanent jobs. In addition, the new risks relate to the increasing diversity of family relationships, and the challenge to combine family care for children and frail elderly relatives with paid work. These new risks confront citizens of European welfare states in various ways and at various moments in their lifetime, sometimes foreseeable, often unnoticed. In this paper the focus is on young adults. They are the ones who more than any other category of workers occupy non-permanent jobs, youth unemployment is much higher than the average in many European countries, in particular in Eastern and Southern Europe, and if self-employed their combine high risks with low earnings and hardly any income protection. Job and work insecurity goes together with income insecurity. Hence material conditions to start an autonomous household, even more a family, are unfavourable.

The recent economic crisis shows the fragility of young adults at the labour market. Temporary job offices that mediated between newcomers on the labour market and companies looking for temporary workers were the first to reduce their services, the principle of skimming the workforce by first firing non-permanent workers of companies and organisations made many young newcomers unemployed and the self-employed young people experienced a huge reduction of contracts. This paper will present a theoretical framework for the analysis of the ‘transition to adulthood’ as well as an overview of social policies related to dimensions of that transition; Leaving parental home; Getting employed and earning an income; Entering a partnership, and Becoming a parent.

● Janneke Plantenga, Chantal Remery and Judith Takacs: Supporting parenthood. Public support to young families in the European Union

Presumable the biggest transition in life is becoming a parent. Compared to a first job, getting married or buying a house, having a baby has a much larger impact, both with regard to the small daily routines as with regard to the overall perspective on life. In this article we will provide an overview of the public support to young families, by analyzing different national and international data sources and by taking into account the differences in national policies. Given the shift from a traditional breadwinner society towards an adult worker society, we will focus especially on differences between the member states in leave and child care policies. The availability of harmonized statistics enables an assessment of the current state of affairs in all EU Member States and allows for a careful comparison of the measures taken. This information is, however, rather general. Therefore this chapter also contains two case studies of the Netherlands and Hungary; two countries with rather different scores in the field of family policies. The analysis indicates that family policies are embedded in but also have consequences for the labour market and other socio-economic outcomes. As such they may be seen as social joins, ensuring complementarities between economic and demographic institutions and processes. Whether policy measures are successful in this respect is not completely clear. Indeed, perhaps one of the most complicated challenges of European family policy refers to the fact that the policy objectives on participation, gender equity, and fertility are not always easily compatible. The result may be a complicated mixture of time facilities, financial allowances and services that may not necessarily be very coherent.

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● Irena E. Kotowska: Family and the labour market change in Europe – an overview of fluid family ties and flexible labour market

Demographic change and labour market developments, which have taken place over the last three decades in Europe, determine current family life and work and have far reaching consequences for the future. Demographic change has been generated by radical shifts in family related behaviour and changing contributions of men and women to the family, accompanied by increasing life duration and spatial mobility. It is manifested not only by an ageing, shrinking working-age population but also by changes in family and household structures, which show an increasing variation in family and household forms, changing kinship networks and interrelations between generations. Altogether, they are reflected in much greater ‘family fluidity’. Since a major component of the family related behaviour is constituted by transitions to partnership and parenthood, which are also interrelated to patterns of leaving the parental home, they can be labeled under ‘the transition to adulthood patterns’. Family change in Europe is discussed from the perspective of the transition to adulthood. Therefore, the focus of this paper is on the following transitions: leaving parental home, the transition to partnership, and the transition to parenthood.

In addition another dimension of change is associated with family organization; shifts in the roles of men and women in the home. They reflect both increasing employment rates of women and changing gender roles.

On the supply side, transformations in the labour market of recent decades are marked, inter alia, by rising women’s labour force participation and late entries into labour market. On the demand side, they are manifested by increasing dynamics of demand for labour which resulted in job instability and uncertainty and persistent unemployment risk. In parallel, a rise in productivity, more demanding work requirements in terms of skills and flexibility, and diversification of work patterns define conditions for employment which need not only more efforts and adjustments to cope with a rising uncertainty of professional careers. They also result in tensions between private life and work, which affect (young) women in particular.

The upward trend of female employment rates shows different timing and intensity of change, reflected in country differences. This will be shown for country groups, defined by female employment rates. Moreover, the main shift in the interrelationships between women’s employment and fertility at the macro level is discussed, referring to conditions for reconciling work and family life, determined by institutional settings, labour market structures and gender roles.

Reflections on the third dimension of family change i.e. on family relations and values conclude the paper. The fundamental shifts concern the social organisation of intimacy and social contact, towards increasing individualization and increasing diversity of forms to practice relationships.

● Ana Marta Guillén Rodríguez and Emmanuele Pavolini: Social security and social assistance policies for newcomers in the labour market; inclusion or exclusion

The paper focuses on social security and social assistance policies designed at national level to facilitate the incorporation of young people into the labour market and to support family formation in a context of increasing flexibility. The aim of the paper is to evaluate the impact of social policy instruments (i.e. minimum income schemes, unemployment benefits, etc.) in helping young people in Europe to initiate and sustain their family project. The research question to be answered is whether there is or not evidence of positive adjustment of social policy instruments to the increasing reality of flexible job forms among young adults in Europe, as well as the consequences for their transition into adulthood. Given this aim, the research examines in detail the basis on which these policy instruments are grounded, as well as their contribution to integrating young people into the labour market, promoting family formation and facilitating transition to adult life. In particular the paper will reconstruct the level of coverage of different policy instruments, the intensity of this coverage and its length over time.

The European context is characterized by the existence of very different approaches to family formation. Using information on specific measures as well as analysis on EU-Silk databases, the paper will show the impact of the different regulatory contexts on family formation pathways, focusing on eight European countries, belonging to partially different welfare regimes, and including five ‘old’ members (the Netherlands, Germany, United Kingdom, France and Spain) and three ‘new’ member countries from Central and Eastern Europe (Hungary, Poland and Slovenia).

Discussants: ● Peter Taylor-Gooby, University of Kent

● Chiara Saraceno, University of Turino

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Session C.4: The Age of Dualization: Who Are the Outsiders? (Room 2) Patrick Emmenegger, Silja Häusermann, Bruno Palier and Martin Seeleib-Kaiser

Poverty, increased inequality, and social exclusion are back on the political agenda in Western Europe, not only as a consequence of the Great Recession that hit the global economy in 2008, but also as a consequence of a seemingly ‘secular’ trend towards increased inequality that began some time ago. How can we explain this increase in inequalities? In this panel, it is argued that social and labor market policies contribute to shaping the forms and extent of the new inequalities that challenge European societies. We argue that we have been witnesses of a political strategy of dualization. Dualization implies that only the position of outsiders deteriorates (or leads to the creation of new outsiders), while the position of insiders remains more or less constant. Thus, dualization is conceptualized as a process that is characterized by the differential treatment of insiders and outsiders and can take the form of newly created institutional dualisms or the amplification of existing institutional dualisms (policy output). At the outcome level the process of dualization is very likely to lead to greater divides or divisions, but this is not necessarily the case, as we can witness dualization at the policy output level without increasing divides at the individual outcome level, if, for instance, outsider policies are relatively generous. In this panel it is argued that the translation of structural pressures into policies has to be understood as a political process, in which politically and economically stronger groups are able to use their power resources to insulate themselves from the negative effects of these structural pressures. Thereby, changes in the labor market are translated into the social policy realm, where old institutional distinctions are re-activated. Feedback effects and vicious circles are likely to strengthen this effect because weak labor attachment and social exclusion are associated with weaker political representation.

Presentation of research findings: ● Werner Eichhorst and Paul Marx: Whatever Works: Dualization and the Service Economy in Bismarckian Welfare States

The chapter compares employment structures in five Continental European welfare states, with a focus on private services. Despite a common trend to overcome institutional employment barriers by creating a more divided labor market, a closer look reveals considerable differences between national patterns of standard and non-standard work. We identify five transformative pathways towards a more flexible and cheaper use of labor in Continental European welfare states: 1. defection from permanent contracts, 2. from full-time employment, 3. from dependent employment, 4. growing wage dispersion, and 5. government-sponsored labor cost reductions. We show that by relying on one or several of these options, each country developed a distinct solution for the labor cost problem in the service sector, which corresponds to a particular form of dualization.

● Daniela Kroos and Karin Gottschall : Dualization and gender in social services – The role of the state in Germany and France

In the current era of deregulation the growth of social services has reinforced labor market dualization, undermining hope for the settlement of pressing societal needs and women’s labor market integration, especially in Bismarckian welfare regimes. Through comparative analysis of changing employment structures and training schemes in the social services sector, this chapter reveals varying degrees of labor market dualization in Germany and France. The different legacy of a ‘high road’ of social service provision and employment allowing for the labor market integration of mothers in France contrasts with a more semi-professional ‘low road’ based on a strong male breadwinner model in Germany, generating less pronounced dualization in France than in Germany. Nevertheless, precarious employment in expanding social services such as elderly care is on the rise in both countries, challenging the role of the welfare state as a model employer.

● Mark Tomlinson and Robert Walker: Labor market disadvantage and the experience of recurrent poverty

People occupy different segments of the labor market. Those on the inside often have permanent contracts with training and personal development opportunities with their employers, while those in the periphery often have temporary or unstable contracts and less opportunity for advancement. These peripheral workers are often excluded from social arrangements taken for granted by other employees and are not only

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marginalized within the labor market, but in other areas as well. This paper analyses longitudinal individual data from Great Britain (the British Household Panel Survey) and Germany (The Socio-Economic Panel) from 1999 to 2005 and explores the relationship between segmentation in the labor market and its longer term implications for recurrent poverty experience. Statistical modelling is employed to show how being an outsider in the job market affects poverty in future years and how the effects differ between Germany and Great Britain.

● Patrick Emmenegger and Romana Careja: From Dilemma to Dualization: Social and Migration Policies in the ‘Reluctant Countries of Immigration’

Western European governments face a dilemma. On the one hand, their immigrant population is growing. On the other hand, the public opposes large-scale immigration and wants to restrict immigrants’ access to social benefits. We argue that in ‘reluctant countries of immigration’ such as France, Germany, and Great Britain, this tension is attenuated by reforms of social and migration policies. Firstly, migration policies are changed to encourage the arrival of ‘desired’ workers, while barriers to entry for ‘undesired’ immigrants are erected. Secondly, immigrant-specific social security schemes are reformed in order to reduce the incentive for immigrants to come in the first place. Finally, immigrants are disproportionately affected by the cutbacks in social security programs since the 1990s. These reforms contribute to the persistence of socio-economic differences between immigrants and citizens despite considerable efforts aimed at integrating the immigrants into their host societies.

Discussants: ● Tony Atkinson, Nuffield College

● Bea Cantillon, University of Antwerp

Session C.5: Public sector in recession (Room 3) Richard Parry

The threat to the Euro in 2010, and the final realisation that the very large public sector deficits accepted after the financial crisis of late 2008 now had to be translated into structural political action, challenged the previous framework of public debate about work and welfare. During economic recession, the benefits and privileges of the public sphere face economic and political challenge. In this situation it is difficult to achieve a position of equilibrium between public and private workforces. Governments will either adopt the traditional counter-cyclical position, using their role as employers to create jobs (including taking back inside government tasks previously contracted out, either because of policy decision or because private contractors are no longer interested); or, under fiscal constraints, they will seek to remove the privileges of the public workforce (tenure, pay, pensions). Either approach causes sectoral tensions and risks a political backlash from private or public interests respectively, including threats to the disruption of public services.

The recession of 2008-2009 has increased the transparency of debate on public sector jobs. Rewards to employees and the way they are measured have been opened up. Many of the assumptions of about how work and welfare could be reconciled were set during expansionary and optimistic economic times. New public management and the use of internal and external contracts had been absorbed into political thinking but had not been used to promote emergency cuts. The panel will offer analysis of the countries at the leading edge of the crisis who exemplify how the concept of employment-friendly welfare states is being redefined through concrete discussion of public sector cuts.

Presentation of research findings: ● Sotirios Zartaloudis: Public Sector Cuts in Greece and Portugal: the sooner the better?

The recent (2008-11) financial crisis had a significant but diverging impact on Greek and Portuguese public sector. On the former, the crisis caused ‘shock and awe’ since the country became unable to finance its extraordinarily high public debt and deficit. This resulted in an unprecedented wave of extensive and immediate cuts in the public sector remuneration, pensions, benefits, bonuses and recruitment. On the latter, the crisis had a much more muted impact as the main response was a freeze in hiring and salary increases combined with anti-cyclical measures to support employment and growth. It is argued that this contrasting impact is explained by the different pre-financial crisis budgetary policies: on the one hand, Portugal since its EMU entry - partly to its very low growth during 2000s - entered successive EU Excessive Deficit Procedures (EDP) (2001, 2004-06), which resulted in consecutive ‘freezes’, and thus gradual reduction of

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public sector employees’ remuneration and hiring; on the other hand, Greece enjoyed a period of high growth and repetitive public sector salaries’ rises and extensive hiring of new personnel, along with no fiscal consolidation measures. This careless period, whose origins can be traced in the early 1980s, ended abruptly after the financial crisis which rendered Greece unable to service its debt and led the country to the 2010 tripartite (IMF, EU commission, ECB) agreement to avoid default. In other words, contrary to Greece, the Portuguese prolonged period of gradual fiscal consolidation constituted the buffer against the financial crisis’ ‘fiscal tsunami’. When the financial crisis turned the markets’ headlights on the small peripheral EU countries’ financial situation, Portugal was much better positioned than Greece. The latter tried to hide its budgetary problems and overcome its 2004 EDP pressure with no budgetary consolidation. However, the financial crisis uncovered the state’s dire financial situation. Consequently, unprecedented and deep public sector cuts became Greece’s main tool for fiscal consolidation. On the contrary, besides some low-key cuts, Portugal implemented an anti-cyclical policy to support employment and growth.

● Richard Parry : The Anglo-Saxon public employment model under challenge: Ireland and Britain

The intervention of the European Central Bank in Ireland’s economic policy in November 2010 showed the perilous financial position of its commercial banks within domestic economic management. Since 2008 the rewards of public employment have been scaled back based on an appraisal of the sector within the labour market. The UK, outside the Euro, has faced similar problems of financial system but on a lesser scale and its adjustment of its public sector has been less severe. Whereas Ireland has seen cash cuts in public sector pay and pensions, the UK’s norm has remained one of a pay freeze and of reduced pension rights applying mainly to new entrants. In both countries public sector unions dominate the trade union movement, with Ireland particularly strong in corporate mechanisms to promote a social partner role for them. Strikes and protests have been a lesser theme than in many other European countries. Normative political assumptions about the public sector as a standard-setter for the labour market have came to be replaced by a more critical public discourse. This process can be seen a reversion to the tradeoff between reward and security in public employment that had become compromised by buoyant tax revenues and resultant public sector expansion.

● Tomás Sirovátka and Ondřej Hora: Public employment in central European circumstances (Czech Republic)

The relationship between the public and private sector in the post-communist countries is shaped in different circumstances when compared to the old EU countries: non-productive branches which form the core of the public sector like health care, education, social services were disadvantaged in the communist regime. In this paper we address the question of how the public sector developed in terms of size and structure of employment and salary levels between 1989 and 2010 (in the long-term and in times of crisis) in the Czech Republic and how these changes can be explained.

The trends which we have identified in the developments of public sector employment in the Czech Republic correspond both to the legacy of communism as well as to the processes of globalization like privatization and social dumping. Nevertheless, there are some specific consequences: for example we do not find many changes in the overall public sector employment during the period 1989 – 2009 except privatization of state owned companies due to the strategy by government to prevent unemployment. On the other hand the split between public and private sector in terms of wage differentials is apparent which gives room to social conflict between public sector employees and political representations. The resistance of public sector employees to their increasing disadvantage regarding salaries is successful only in a limited extent in rare cases of narrow professional categories (like doctors) which can profit from their specific bargaining position.

Discussants: ● Peter Abrahamson, University of Copenhagen

● Penny Clarke, European Public Service Union (EPSU), Brussels

10:30-11:00 • Coffee-tea break and EDACwowe “Data Stop and Shop”

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Session A.4: Employers, recruitment practices and active labour market policies (Room 1) Giuliano Bonoli and Christian Albrekt Larsen

The papers in this panel deal with the question of how employers select candidates, especially in the low-skill segment of the labour market. It pays particular attention to the way in which policies, particularly active labour market and placement policies are likely to impact on jobseekers chances to obtain a job. The papers, based on a survey conducted among employers, show that some of the signals associated with these policies are likely to play a negative role en actually may reduce employment chances. They also highlight the key role played by social network.

Presentation of research findings: ● Giuliano Bonoli, Karl Hinrichs : Statistical Discrimination and Employers’ Recruitment

Practices for Low Skilled Workers

This paper deals with the recruitment strategies of employers in the low-skilled segment of the labour market. We focus on low-skilled workers because they are overrepresented among jobless people and constitute the bulk of the clientele included in various activation and labour market programmes. A better understanding of the constraints and opportunities of interventions in this labour market segment may help improve their quality and effectiveness. On the basis of qualitative interviews with 41 employers in six European countries, we find that the traditional signals known to be used as statistical discrimination devices (old age, immigrant status and unemployment) play a somewhat reduced role, since these profiles are overrepresented among applicants for low skill positions. On the other hand, we find that other signals, mostly considered to be indicators of motivation, have a bigger impact in the selection process. These tend to concern the channel through which the contact with a prospective candidate is made. Unsolicited applications and recommendations from already employed workersemit a positive signal, whereas the fact of being referred by the public employment office is associated with the likelihood of lower motivation.

● Christian Albrekt Larsen and Patrik Vesan: Why Public Employment Services always fail. Double sided asymmetric information and the placement of low skill workers in six European countries

The paper explains why across Europe very few job matches are facilitated by public employment services (PES), looking at the existence of a double-sided asymmetric information problem on the labour market. It is argued that although a PES potentially reduces search costs, both employers and employees have strong incentives not to use the PES. The reason is that employers try to avoid the „worst‟ employees, and employees try to avoid the „worst‟ employers. Therefore PES get caught in a low-end equilibrium that is almost impossible to escape. The mechanisms leading to this low-end equilibrium are illustrated by means of qualitative interviews with 40 private employers in six European countries.

● Christian Albrekt Larsen “The Unemployment Paradox – how the Danish Labour market did not clear”

Discussants: ● Bernard Gazier, University Paris 1, Sorbonne

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Session A.5: The Age of Dualization: How European Societies Cope with Deindustrialization? (Room 2)

Patrick Emmenegger, Silja Häusermann, Bruno Palier and Martin Seeleib-Kaiser


Presentation of research findings: ● Patrick Emmenegger, Silja Häusermann, Bruno Palier and Martin Seeleib-Kaiser: The Age of Dualization: How European Societies Adapt to Deindustrialization

● Martin Seeleib-Kaiser, Adam M. Saunders and Marek Naczyk: Shifting the Public-Private Mix: A New Dualization of Welfare?

Welfare dualism has always been a part of social protection arrangements in Liberal and Conservative welfare systems. Whereas Liberal welfare systems relied predominantly on means-tested policies for the poor and a combination of public and occupational welfare for the middle class, Conservative welfare systems provided social insurance benefits for workers and means-tested benefits for the poor. Although institutional welfare dualism was particularly evident in Liberal welfare systems, the proportion of social protection outsiders declined during the era of industrial welfare capitalism as more workers became entitled to occupational welfare. In Conservative welfare systems social insurance became more encompassing, making these systems nearly universal. With the onset of post-industrial welfare capitalism since the mid-1970s, however, the processes were reversed and we have been witness to increased dualization, leading to higher proportions of social protection outsiders within the workforce. This process becomes fully evident only if we account for trends in both public and private social protection. Our analysis focuses on developments in France, Germany, the United Kingdom and the United States

● Bruno Palier and Kathleen Thelen: Dualization and Institutional Complementarities: Industrial Relations, Labor Market and Welfare State Changes in France and Germany

The French and German political economies have been significantly reconfigured over the past two decades. Although the changes have often been more piecemeal than revolutionary, their cumulative effects are profound. We characterize the changes that have taken place as involving a process of dualization, and argue that what gives contemporary developments a different character from the past is that they are now explicitly underwritten by state policy. We emphasize complementarities across institutional realms, and show how these linkages have facilitated the spread of dualization – beginning in the field of industrial relations, moving into labor market dynamics, and finally finding institutional expression in welfare state reforms. The result in France and Germany has been the institutionalization, with state support, of an apparently stable but distinctly less egalitarian model.

● Daniel Clegg: Solidarity or Dualization? Social Governance, Union Preferences and Unemployment Benefit Adjustment in Belgium and France

In accounts of European nations’ adjustment trajectories over the last quarter-century, Belgium and France are usually considered analogous cases. Both countries are members of the Bismarckian family of social protection, with production regimes that are underpinned by real, if imperfectly operating, mechanisms of coordination, via the involvement of the ‘social partners’ (trade unions and employers’ associations) in national-level social and economic policy making (see Eichhorst and Marx in this volume). Partly because of these macro-institutional characteristics, both are understood to be experiencing difficult transitions to a post-industrial economic structure, with low levels of service-sector employment growth and stubbornly high rates of structural inactivity. Though in both cases the adjustment trajectory followed since the late 1970s has created problems for social cohesion and long-term economic sustainability, in neither have overt structural reforms proved easy to implement.

Given these parallels, it is striking that in one key institutional field patterns of policy development have actually followed markedly divergent tracks in Belgium and France in recent decades. In 1980, the Belgian and French unemployment insurance regimes both combined income maintenance and anti-poverty functions within a single benefit scheme. Since then, however, very different parametric choices have been made in each country to attempt to adapt these systems to persistently high levels of unemployment. In France, insurance-based and assistance-based support for the unemployed was explicitly separated in the early 1980s, an institutional dualization that has subsequently stabilized and served as an adjustment model for

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other branches of the French income maintenance system (Palier, 2005). In Belgium, by contrast, unemployment protection instead “evolved from a social insurance system fairly much in the classic Bismarckian mould into what effectively amounts to a minimum income protection system” (Marx, 2007: 122).

This chapter explores the political dynamics behind the contrasting institutional and distributive choices in the unemployment benefit reforms of these two otherwise similar countries, in the process shedding light on the politics of welfare state dualization more generally. In particular, it suggests that rather fine-grained differences in social governance – the way that social policy space is shared between the state and social actors (Ebbinghaus, 2010) – have had a crucial impact on processes of unemployment policy preference formation in Belgian and French trade unions, whose influence has driven policy down distinctive paths. While it has long been recognized that the administrative structures of the welfare state can impact upon the power resources of unions (Rothstein, 1992; Scruggs, 2002), this chapter shows how they can also shape their organizational interests in ways that are consequential for patterns of policy choice. More generally, the impact of such proximate institutional environments on preference formation implies that common structural tendencies towards a post-industrial employment structure can be expected to elicit diverse social policy responses in different countries, even within the same welfare-production regime.

The chapter is organized in three sections. Section 1 summarizes some key features of the economic and regulatory context in which Belgian and French unemployment policies have evolved since the early 1980s, elaborating more fully on the similarities in the overall socio-economic adjustment trajectories of the two cases. Section 2 then examines the divergent development of income protection policies for the unemployed since 1980 in more detail, focusing on both the institutional structures of protection and the social rights that different groups of the unemployed enjoy within these. Section 3 discusses the limitations of a range of alternative explanations for the cross-case variation, before demonstrating how the structure of social governance institutions has shaped unions’ organizational preferences and encouraged them to champion very different parametric reform options in the unemployment protection sphere. The chapter concludes by drawing out some of the implications of the comparison for our understanding of the politics of welfare state dualization as well as – somewhat more speculatively – for our appreciation of its impact on social cohesion.

Discussants: ● Tony Atkinson, Nuffield College

● Anton Hemerijck , Amsterdam University

● Bea Cantillon, University of Antwerp

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Session B.6: Childbearing intentions, women’s employment and work-life balance policies in contemporary Europe (Consilium)

Livia Sz. Oláh and Ewa Fratczak

The relationship between work, welfare regimes and fertility is a highly contested topic in the literature. Economists have since long pointed out that there is a link between the substantial increase of women’s labour force participation and the simultaneous decline of fertility levels of the past decades. During the 1980s, the negative macro-level correlation between birth rates and female employment rates shifted to a positive one, known as “the positive turn”. Since then, countries with low female employment rates are the ones with very low fertility levels, whereas societies that have embraced the dual-earner family model display reasonably high fertility rates. Hence, the role of work-life balance policies in this relationship is also increasingly important to address. At the same time, the picture at the micro level has become much more complex. As high levels of youth unemployment over an extended period of time in a number of European countries have strengthened the sense of being able to support oneself among young people, labour force participation irrespective of gender may have become a kind of precondition of childbearing. In any case, large cross-country variations in fertility rates, have been accompanied lately by a decrease in ideal family size among young adults in some societies with very low fertility. Therefore, the so-called “low fertility trap” hypothesis has called for close attention to childbearing intentions, seen as an influential predictor of future fertility, as decreasing intentions can inhibit fertility to rise above the critical level, strengthening societal ageing. Indeed, demographic sustainability is one of the key challenges Europe is facing, given long-term low fertility with its implications on future labour supply, economic competitiveness and the sustainability of welfare states. As policy support to the combination of paid work and parenthood is quite substantial in countries with fertility rates above the critical level, whereas work-life balance is not easily achieved for the majority of families due to structural constraints in societies exhibiting very low birth rates, cross-country differences in fertility levels are likely to be linked to women’s agency and capabilities. With this panel (based on our contributions to a book, to be published by Palgrave), we seek to contribute to the knowledge base of policy-making as we shed more light on the role of increased labour market flexibility and of work-life balance policies for combining family and employment in relation to childbearing intentions in different fertility regimes across Europe in the early 21st century.

Presentation of research findings:

● Ariane Pailhé and Anne Solaz: Employment instability and childbearing plans in a child-oriented country: Evidence from France

France is one of Europe’s most fertile countries, which often has been explained by its comprehensive family policy. These policies have also been facilitating women’s labour force participation from the 1980s onwards. However, unemployment rates and job instability have sharply increased in France in the past decade. Flexible forms of employment and employment instability are particularly frequent at labour market entry, resulting in increasing uncertainty that especially affect people at childbearing ages. Earlier research has shown that economic uncertainty has had a major role in the postponement of childbearing in Europe (Mills and Blossfeld, 2005): as the costs of children are perceived as higher, people are likely to defer parenthood until they hold a permanent job (Kohler, Billari, Ortega, 2006; Adsera 2004). This may be different in the French context, however, given its comprehensive work-life balance policies and explicit pronatalism. People may choose to invest in the private sphere (i.e. family) which is perceived less uncertain than the public sphere (i.e. the labour market), and economic uncertainty can thus matter less for childbearing decisions (Friedman et al. 1994). Hence, the question is whether or to what extent fertility intentions are sensitive to labour market uncertainties in a context of generous family policies and reconciliation measures facilitating the combination of work and family responsibilities, like in France.

This paper aims to study the impact of work uncertainty on fertility intentions in France. We focus on the intention of having a child within a given time period, that differs from desires or preferences which captures social norms and ideals (Fahlén and Oláh 2009). We look at the situation of both partners in a couple, as labour market uncertainty of the woman and the man may matter differently for childbearing intentions. The dataset we use is the French “Families and Employers” survey (INED, 2004-2005). People living in

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partnership are asked about their fertility plans, and the timing of these plans. Our sample comprises 1526 men and 1820 women aged 20-40 with a partner. We estimate the probability of wanting a child within the next three years, controlling for the effects of socio economic variables (age, educational level, household income, immigrant status, number of children already born, religiosity, siblings). The main variable of interest is the current professional situation of both partners of a couple.

Our results show that employment uncertainty affects fertility plans even in France, notwithstanding its comprehensive reconciliation measures and generous family policies. We find gender differences, both for respondents’ own situation and that of their partner, in the impact on childbearing intentions. Own job stability hardly matters for men, except for unemployment, which suppresses their fertility plans. Their female partner’s professional situation impacts only if she is studying, which reduces men’s intentions to have a(nother) child within short, probably due to her time-constraints for childrearing. Apparently, men in France are confident about the (financial) situation of their family even if having a small child, as long as they have a job and are not unemployed, and their partner is not in education. Being a student reduces childbearing intentions for women respondents too, as does holding a fixed-term contract with possible difficulties to have the contract renewed or transformed into a long-term position if having a small child, as well as regarding suitable childcare arrangements. Their male partner’s situation has no impact on women’s fertility plans, as childrearing is still considered mainly mother’s responsibility, while quite generous family policy provisions ensure a reasonable living standard for families with children in France.

● Susanne Fahlén and Livia Sz. Oláh: Work and childbearing intentions in a capability perspective: Young adult women in Sweden

In this paper we seek to explore the tensions between labour force attachment and work hours on the one hand, and childbearing intentions on the other hand among young adult women in Sweden in the first decade of the 21st century. Social psychological theories of reasoned action (Ajzen and Fishbein 1975) and planned behaviour (Ajzen 1991) are our points of departure, considering childbearing intentions as strong predictor of future behaviour. These theories however, do not fully account for the interplay of social structure (social policies, labour market structure and -regulation) and individual resources in shaping people’s childbearing plans. Hence, to understand the interplay between the institutional context, individual resources and work related factors, we rely on the capability approach, developed by Amartya Sen (1992, 1993) which focuses on people’s real freedom to choose to live the life they have reason to value, and on individual differences in the capability to convert resources into valuable activities. We argue that having children is considered a value, but people’s preferences (ideal family size) do not fully translate into actual childbearing. Intention is therefore regarded as an intermediate factor between preferences and behaviour that captures a range of possibilities and constraints related to institutional factors, individual resources and work related factors, such as labour market attachment and work hours.

We analyse data extracted from the Swedish Young Adult Panel Study of 1999 and 2003. Logistic regression is our tool of analysis. Our results show that intentions are shaped differently for childless women and mothers. Weak labour market position, in terms of unemployment and short part-time work (< 17 hours a week), increases uncertainty regarding childbearing intentions, especially among women who do not yet have children. Hence, insecure labour force attachment seems to constrain childless women in considering becoming mothers, which may be linked to the structure of the Swedish parental leave program in which a relatively strong labour market position features as a precondition of generous (income-related) parental benefit and job-guarantee. In contrast, mothers’ childbearing intentions are shaped mainly by their own resources (income and educational attainment), as several reconciliation measures facilitate the combination of work and child-rearing for them.

● K. Maul , M. Boehnke, J. Huinink and S. Tophoven: Same policies - same tensions? Female employment, reconciliation policies and childbearing intentions in East and West Germany

This paper aims to explore the tensions between female employment and fertility plans and their link to policies in Germany. By Esping-Andersen’s (1990) typology, Germany is a conservative welfare state, where family policies promote traditional living arrangements (i.e. the male breadwinner model), rather than to facilitate reconciliation of family life and employment. The country is very special given its recent history, as it was divided into the Federal Republic of Germany and the GDR between 1949 and 1990 following different models even with regard to labour market and family policies. While family patterns have become more similar over time in the old and new federal states, in other aspects, such as female employment and parental involvement in work and care, the differences have rather widened. Our theoretical framework builds on the New Home Economics Theory (Becker 1991) complemented by a bounded-rationality approach which assumes that individual agents embark in fulfilling their needs to a sufficiently high degree

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and set ‘instrumental’ goals for themselves that allow fulfilling one’s ultimate needs. Childbearing is assumed to be one of those goals. The degree to which individuals are able to pursue their goals and which goals they strive for depends on their resources to cover subsequent costs. Additionally, individual agency is embedded in a cultural, social, political, and economic context, which sets opportunities and impediments. External opportunities shape individual behavior and determine resource requirements. Individual resources (time, money, education, etc.), in turn, influence the degrees of freedom an actor has in the decisional process (Huinink and Feldhaus 2009).

We use data extracted from the first wave of the German Panel Analysis of Intimate Relationships and Family Dynamics (Pairfam) from 2008-2009. Conducting descriptive as well as multivariate analyses, we find persisting differences between East and West German women’s fertility patterns, especially regarding economic insecurity. In both countries, full-time employment seems to be important for considering starting a family, but the type of the work contract does not matter for West German women. Interestingly, a fixed-term full-time contract appears to strengthen the intention to have a first child among East German women, possibly because stable labour market integration is more difficult to achieve there, while women are more confident about being able to reconcile family and work, unlike in the West (indeed, childcare availability is much less of a concern even today in the Eastern part of Germany than in the Western part). Being in education reduces first-birth intentions, especially in West Germany, where this effect shows even after controlling for the male partner’s labour market attachment, likely to be linked to constraints to combine studies and childrearing. As for intentions to have a second child, differences in tensions in East versus West appear only with respect to being unemployed. Such situation constrains further childbearing plans among East German one child mothers given emphasis on labour force attachment as precondition for childbearing, while greatly increasing West German mothers’ intentions to have another child. Hence, perceptions of policy support regarding reconciliation seem to shape tensions between fertility and female employment in the two parts of Germany differently even today as in West Germany the (perceived) tensions between family and career appear to produce a selection of women with either family or work orientation having clear impacts on their childbearing choices, unlike in East Germany where women are more likely to perceive themselves as working mothers with fewer doubts about being able to combine work and childrearing.

●Ewa Fratczak and Aneta Ptak-Chmielewska: Fertility intentions in Poland in the context of gender equality, preference and social capital theories

In the discussion on the main causes of the recent fertility decline in Europe, especially with regard to very low and lowest low fertility levels in the Mediterranean and Central and Eastern Europe, along with relatively high levels of female labour force participation, much attention has been paid to the economic aspects of fertility-related decision making and behavior. At the same time, the effects of social capital, lifestyle preferences and gender equality in the family and the society have received only limited attention, even though they are likely to matter greatly in societies facing economic uncertainty along with transformation of values and norms, such as Poland. Hence, in this study we address the interplay of fertility intentions, female employment and reconciliation policies in the context of a theoretical framework based on three theories: (i) preference theory (Hakim 2000, 2003; Vitali et al. 2009), (ii) gender equity theory (McDonald 2000; Mills et al. 2008) and (iii) social capital theory (Bühler and Fratczak, 2007; Coleman 1990).

Preference theory is relevant for our topic as it explains fertility decisions in connection to preferences regarding employment and family, distinguishing between three groups of women: home oriented, career oriented and adaptive. Fertility intentions of the latter group are the most likely to be responsive to family policy measures even if less generous or comprehensive, like in modern Poland. In such context with less developed institutional support to reconcile paid work and family life despite high level of equality between women and men in education and at the labour market, career oriented women’s childbearing decisions may be especially affected by the level of gender equality in their partnerships, in line with the gender equity theory. Their opportunities beyond the family sphere are much less constrained due to childbearing if domestic responsibilities are more equally shared between the women and their spouses/partners, enhancing fertility intentions of these women. Home oriented and adaptive women’s childbearing decisions, on the other hand, will probably be mainly influenced by their social networks, constituted by parents, relatives, friends, neighbours and colleagues. Such supportive ties are likely to reduce uncertainty independently of the women’s own resources and possibly weak labour market positions, thereby strengthening their fertility intentions notwithstanding scarce state support to families. In our empirical analyses, we rely on data extracted from the first wave of the Polish panel survey called “Late fertility diagnosis” conducted in 2007 on a sample of 1 200 women (aged 19, 23, 27 and 31 years) in two big cities in Poland. Both descriptive and logistic regression methods are used as analytical tools. In line with our theoretical reasoning, we explore fertility intentions of young women in the city environment in contemporary Poland, seeking to identify the

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main determinants of childbearing plans in this very low (lowest-low) fertility context with less developed work-life balance policies.

● Judit Takács: Early 21st century determinants of desired fertility in Hungary

This paper addresses the issue of capabilities of having and caring for children in contemporary Hungary as reflected by the views of 100 working parents with young children in Budapest on their fertility related desires. As Hungary has been characterized by very low fertility rates, i.e. below 1.5 children per woman, since the mid-1990s, even though Hungarian people see themselves as highly family oriented, it is important to study whether institutional barriers, suggested to constrain fertility, are impacting already on childbearing desires, which in the long run may lead to the “low fertility trap” (Lutz et al. 2006). The analysis is based on the fertility module of a survey called “Tensions between Rising Expectations of Parenthood and Capabilities to Achieve a Work Family Balance”, specifically designed for studies on capabilities and agency at parenting, care and paid work. The survey was conducted in Budapest in 2008, including 100 respondents aged between 25 and 50 years with at least one child younger than six, living in a couple relationship and having a regular work activity. Desired and realised fertility as well as perceived obstacles to achieve them are interpreted in a framework based on Amartya Sen’s capabilities approach (1985, 1992, 1993, 1995, 1999). Fertility desires are seen as reflecting one’s assessment of their personal, interpersonal and social conditions, as well as impressions of internalized norms. Public policies act as enabling or limiting one’s capabilities to achieve various lifestyles (Sen 1999:75) in their specific social settings, such as desire and parent a certain number of children and combining it with gainful employment. Individual functionings, which can be well-being or agency achievements or both, are culturally embedded, and affected by normative expectations woven into the policy environment as well as discursive constructions of media and everyday life that can support or constrain capabilities for achieving a (better) work-life balance. The findings suggest a slight decline in the ideal number of children among parents below age 40 as compared to those over 40 years, although two children (or more) are desired by the overwhelming majority even in the younger group. Fertility related capabilities, i.e. desires and their realization seem to be constrained mainly by (i) uncertainty concerning the future, especially (the fear of) economic hardship, less successfully mitigated by policies, by (ii) women’s and their partner’s increasing awareness of women’s career to be considered in family/fertility decisions beyond economic aspects, and (iii) worries about own ability to provide good-enough parenting to (present and future) children linked among others to shortage of time one can spend with family given labour market constraints and opportunities, suggesting the need of further development of work-life balance policies in modern Hungary.

Discussants: ● Willem Adema, OECD

● Chiara Saraceno, University of Turino


Session C.6: Job Quality and Work-Life Balance in Europe (Room 3) Sonja Drobnič and Ana Guillén

The issue of job quality and quality of working life has become an important policy issue at the European level through the inclusion of “quality of work” indicators in the European Employment Strategy in 2001. The EU definition of job quality relies on a multi-dimensional approach, including objective characteristics of the job, subjective evaluation of workers, worker characteristics, and the match between the worker and the job. This has been an important step from the previous policy agenda which emphasized creation of jobs and reduction of unemployment but disregarded the quality of working life.

Within the framework of the European Employment Strategy, ten groups of indicators have been defined to monitor employment quality; one of them is “work organization and life balance”. This indicator acknowledges that the challenge of balancing paid employment and private life plays an increasingly important role in the well-being of European workers.

Recent research on job quality in Europe indicates that with the economic prosperity and increasing welfare state provision, work dimensions that most powerfully impact on people’s everyday experiences and quality of life seem to be changing. Negative aspects of work, such as having a dangerous and unhealthy job that does not pay a decent wage are replaced or supplemented by other work characteristics, such as increasing time pressure, intensification of work and difficulties in reconciling paid work and private life.

This panel addresses tensions between work and private life by focusing on job quality, job security, working conditions and time-use patterns of individuals and households on the one hand, and the institutional context,

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such as family policy institutions, and other country characteristics on the other. The length of time spent on work, job characteristics, and working conditions in general to a large extend influence the degree to which people are able to combine work and other important life domains, such as family, care and social life. Jobs which facilitate a more favourable combination of people’s work and personal lives lead to a better work-life balance and higher life satisfaction, which in turn might increase identification and satisfaction with one’s job and work productivity. We will explore which work-related demands and work-related resources interfere with or facilitate the work-life interface, and how these factors interact with the institutional settings. A further important issue in this panel is care work and family dynamics. In broad terms, these questions are at the core of the maintenance or redesign of the European Social Model.

The complex multi-layered issues outlined above require a variety of conceptual, methodological and policy approaches. Methods used vary from the analysis of large-scale cross-national (e.g. European Quality of Life Survey, European Working Conditions Survey) or national surveys, time-use data and policy analysis.

Presentation of research findings: ● Armi Mustosmäki , Timo Anttila , Tomi Oinas, and Jouko Nätti: Job Quality Trends in Europe – Implications for Work-Life Balance

The authors examine levels of and trends in job quality in European countries over time and how job quality developments are experienced by men and women across Europe. Data are taken from three waves of the European Working Conditions Survey for the EU15 countries in the period 1995-2005. Influenced by theoretical approaches such as production regimes, welfare regimes and gender regimes, the authors group the countries studied into Scandinavian, Anglo-Saxon, Continental, Eastern and Southern European clusters.

Drawing on the resources-demands theoretical framework, the authors review the literature on the association between job characteristics and work-life balance to identify the aspects of job quality that have been found to be key factors with respect to work-life balance. They focus particularly on skills, task discretion, working time, intensification of work, and job insecurity. The assumption is that work-related demands, such as excessive or unsocial working hours, job pressures, and job insecurity, are associated with difficulties in achieving work-life balance, while work-related resources, such as opportunities to develop skills and have control over one’s own job, can relieve conflict between work and nonwork roles and facilitate the performance of multiple roles. However, the main aim is not to assess the level of work-life balance across country clusters but to show developments in job characteristics over time that have been found to be theoretically and/or empirically related to work-life balance. Since work contexts in which employees balance work and nonwork life can vary significantly between men and women, this paper also addresses the gender gap in work demands and resources across European clusters.

The findings indicate that the possibilities to learn new things and to use/develop skills while working have grown, especially for the period 2000-2005, with the exception of Anglo-Saxon countries, where such possibilities decreased. Scandinavia fares best in this respect, while Southern and Eastern European countries score lowest in comparative terms. Regarding gender, it is noteworthy that men have better possibilities for training and learning at work than women do, and this applies to all country clusters. Task discretion varies a lot amongst male workers of different clusters, with Scandinavian men scoring much higher than Southern and Eastern ones. A clear downward trend in task discretion is observed for men working in the UK and Ireland, even more radical than the fall in the use of skills, and the same applies to Continental countries. However, women tend to enjoy higher task discretion than men do in all country clusters, with the exception of Scandinavia.

There are also indications that work effort has increased, as many other studies have proven. Trends point to more pressured jobs, especially in Scandinavia and Southern Europe, for both men and women. Anglo-Saxon countries constitute the only cluster where the perceptions of work pressure declined, irrespective of sex, which is consistent with downward trends in the use of skills and task autonomy. The analysis of long and unsocial working hours showed that working weeks exceeding 48 hours are becoming more infrequent in all countries. Eastern Europeans work the longest hours, especially men, while the sharpest fall in long working hours has taken place among men in Anglo-Saxon countries. Conversely, the timing of working hours showed a stable trend, with the only increase in unsocial hours being found in Eastern Europe. Women and men seem to be equally constrained by unsocial hours in each country cluster. The results of the study also show that insecure job contracts are, in general, more common for women than for men, especially in Southern Europe, whereas the situation has tended to deteriorate for Eastern European men. One interesting finding is that current assumptions about the homogenizing impact of globalization on job quality may not apply. In fact, empirical data show that there are still considerable differences among regimes in terms of overall job quality, as well as among men and women.

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● Heejung Chung: Work-Family Conflict across 28 European Counties: A Multi-Level Approach

This paper explores work-family conflict using multilevel modelling techniques in order to disentangle individual-level and country-level determinants in perceived work-family tensions. The data come from the European Quality of Life Survey 2007 and cover 28 European countries. At the individual level, the author builds on job demands and job resources theory to examine which job quality characteristics reduce or increase individual’s perceived work-family conflict. Job resources, such as autonomy and job security, can decrease an individual’s work-family conflict; whereas job demands, such as tight deadlines and demanding work, can increase it. Thus, job quality indicators not only impact individuals within the work sphere but can also spill over and cause problems at home.

It is well established that individuals in different national contexts perceive work-family conflict differently. However, the existing results are inconclusive and the discussion on the primacy of institutions or cultural aspects, as well as on which policies are crucial for alleviating the work-family conflict is on going. This study makes an important contribution to these debates. It provides still rare evidence from a large-scale cross-national study, using institutional, cultural as well as socio-economic variables in the analysis to examine cross-national variation in work-family conflict.

Results show that both job resources and demands are very relevant in explaining individual perceptions of work-family conflict. Still, while many job resource variables are significant, job demands have a higher impact on increasing individual perceptions of work-family conflict. Evidence shows how job demands not only impact on individual performance inside the firm, but also impact outside on the private sphere. While several national level factors contribute to explain cross-national variations in work-family conflict of individuals, the degree of development and intensity of family policies seems to constitute a leading explanation. This is somewhat contrary to the findings of previous studies and provides support for not only a wider and more generous family policy but also for the introduction of policies to decrease job demand pressures on individuals. Moreover, it may be important to reduce job demand pressures rather than focusing on increasing job resources. In fact, at the national level, individuals feel less intense work-family conflict where a larger involvement in family policies and childcare provision exists, and this applies even when the level of job demands and resources is similar.

● Barbara Beham and Sonja Drobnic: Job Demands and Work-Home Interference: Empirical Evidence from Service Sector Employees in Eight European Countries

For analyzing work-life balance and work-home interference, the authors use 32 company surveys, conducted among service sector employees in eight European countries: Bulgaria, Finland, Germany, Hungary, the Netherlands, Portugal, Sweden, and the United Kingdom. They examine the relationship between various types of job demands, such as time-based, strain-based as well as boundary-spanning demands, and experiences of work-home tensions by employees in four different industries: telecommunication and information technologies, the financial sector, health care and retail. They adopt the conceptual distinction between the directions of work-family tensions to study the relationship between job quality and work-to-home as well as home-to-work interference. Finally, recent empirical research has indicated that there might be reverse effects between the domains. This paper picks up on these suggestions and tests the direct and indirect associations between job demands and work-home-interference. It examines the possibilities that family demands clash with job characteristics and demands to increase perceived work-life conflict that job-related demands directly lead to the perception of work-life tensions, and also the possibility that unfulfilled family obligations strike back and interfere negatively with effective performance at work.

The findings confirm that both spheres reciprocally affect each other and that reverse effects take place. When work-related problems and responsibilities interfere with one’s home obligations, unfulfilled home/family obligations start interfering with one’s daily work. Time-based demands (length of working time and overtime on short notice), boundary-spanning demands (commuting time, unsupportive work-family culture), and especially to strain-based job demands were identified as strong predictors of work-to-home interference.

With respect to gender differences, many similarities but also some interesting differences between the sexes have been found. For both men and women, several work demands are positively associated with work-to-home interference, even though mean levels of some work demands differ significantly for men and women. For example, men reported significantly longer average working hours per week than women but the association between working time and work-life interference is very similar, in spite of women’s objectively shorter working time. Me report significantly higher levels of job insecurity and that it also has a stronger impact on work-to-home interference than for women. Job insecurity may be particularly detrimental to

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work-to-home interference for men, perhaps due to the importance of employment for male gender role norms and identity, particularly in societies with strong remnants of the male breadwinner family model.

● Minna Salmi and Johanna Lammi-Taskula: Job Quality, Work-Family Tensions and Well-being: The Finnish case

In this paper the authors introduce a novel conceptualization of the interaction between job quality and family as ‘work-family dynamics’ rather than ‘balance’, and link work-family tensions with the broader concept of well-being. In theorizing the relationship between work and family, they conceptualize it as an interaction of three fields which intersect both as fields of everyday life and as policy fields. These fields are working life and work policy, family life and social policy, and, intertwined with both of these, the construction of gender and equality policy. Work-family dynamics is not only conditioned by the actions, practices and decisions which take place in each of the fields, but also and especially by their interactions.

In the empirical section, the authors explore experiences of work-family dynamics for parents in Finland, a country where mothers have a high employment rate, predominantly in full-time jobs. Using data on parents that was gathered in 2006 as a part of the Well-being and Services study, they compare experiences of mothers and fathers in reconciling work and family, focusing particularly on the following aspects: lack of time with the family, neglecting family matters because of work, worrying about coping as a parent, and prevalence of quarrels about sharing domestic chores with their partner.

Findings suggest that different aspects of job quality have a polymorphic relation to work-family tensions experienced by parents with children living at home. Job quality factors are, however, more significant than the most obvious work-related factors such as socio-economic position or income level. For example, a high socio-economic position adds to parents’ experiences of having too little time with family only if the position is connected with unpaid overtime. But a high position does increase both mothers’ and fathers’ feelings of neglecting family matters even when other work-related factors are taken into account.

The relationship between quality of work and work-family tensions is all in all gendered. For mothers, doing shift work or part-time work seems to be connected to more practical and emotional tensions between work and family life compared to regular full-time day work. For fathers, tensions are also related to family structure and grow more severe as the number of children in the family increases. Doing overtime, especially without any compensation, is the most significant job quality aspect increasing the likelihood of the tensions and this detrimental impact of overtime on family life is common for both mothers and fathers. It seems that since most parents work full-time in Finland, the everyday life of families is quite time-constrained and there is not much space for additional time requests from work.

Having the option of flexible working arrangements - daily flexitime or distance work - does not lessen the probability of either mothers’ or fathers’ feelings of lack of time with their family or neglecting family issues. It seems that making work more flexible does not necessarily lighten the combination of work and family. This may be because these arrangements can actually increase the time used to work. So we need to investigate further which forms of flexibility are actually supportive from the family point of view, or, in which circumstances certain arrangements lead to positive or negative experiences and what is needed to achieve a quality of work which would be a supportive element in combining employment with family life.

Discussants: ● Christine Erhel , University Paris 1, Sorbonne

● Jane Jenson, University of Montreal

● Janine Leschke, ETUI


Session D.2: EUROPE 2020: Towards a more social Europe? (Forum) David Natali

The panel aims at shedding light on the new strategy – Europe 2020 - the EU has agreed on for a smart sustainable and inclusive growth in the next decade. On the base of the book ‘Europe 2020: Towards a more social EU?’ edited by E. Marlier and D. Natali (with R. Van Dam), the first objective is to take a critical look and draw lessons from the past Lisbon Strategy. Further aim is to explore the format and role of EU coordination in the social field in the new EU framework, in a context marked by slow recovery after the

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global economic crisis. Contributors (both from RECWOWE and outside RECWOWE) will put forward some ideas on the role of the EU in social and employment domains to start assessing both opportunities and risks. Finally the panel has the objective to make proposals for the further reinforcement of this coordination of work and welfare policies in the EU.

While the panel is largely based on the contributions to the edited book (that is the result of the activity RECWOWE has contributed to for the preparation of the Belgian Presidecy of the EU Council), it will contribute to the interplay with other RECWOWE initiatives. That is the case of the book edited by P. Graziano, S. Jacquot and B. Palier (2011), Europa Europae: Europeanization, and the differential usage of Europe in Welfare State Reforms.

Presentation of research findings: ● Maurizio Ferrera: ‘Mapping the components of Social EU: A critical Analysis of the Current Institutional Patchwork’

This contribution aims at mapping the components of the Social EU and its current institutional patchwork. The fundamental question the author raises is whether the EU can reconcile the logic of opening, which drives economic integration, with the logic of closure, which underpins nation-based welfare arrangements. A strategy of reconciliation of the two dimensions is proposed. Nesting the two logics is assumed fundamental for the success of the EU integration process. The implementation of the so-called Horizontal Social Clause of the Lisbon Treaty, the operationalisation of the Social Protocol, and the relaunching of the social dimension of the Internal Market and of Cohesion Policy are some of the key instruments to develop in parallel the social and the economic side of the EU.

● Hugh Frazer and Eric Marlier, with David Natali, Rudi Van Dam and Bart Vanhercke: ‘Europe 2020: Towards a more social EU?’

This contribution will introduce the overall architecture of the new EU socio-economic governance and explain the complex interplay between its different parts: the three priorities, the five EU targets and all other tools included in the new plan for the EU. The interaction between the thematic coordination and the fiscal and macro-economic surveillance (through the Stability and Growth Pact) will be analysed. The contribution assesses the logic of the new strategy and of the instruments to be mobilised : the OMC on social protection and inclusion, cohesion policy, etc.

● Bart Vanhercke: ‘Delivering the Goods for Europe 2020? The Social OMC’s Adequacy and Impact Re-assessed’

This presentation will review the main limits and advances of the implementation of the Open method of Co-ordination on social policy. On the base of a wide collection of empirical evidence, the contribution suggests that OMC has been used strategically by national and sub-national actors as a resource for their own purposes and independent policy initiatives. Then the author stresses the OMC has become a template for soft governance at national and sub-national level. Eventually the author shows the evident interplay of soft governance with other tools like structural funds.

● David Natali: ‘The Lisbon Strategy, Europe 2020 and the Crisis in Between’

This contribution focuses on three issues at the core of the risks and opportunities related to the EU project (both at the time of the Lisbon Strategy and at the emergence of Europe 2020). The first issue has to do with the political and economic foundation of the EU. The Lisbon Agenda was a first attempt to find a compromise between social and economic aims but its limits have been obvious. The second issue is more related to the attempt to improve EU governance: recent institutional tensions (economic and budgetary tensions) have shown the weakness of the Lisbon attempt. The third issue is related to the legitimacy of the EU and the efforts to increase it through more participation, transparency and knowledge-based governance. Through the lenses of the recent economic downturn, the limits of the Lisbon Strategy are analysed in parallel with the promises and risks of Europe 2020.

Discussants: ● Jean-Claude Barbier, Université Paris- Sorbonne

● Jos Berghman, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven

● Philippe Pochet, Director, ETUI, European Trade Union Institute, Brussels

12:30-13:30 • Buffet lunch at the hotel Bloom

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Thursday, June 16 2011 – 13:30-16:00

13:30-16:00 • Plenary session, (Forum)

“Tackling the crisis: is the EU Agenda 2020 enough?”

Chair: Maurizio Ferrera, University of Milan

Sophie Jacquot (Sciences-Po Paris): Learning from the national usages of Europe

Joakim Palme (Institute for Future Studies): Assessing the capacity of the Agenda 2020 to carry on ‘social investment’ ideals

Discussion Pervenche Berès, Chair of the Committee on Employment and Social Affairs of the European Parliament

David Natali (European Social Observatory and University of Bologna): The Lisbon strategy, Europe 2020 and the crisis in between

Bruno Palier (Sciences-Po Paris): Why we need a social investment pact

Discussion Iain Begg, London School of Economics and Political Science

Frank Vandenbroucke, Member of the Belgian Senate, former Minister in Belgium (foreign affairs, social affairs, pensions) and Flanders (employment, education), and professor at the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven


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16:30-18:30 • Plenary session, (Forum)

“Changing Worlds of Work and Welfare. What do we learn from RECWOWE’s activities”

Chair: Marc Goffart,

European Commission, DG Research & Innovation, RECWOWE scientific officer

● Giuliano Bonoli (Institut des Hautes Etudes en Administration Publique, Lausanne, Switzerland): Beyond activation. Research carried out within strand 1 has focused largely on activation, one of the key elements of labour market policy during the 2000s. Rather than dealing with the ubiquitous question of whether or not programmes work, we have focused more on how policy can help people back in the labour market, or in other words, what sort of effects policy can produce. This research programme opens up some promising avenues for designing effective labour market policy.

● Ana Guillén (University of Oviedo): ‘Not just “more” jobs but also “better” jobs’ has become the slogan embodying the shift in European Union policy objectives in the first decade of the 21st century. Strand 3 has directed its efforts to the analysis of quality of jobs, understood as both an objective and subjective concept, and to the legal definition of it. Research has also focused on the problem of in-work poverty, professional progress of women and the salience of quality of jobs for the reconciliation of work and private life. Research results allow us to offer some proposals for the redesign of labour and social policies, in the hope that such a slogan does not become wet paper because of the present economic crisis.

● Trudie Knijn (Utrecht University): Reconciling work and family life, including transformation of gender relations has been the central focus of strand 2. Researchers of this strand have explored innovative areas by focusing on the concept of tensions from a multi-level perspective. Tensions are studied in the relationship between macro level EU policies and social policies in member states. The life-course approach offered a perspective to study tensions in care work and migration, in fertility and employment, and in life course resources and provisions, in workplace organizations and workers’ capabilities, and in transitions to adulthood. Research results offer perspectives for re-thinking the relationship between EU level policies and their implementation at the national and workplace level and their consequences for citizen’s and employees’ capabilities to reconcile work, welfare and care.

● Jon Kvist (University of Southern Denmark, Odense): Ideally, employment-friendly welfare states allow women from all socio-economic groups to take part in the labour market without undermining fertility decisions. Employment-friendly welfare states invest in skills through childcare and early childhood education, life-long learning and policies boosting labour market integration. Work in Strand 4 show, however, how promising steps towards a ‘new welfare model’ in many countries are at a halt as making work pay through benefit cuts become the main tenant in reforms. Work also show how the transformation of the European welfare state impact adversely on certain socio-economic groups.

● Wim van Oorschot (Tilburg University and EDACwowe): In the past few years the development of the European Data Centre for Work and Welfare (EDACwowe) has coincided with an increased interest in studying context effects on people's work and welfare related behaviour and opinions. The meta-data shell offered by EDACwowe is a rich source for information on and access to comparative data needed for such multi-level analysis. An example will illustrate how EDACwowe can facilitate this kind of research.

Discussion:

Anton Hemerijck, Amsterdam University

Ralf Jacob, European Commission, DG EMPL, Head of Unit Active Ageing, Pensions, Healthcare, Social Services

Ann Orloff, Northwestern University, Evanston (US)

20:00 • RECWOWE reception at the Kwint restaurant (please check the map page 18)

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08:45 • Coffee

09:00-10:30 • Thematic sessions (four parallel sessions)


Session A.6: Activation Reforms in Europe: Challenges to Social Citizenship (Forum) Sigrid Betzelt and Silke Bothfeld

The book to be presented analyses the way activation policies affect given patterns of social citizenship that predominate in national contexts. We comprehend social citizenship as a set of institutional rules and regulations which form the individual’s identity as a member of a society, the relationship between citizens and the social state as well as among the citizens themselves, all these three covering the crucial dimensions of the citizen’s autonomy. As institutional rules imply specific norms and values, we argue, that the new logic inherent in many new regulations stemming from the activation paradigm challenge the particular patterns of social citizenship in each country, thus affecting the citizens’ autonomy as an individual and a social and political citizen.

The analytical framework takes the citizen’s perspective as a “rule-taker” and addresses the activation reforms in the areas of labour market regulation, income maintenance schemes, and labour promotion. We suggest to analyse the old and new institutional settings with regard to three criteria: a) the quality of benefits (level, degree of coverage, quality of services) which may differ according to pre-defined social groups according to their status as ‘social citizens’ (e.g. women, migrants, long-term unemployed), b) the rules that institutionalise a status of reference for the provision of social security as well as social recognition (such as a standard employment contract), c) the form and degree of the citizens’ participation and commitment in public life regulated by the State in relevant fields (rights to co-determination, choice, transparency etc.).

The book suggests to consider reforms in terms of increases or decreases of individual autonomy in order to capture basic patterns and shifts in the reference of social security provision after the activation decade. Instead of more well established concepts like de-commodification, vague concepts like well-being or concepts which are focusing the ‘low end’ of social needs, the (relational) concept of autonomy provides a substantial basis to better comprehend what social citizenship is and it includes individual, social and political aspects of the social citizens’ existence within a national context.

The work on the book has been largely explorative. All authors have contributed the analysis of one specific aspect of activation strategies in their country in order to illustrate the usefulness of the concept of autonomy for the assessment of institutional and normative change. The puzzle as it stays is far from being complete, but our findings illustrate that this innovative approach to analyse social policy reforms is promising to capture the ongoing change of our welfare systems.

Presentation of research findings: ● Silke Bothfeld and Sigrid Betzelt: The citizens’ autonomy, social citizenship and the logic of activation polices

We will outline our conceptual framework which allows for cross-country comparison and suggest an operationalisation for the analysis of the impact of activation strategies on specific patterns of social citizenship. We consider it as helpful to base an assessment on the effects of activation reforms on the idea that they may increase or encroach upon the citizen’s autonomy. The citizen’s autonomy, is a more founded and theoretically thick concept of the citizens’ ‘well-being’, and constitutes the normative objective of social policy provision and as such, the core of social citizenship. We identify three criteria which help to assess institutional changes in these terms: 1. The dimension of quality (of benefits and regulation), determines the individuals’ life situation in case of need in terms of material provision and economic dependence. This dimension usually predominates in analysis of social policy change and is close to the concept of de-commodification. Concerning individual autonomy, the quality of benefits affects the individual’s chances to realise life plans and to live according to one’s identity. The extent to which public rules and social security provision demonstrates respect for different identities determines the individual’s affiliation, which means, one’s feeling of belonging / being member of a society. 2. The dimension of status is mainly realised by rules that define the relative economic, i.e. occupational and social position of an individual citizen within a society. It thus also concerns the relationship between citizens in a society, for example, enjoying certain

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individual entitlements or being rather measured according to behavioural norms of ‘deservingness’. The question of status addresses the problem of how welfare institutions structure a society and attenuate or reinforce social inequalities between citizens. 3. The dimension of participation is based on the idea of a basic social and political commitment of the citizens to a political community. This relationship is usually defined in terms of reciprocity, which is realised by rules that determine ways of participation in the process of implementation of social policy programmes or formal requirements and conditions citizens have to fulfill. Different normative patterns of reciprocity concerning the citizen’s rights and duties are inherent in all social security programmes. This dimension is maybe the most researched in the field of research on activation policies as normative change is here the most obvious. The implications of our theoretical framework will be illustrated on the German case study, pointing out the gradual erosion of the core worker status.

● Karen N. Breidahl: Social security provision targeted at immigrants in Denmark

In Denmark, there is considerable disagreement about the interpretation of recent labour market reforms. In particular, recent changes occurring since the Liberal-conservative government, with help from their right wing supporting party the Danish Peoples Party, won the election in 2001, have been interpreted in different ways. One dimension which has been neglected so far, but which may contribute to the assessment of the reforms, is the ‘immigrant dimension’. It is true that also before the most recent policy changes, several of the activation measures were directly or indirectly targeting social assistance beneficiaries with an immigrant background.

Social rights of immigrants as well as their specific status of social citizenship have been the object of labour market and social policy reforms in many EU-member states. In many cases, we see the conditions for an individual autonomous life and their social citizenship status deteriorated – in terms of material and redistributive conditions as well as in terms of the quality of benefits and services or the conditions for active participation and commitment. Especially immigrant women’s life situation appears particularly affected. This contribution therefore focuses on the regulation targeted at the immigrant population with a special attention to its impact on gender equality. However, as compared to general employ¬ment policies, economic sanctions and incentives particularly targeting immigrant unemployed meanwhile have become substantially more important in Denmark. Taking the characteristics of the Danish welfare model into account as well as the underlying principles of the Danish labour market policy, it is remarkable that the social assistance level for immigrants has been reduced during recent years. The patterns of social citizenship in the Scandinavian countries are normally referred to as equality, but when considering the different sociocultural backgrounds of immigrants (in particular immigrant women) it is obvious that the equality norm conflicts with the diversity argument.

● Begoña Perez: The Spanish strategy of labour market flexibility

In the last decades, Spain has experienced an intense process of deregulation of employment, which affects more than one third of the labour force in this country. The social viability of intensive flexibilisation up to the mid-nineties has been based on family support as a social buffer (partially absorbing the effects of labour market dualisation on the social structure). The subprotective nature of its unemployment system has helped to create a model of heavy familial dependence in which the individual, especially women and young have low autonomy. Familial redistribution of income and caring responsibilities has therefore considerably halted the spread of poverty and exclusion caused by high unemployment rates and temporary work. Nevertheless, this model contributes to increase the social divides in terms of social rights between insiders and outsiders of the labour market.

The present economic crisis undermines this precarious social security arrangement which cannot compensate for the massive loss of employment income: Neither the recent labour market reforms, which since 2001 support employment stability rather than flexibility, nor the family arrangements or public unemployment protection schemes with insufficient guarantees and benefits, lack of coverage and inefficient services provide a sufficient level of social security. Facing the present economic crisis, one of the most important social problems will be the increase of the number of households without any employment income. Additionally, we have to expect the spread of a much more hostile attitude of the Spanish population towards immigration that may have an impact on the labour market regulation, probably restricting the access of immigrants. This Spanish case study shows very clearly, that labour market flexibility is difficult to sustain without considerable and effective improvements in social protection for the unemployed, through both active and passive policies. This has problematic implications for the citizens’ social status.

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● Rik van Berkel: The Dutch case of local and street-level production of citizenship

For studying the impact of activation strategies and policies on social citizenship, we need a broader focus than the 'traditional' social policy approach which concentrates on the regulation of rights and obligations of unemployed target groups of activation. Two more aspects are crucial: First, the introduction of new implementation structures and forms of governance in the provision of activation and employment services; and secondly, the concrete implementation of activation policies at the frontline level. Governance reforms are of importance because they influence the context in which local actors make policy decisions and choices, as well as the room for such decision making itself: for example, because local actors may have gained increased policy autonomy as a consequence of decentralisation; because they need to cooperate with other public or private actors in networks or quasi-markets; because they may no longer be steered by 'traditional' regulations only, but also by performance management, financial incentives, processes of benchmarking etcetera. Frontline or street-level practices are relevant, because frontline workers may have considerable discretion in making decisions concerning the activation of individual unemployed benefit recipients, raising the issues what (professional, managerial, bureaucratic or other) guidelines guide these decisions.

This argument is elaborated in the contribution by using the Dutch case of activating social assistance recipients as exemplary. The activation of Dutch social assistance recipients has been considerably decentralised and deregulated, giving local actors significant room in decision making regarding the content and the provision (involving public and private agencies) of activation - though at the same time increasing their responsibilities in financing social assistance expenses. Running parallel to this development, activation frontline work has been decentralised and deregulated as well, increasing their discretion and making Michael Lipsky's remark that frontline workers hold the keys to a dimension of citizenship of highly practical relevance in the street-level production of social citizenship. Against this background, local and frontline decision making play an important role in producing a variety of social citizenship dimensions: the accessibility of services, the nature and quality of services, voice and choice of social assistance recipients in activation processes, sanctioning etcetera.

With the participation of: ● Jean-Claude Barbier, University Paris 1, Sorbonne


● Björn Hvinden , NOVA, Oslo



Session B.7: Care between Work and Welfare in European Societies (Consilium) Birgit Pfau-Effinger and Tine Rostgaard

This panel introduces a book that was produced in the RECWOWE book series with Palgrave. It is based on analyses about new tensions that are related to childcare and elderly care in a cross-national perspective for European societies. The analyses include theories about care, and analyses of new tensions that are related to the organization of care in society, to the marketization of care, to the cultures of care, to working conditions of formal and informal care workers, and to welfare state policies towards care.

Birgit Pfau-Effinger and Tine Rostgaard: Tensions Related to Care in European Welfare States – introduction of the concept and the theoretical framework

In their introductory chapter: “Tensions related to care in European welfare states”, Birgit Pfau-Effinger and Tine Rostgaard provide an introduction to the main aims and topics of the book. They introduce the main focus of the book, which is about new tensions that are related to care and care work. The book focuses on the need for care in two main life situations, care for children in their infancy and early years and care for frail elderly, meaning care from age 65 and beyond. Rather than studying care for either children or the elderly, the combination of the two life course extremes provides an opportunity for illustrating and examining how and why the care models provided for children and older people follow different paths of modernization even within one society, resulting in quite varied provisions and mix of care The authors define the concepts of ‘care’ and ‘care work’, and give a brief overview on the development of care and care work in the context of European welfare states. Moreover, they introduce the theoretical perspective on tensions to which this book refers. It is based on historical institutionalism. However, so far, the proponents of historical institutionalism did not develop an explicit theoretical concept of tensions, as they argue. Also,

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the concept of ‘culture’ is sometimes not very well developed. The authors introduce a multi-dimensional concept of tensions which relates to the cultural, institutional and social levels of society. In this regard, they distinguish ‘old’ and ‘new’ tensions which can be related to care and care work. In the last part of this chapter, the authors show how the different chapters analyse and discuss new tensions in relation to care and care work, and how they contribute to the main aim of the book.

Presentation of research findings: ● Anneli Anttonen and Minna Zechner: Theorising Care and Care Work

In Chapter 2 on ‘Theorizing Care and Care Work’, Anneli Anttonen and Minna Zechner discuss the multiple meanings of care by paying attention to care primarily as work and only marginally addressing care as ethics and politics. They show how care as a concept is open to contradictions and tensions. Tensions around the concept have, as they argue, been driving forces behind the theoretical development of care. By following a somewhat chronological order from the late 1970s to the present day, they show that the conceptual development of care was related to four different types of tensions. The first tension was a key issue in early feminist theorizing on domestic work, dealing with the economic and emotional value of women’s unpaid work. The second tension deals with potential contradictions between informal and formal care work. This tension has strongly influenced care research since the very beginning, and continues still. While care work has been deployed within feminist and gender research, a third tension, which is a tension between gender and other social divisions, became an important driving force in the late 1980s. The fourth tension concerns globalization and the emergence of a global labour market. Immigration, transnationalism and multiculturalism have shaped care research during the last 15 years, so we can talk about tensions between national and global aspects of care. The authors analyse how these tensions were discussed in care research and their role as driving force in care research.

Following this more general analysis of the academic debate about care and care work, the subsequent chapters report on cross-national findings of theoretical work and empirical research on child and elder care.

● Birgit Pfau-Effinger : Family Childcare in the Cultural and Institutional Context of European Societies

This chapter starts with the observation that, in the last two decades, many welfare states have extended the extra-familial public or publicly financed childcare provision. There are, nevertheless, many European countries in which care for the child below three years of age is still mainly based on family care by the child’s mother. In the chapter, Birgit Pfau-Effinger analyses why so many women still care for their children themselves. There are two possible explanations. The first is that this is the result of a tension between women’s orientation to participate in employment on the one hand and of opportunity structures that hinder them in realizing this orientation on the other. In this regard, it is common to argue that gaps in the public provision of childcare are one main reason why women stay at home. The second explanation could be that these women have voluntarily decided to care for their children themselves, which reflects the more general cultural values in these societies, according to which this is the best type of care for very young children.

So far, cross-national research based on survey data into the motives of the majority of the women who are providing care for their own children is rare. This chapter explores the degree to which family childcare by women in different countries reflects a tension between women’s employment orientation and gaps in public childcare provision, and the degree to which it is based more on a relatively coherent relationship between women’s cultural value orientation and the options to realize these. The study includes six European countries that represent different types of welfare regimes: Denmark, Finland, Germany, Poland, Spain and the UK. The findings are that cultural value orientations giving priority to family childcare seem to play an important role in explaining why, in European societies, a relevant proportion of women still care for their children themselves.

● Guðný Björk Eydal and Tine Rostgaard: Nordic child care – a response to old and new tensions?

In Chapter 5, ‘Nordic Childcare: a Response to Old and New Tensions?’, Guðny Eydal and Tine Rostgaard study the development of policies of childcare in the Nordic countries. Despite being the forerunners in the policies of de-familization of childcare, various tensions are evident in the Nordic childcare policies of today. The authors consider all five countries in the Nordic family (Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden). The chapter first examines how the development of Nordic childcare policies can be seen as a response to old tensions, but also how they in their own way are the cause of new tensions. These consist amongst others in the perhaps more traditional tension of how to promote well-being for children while facilitating parents’ (mothers’) take-up of paid work. The authors find that this tension seems to have been overcome, contributing to the achievement of the dual-earner model. However, as the second issue examined in the chapter shows, in recent years a growing political as well as societal tension has been observed

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between the stand of active fatherhood and that of free choice, and this has had consequences for the achievement of the other gender equality goal of the Nordic model – the dual-carer society. Furthermore, the creation of low-benefit cash for care schemes, with few or no labour market rights associated, is criticized for contributing to maintaining the traditionally gender-differentiated family roles and setting back the opportunities and position of women. The cash option is also criticized for contributing to the creation of new social cleavages between children of various social classes, who are now more likely to be cared for under different care arrangements.

Discussants: ● Rianne Mahon, Wilfred Laurier University, Waterloo (Canada)

● Ann Orloff , Northwestern University, Evanston (US)

Session B.8: “New measures for new welfare states: Better assessments of reconciliation of work and welfare through micro-simulation of public and private benefits” (Room 3)

Jon Kvist and colleagues What happens to you financially when you get unemployed, become a parent, or move, depends not only on single statutory schemes, but also on a series of schemes, the tax system and what benefit package you have through your job.

In this session we present some of the key finding of the new tax-benefit micro-simulation model that includes both public and private benefits.

Discussants: ● Mikko Kautto, Centre for Pensions, Finland ● Joakim Palme, Institute for Future Studies, Stockholm


Session C.7: Working poverty in Europe: tensions, risks and policies (Room 1) Neil Fraser, Rodolfo Gutiérrez and Ramón Peña-Casas

Working poverty is a problem present in all the European countries, although with a varying range of intensity. A percentage of 8.4% of EU-27 employed people were in such situation in 2009, which represented no less than around 18 million people. Working poverty is a complex multidimensional issue, combining the individual and household situations, and with generating mechanisms deeply embedded in the complex policy-mix determining welfare protection and labour market arrangements. It can be seen as a one of the main tensions between quantity and quality of job.

The book Working Poverty in Europe is the result of a RECWOWE collective research project on this issue. The book explores in depth the many facets and challenges of working poverty in European countries using an integrated method. Comparative analyses of EU are combined with detailed country studies and thematic cross-cutting analyses. The goal of the session is to present and discuss the main achievements of this project, starting with an overview of the book and following with some selected chapters.

Presentation of research findings: ● Neil Fraser: Introduction of the book Working Poverty in Europe

● Eric Crettaz and Alexander Goerne: ‘National variations and comparative analysis’

● Ramon Peña-Casas and Dalila Ghailani: ‘Individualising gender in-work poverty risks’

● Guillaume Allègre and Karen Jaehrling: ‘Making work pay for whom? With what consequences?’

Discussants: ● Brian Nolan, University College Dublin

● Greet Vermeylen, Eurofound, Dublin

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Session D.3: The EU and Domestic Politics of Welfare State Reforms.

Europa Europae (Room 2) Paolo Graziano, Sophie Jacquot and Bruno Palier

What is the use of EU laws? Does European integration influence national social policies? What are the political mechanisms through which the EU plays a role in domestic social policy changes? Taking the examples of employment-friendly welfare reforms, our comparative research proposes both a new step within the Europeanization and the welfare state literatures. Since the development of the European Employment Strategy and the OMC, the EU is trying to build a common series of policy aimed at rendering welfare systems employment-friendly. All these EU intervention may determine different political logics at the domestic level. The panel will analyse how these EU policies have been used at the national level.

Presentation of research findings: ● Sotirios Zartaloudis: “A Compass or a Spear? The partisan usage of Europe in Portuguese Employment-Friendly Reforms”

This contribution examines the usages of Europe in Portuguese employment-friendly reforms. The main policy areas where employment friendly reforms were introduced are examined: labour markets, vocational training, social inclusion and pensions. The paper is divided into four parts: the first succinctly presents Portugal’s position with regard to Europe; the second discusses Portuguese employment-friendly reforms and the third examines the usages of EU resources in these reforms. The argument is twofold: first, Portugal ‘complies’ faster and better with EU soft law. Second, this paradox can be explained when one traces the usages of Europe in Portuguese employment-friendly reforms: soft law constituted an ideal tool for Portuguese actors for guidance (compass) and/or empowerment against opponents in the political arena (spear). This study drew on qualitative analysis of the literature, primary and secondary sources, such as EU and national official documents and European Industrial Relations Observatory (EIRO) reports and evaluations. Moreover, semi-structured interviews with key policy makers (ministerial elites, academics, national experts) were conducted between March-May 2010. Although a variety of methods were employed in order to achieve triangulation process tracing is the paper’s main method.

● Tomáš Sirovátka: “The EU and Czech instrumentalism in employment and social inclusion strategy”

In this paper we will examine how developments in two fields of social policy, employment policies and social inclusion, have been influenced by European strategies and principles as applied in the Czech Republic. In doing so we examine three central hypotheses about the influence of the EU on national policies. The first hypothesis is about the role of EU membership (the joining-the-club effect), which presumes that EU pressure and influence is particularly strong during the accession period. The second hypothesis is the hypothesis of relationship to the EU: this hypothesis presumes that the attitude of political elites and the public towards the EU (and consequently the ‘culture of compliance’ to the EU) represent a crucial factor for mediating the influence of EU policies. And finally, the misfit hypothesis suggests that if there is no misfit between national and EU policies, then there is no reason to resort to the Europe issue as major instrument in policy discourse and policy making. On the other hand, a small misfit would indicate some usage of the Europe issue, and a major misfit implies full usage if supported by domestic actors or neglect or rejection of the EU in case of low/no domestic support.

The paper is based on case studies of two policy fields (employment and social inclusion). From a methodological standpoint, the analysis of real policy development is based on legislation, institutional analysis, and available statistical data, combined with secondary analysis of sources such as implementation studies for specific programmes, etc.. We also focus on policy discourse as reflected in policy papers, the programmes of political parties, public administration documents, and existing studies on the issue. Finally, we make use of information gained through series of interviews done in 2005-2006 as part of a national research project on implementation of the social inclusion agenda (75 interviews) and about thirty interviews carried out with the policy makers in this field later at various workshops, conferences and personal meetings.

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● Dimitri A. Sotiropoulos : “Usages of ‘Europe’ in Welfare Policies in Greece, 1981-2010”

The Greek crisis of 2010 led to dramatic shifts in employment and social policy in a country in which for decades there was little change in the basic structure of the welfare regime. In Greece, which belongs to the South European ‘world of welfare capitalism’, social and employment-friendly policies have been held hostage to historical traditions of statism, familism, polarized party competition and patronage-ridden distribution of transfers to favoured groups of beneficiaries. The research question of this paper is what are the social and employment policy changes since 1981 and what kinds of usage of ‘Europe’ have policy-makers made. We support three research hypotheses. The first hypothesis is that Greece, an old EU Member-State (MS), was not ‘under scrutiny’ by the EU as more recent MS have been. This lack of constraints and the flow of EU funds has turned Greeks in favour of the EU at least since the mid-1980s. The second hypothesis is that given the largely pro-EU attitudes of Greek elites and the general public, usages of ‘Europe’ in welfare reforms will be both positive and explicit. The third hypothesis is that, given the significant misfit between the Greek social and employment policies and the European Social Model, there will be full usage of references to the EU since the social cost of reforms will be high.

The analysis starts with a presentation of employment, pension and social inclusion policies in Greece in EU perspective, using EU and OECD data. A discussion of welfare policies in 1980-2010 follows. The focus then shifts to usages of ‘Europe’ by policy-makers and to the legal, budgetary, cognitive, normative and political resources which they employ in policy-making. The paper ends with an explanation of the usages of ‘Europe’ and EU’s on Greek welfare policies. The main point of the conclusion is that the limited usage of ‘Europe’ and the little impact of the EU on Greek policies can be understood in the context of the evolving party system, the discriminatory treatment of occupational groups by the state and the historical legacies of the Greek social ‘model’.

● Paolo Graziano and Matteo Jessoula: “Eppur si muoveva… The Italian Trajectory of Recent Welfare Reforms: from ‘Rescued by Europe’ to Euro-Skepticism”

The Italian welfare state is generally classified as either an example of the Continental or Bismarckian welfare regime or part of the Southern European family of welfare. But during the Nineties and early Two-Thousands an unprecedented process of reform aimed to ‘modernize’ and re-balance the Italian welfare state.

In this paper, we argue that, though necessary to create new political opportunities for policy change, European resources may not represent sufficient conditions for welfare state reform. In fact, the analysis of some failed reform attempts reveals that in some cases European resources have been used by national actors but this has not led to policy change. Second, we contend that not only European pressures but also the usages of European resources by national actors have varied significantly over the last three decades, also across sectors, as diverse resources have been provided by the supranational level to national policy makers in the various periods and in the different policy fields. Third, even within the same policy sector, Italian actors have mostly used European resources ‘selectively’ in order to pursue their policy goals. The Italian case thus shows that it may not be so appropriate to talk about domestic ‘worlds of compliance’ but rather to think more in policy terms, i.e. domestic worlds of policy compliance. We will verify the validity of such hypotheses by answering to the following questions: what have the Italian politics of welfare state reform looked like? And more specifically, how has Italy responded to the challenges provided by the EU at the end of the ‘90s? How where the reforms supported at the national level? And who where the main actors involved? In the first part of the paper, the recent evolution of the relationship to Europe and a brief description of the Italian welfare state is provided, whereas the following sections are devoted to the analysis of the evolution of the various welfare state policies.

Discussants:

● Radek Maly, European Commission, DG EMPL, Head of Unit Social Analysis ● Jonathan Zeitlin, Amsterdam University


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11:00-12:30 • Thematic sessions (four parallel sessions)


Session A.7: Activation Reforms in Europe: Challenges to Social Citizenship (Forum) Sigrid Betzelt and Silke Bothfeld


Comments on the concepts and findings by: ● Jean-Claude Barbier, University Paris 1, Sorbonne


● Björn Hvinden , NOVA, Oslo



Session B.9: Care between Work and Welfare in European Societies (Consilium) Birgit Pfau-Effinger and Tine Rostgaard


Presentation of research findings: ● Per H. Jensen & Rasmus Juul Møberg: Tensions Related to the Transition of Elderly Care from an Unpaid to a Paid Activity

Per H. Jensen and Jacob Juul Møberg argue in Chapter 6, ‘Tensions Related to the Transition of Elderly Care from an Unpaid to a Paid Activity’, that due to changes in care values, family structures and women’s labour market orientation, a process of commercialization of care for the elderly has taken place in Europe, transforming care from an unpaid informal activity to a semi-formal or formal contractual relationship between caregiver and care-recipient. Although the general tendency is that the welfare state has increasingly assumed responsibility for care for the elderly, the organization of paid care support, however, differs markedly when taking a closer look at Denmark, Germany and Spain, as the authors do in this chapter. The variation in organization of care results in different kinds of tensions, contradictions and social suffering due to mismatches between women’s orientations, care policies and care values. In Denmark, tensions are primarily associated with the job quality of the formal care jobs, while in Spain unregulated care work provided by family members or live-in help causes severe tensions for care quality as well as job quality, since care work is low paid and consequently insecure. This results in marginalization and social suffering for care providers and prevents Spanish women from fully participating in the labour market. Similar tensions exist in Germany, where elderly care is still largely provided by the family, and where women are split between the normative obligation of providing care and the relatively strong, work-centred preferences among the women themselves.

●Teppo Kröger: Under Tension: Formal Care Work with Older People

The aim of Teppo Kröger’s Chapter 7, ‘Under Tension: Formal Care Work with Older People’, is to introduce and discuss different tensions that, at various levels, currently affect formal care services and care work with older people in Europe. Kröger argues that formal care work with older people is strained by numerous tensions that are recognisable, if not identical, in every nation and in every care system. Some of these tensions are situated at the system level. In particular, the eternal controversies between local and central government, as well as between social and health care, have significant consequences for social care systems and for their potential to provide universal and comprehensive care services for older people.

Furthermore, the deinstitutionalization policy, which has been popular in most countries, has proved to be much more contradictory within elderly care than in care for disabled people. Demolishing all institutional provision has not been a success,and its merit as an absolute policy objective has recently been questioned. Also, the tensions between different provider sectors are changing, as for-profit providers are gaining a new, firm foothold within care systems in a number of countries, thanks to European, national and local policies that have aimed to bring more competition to the field. The relationship between for-profit and non-profit

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providers is becoming much tensioned, and also the earlier, often close, relationships between the public and non-profit sectors are under renegotiation.

Kröger also argues that the micro-level of care work is loaded with potential tensions as well. These include the triangulated relationships between paid care workers, their older clients and family members, the latter often providing significant informal care, which may be affected by severe disagreements and conflicts because the actions of any of these three parties inevitably affect the situation of the other two. Finally, the way in which care workers’ work is currently being reorganized is often in direct conflict with care workers’ aspirations to offer good care and to fulfil ‘rationality of caring’.

● Tine Rostgaard, Carlos Chiatti , Giovanni Lamura: Tensions related to Care Migration – The South-North Divide of Long Term Care

In Chapter 8 on ‘Tensions Related to Care Migration: The South–North Divide of Long-Term Care’, Tine Rostgaard, Carlos Chiatti and Giovanni Lamura analyse tensions arising from the combination of changes in migration patterns and in long-term care policies for the elderly. The interrelation of migration and long-term care for the elderly has become an increasingly important issue in recent years as societies are ageing, labour market and family structures are changing and the need for care workers consequently increasing. One policy strategy may be to recruit new care workers among the migrant population, which is the practice in both countries with extensive and formalized public support for care for the elderly and countries with less public and more informal involvement in care for the elderly. The authors compare Denmark and Italy in order to illustrate the differences in how care migration is institutionally supported through the care and the migration regime, and how this affects the opportunities for migrants to find work in this sector. They find that the experience and the pathways of migration shape the number and characteristics of migrant care workers in these two countries, as well as their working conditions. First-generation migrants make up the bulk of care workers working in the (unregulated and informal) care sector in Italy, while in Denmark migrant care workers are working in the (highly regulated and formal) municipal care sector, and the majority can be defined as second-generation migrants. The authors also find that care migration may affect the normative assumptions about what is the ideal form of caring and relationships of caring. When comparing the two countries one striking difference is that, while cultural proximity of the migrant care workers in Italy is highly regarded by families, the importance of cultural diversity in Denmark has been stressed, being incorporated also by the state in the slogans for the recruitment campaign of new migrant care workers. Also, while employment of migrant workers per se is assumed to increase the risk of social exclusion in Italy, since employment often occurs on an unregulated basis and in cooperation with the cared-for person, the participation of migrant workers in the care sector in Denmark is seen as a solution to the increase in the social cohesion within the country, as migrants through their labour market participation are assumed to become better integrated within society.

● Hildegard Theobald, Vechta University: Migrant carers in eldercare provision: Interaction of policy fields

Hildegard Theobald in Chapter 9, ‘Migrant Carers in Eldercare Provision: Interaction of Policy Fields’, also takes the perspective of care migration. She looks into country-specific processes of integration of migrants into formal and informal care work and whether and how new forms of social division are created, in this instance for the UK, Sweden and Germany. As in the case of Denmark in the previous chapter, migrant care workers in Germany and Sweden are mainly recruited among migrants already living in the country, while in the UK care workers are often from Poland. Theobald compares the processes of integration of migrant carers in the countries selected against the background of the eldercare policies, approaches to the professionalization of eldercare work and migration policies. She finds that labour market conditions of migrants in eldercare work in all countries are shaped by the low status of the activity. Despite this congruence, the process of integration of migrants within formal care provision is shaped by country-specific professionalization approaches. In the UK, care work is traditionally viewed as manual work, not related to significant qualification requirements and to low labour market standards; characteristics that have even been strengthened by the marketization of care work. Migrant care workers in the UK are often employed in the unattractive sectors of care work, with low social security standards. In Sweden, the professionalized nature of care activities means that employment status for migrant workers appears to be close to that for ethnic Swedish workers, but care work is often only a second choice for the foreign-born workers in this sector. In Germany, a division between the integration of migrant carers within formal and informal care provision is visible, related to working situations and the migration status of the carers, further aggrevated by the marketization of service delivery in recent years. Here, migrant care work within the family framework is characterized by poor working conditions and a mainly illegal employment status of migrants from Eastern European countries.

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● Barbara Da Roit and Blanche Le Bihan: Cash-for-care schemes and the changing role of elderly people’s informal caregivers in France and Italy

Cash for care schemes, which since the 1990s have represented a key policy instrument and a common trend in European countries, are in many countries used by families to employ a migrant carer or to compensate an informal caregiver within the family. In Chapter 10, ‘Cash for Care Schemes and the Changing Role of Elderly People’s Informal Caregivers in France and Italy’, Barbara da Roit and Blanche LeBihan study cross-national differences in the ways in which such schemes are organized. They compare France and Italy and investigate how informal care and family relations in these two countries, with a traditionally high level of familialization of elderly care, are shaped by and interact with the two nations’ cash for care schemes, which display different levels of regulation. They argue that although both regulated (in France) and unregulated (in Italy) cash for care schemes enable and encourage the externalization of care work from the family and the transformation of the informal carer’s role into that of a ‘care manager’, the new tensions due to this transformation differ between the two countries. While in the highly regulated French system the dilemmas and conflicts linked to care arrangements are mediated by social services, they remain a family matter in the unregulated Italian system. Moreover, care work undergoes partial formalization in the more regulated French system, while it is pushed to informal marketized care in the more unregulated Italian system.

Discussants: ● Rianne Mahon, Wilfred Laurier University, Waterloo (Canada)

● Ann Orloff , Northwestern University, Evanston (US)

Session B.10: Round-table, the Life Course and the Economic Sustainability of the Welfare State (Room 3)

Patricia Frericks and Robert Maier Are the European welfare systems sustainable? How can social citizenship be financed in the future?

The round table will be focused on some explanations based on a ‘rights over resources’ approach that analyses the economic flows in combination with different life course architectures in European countries, which can have a significant additional scientific value over the current state of the art on the approaches to the variety and change of European social models and societies.

Discussants: ● Peter Abrahamson, University of Copenhagen

● Stefan Lessenich, Friedrich Schiller University Jena

● Greet Vermeylen, Eurofound, Dublin

Session D.4: Letting Europe In.

The Domestic Usages of Europe in Reconciliation Policies (Room 2) Paolo Graziano, Sophie Jacquot and Bruno Palier

Presentation of research findings: ● Kirsi Eräranta : “Finnish policies for reconciling Work and Family and the usages of Europe”

Drawing on the ‘usages of Europe’ approach, this paper examines the Europeanisation of work/family reconciliation policies in Finland, an EU member since 1995. More specifically, the paper analyses the ways in which EU resources have been used by national actors to shape reconciliation policies. Th e empirical materials consist of Finnish policy texts on the topic published between 1980 and 2009. It is argued that, while Europe has rarely been referred to in the revision of already-established reconciliation policies, i.e. childcare services and family leave benefits, Europe has played an important role in the emergence of new, labour market-oriented reconciliation policies. Although the cognitive and normative inspirations for the shift ing of reconciliation to the domain of labour market policy may have come from various sources, the financial and legal resources of the EU have provided Finnish actors with a concrete means of introducing new policy instruments, such as work/ family projects in organisations and incentives for the more equal use

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of parental leave, as well as new economic policy goals. Overall, the goals, domains, instruments, and timing of Finnish reconciliation policies have followed those of the EU.

● Sophie Jacquot, Clémence Ledoux and Bruno Palier: “The Europeanisation of reconciliation policies in France: boasting… but learning”

France has a reputation for having generous family policies and was considered to be a pioneer in ‘reconciliation’ policies before they even came to be known by this term. Although they were created for other purposes (i.e. education and natalism), French policies indirectly favour women’s participation in the labour market. One might thus expect that Europe would not have had a signifi cant infl uence on French policies, even after the emergence of the reconciliation issue on the European agenda. However, despite conditions that would preclude any EU infl uence on French family policies (a small ‘misfit’ in the content of the policies, and a reluctance to refer to Europe), we show that family policies have been constantly reformed in France in recent decades in a direction that brings them closer to the EU model. Our approach, which looks at the usage of European resources within the national reform processes, shows how some important actors have seized the opportunities and concepts provided by the EU on reconciliation policies in order to remain central actors at the French level.

The introduction of references to Europe has contributed to a reframing of the French debate and policies. Even though natalism is still central to many actors’ concerns, the employment rate of women, and to a lesser extent gender equality, have become new driving forces within French family policy.

● Anil Duman: “Familialism in Flux: Role of Europe and Reconciliation in Hungary”

The article analyses the Europeanisation of policies concerning the reconciliation of work and family life in Hungary from the 1990s to 2006 from a domestic actor-centred perspective. More specifically, it looks at how members of the Hungarian Parliament – from government and opposition parties – framed European requirements and/or standards and how they used references to European processes in their arguments.

The article distinguishes three periods of Europeanisation. In the fi rst period, references made to the European Union were sporadic. The second period, before 2004, was the period of legal harmonisation. Finally, in the third period, after the 2004 accession, the reconciliation of work and family life became an explicit goal of the government, usually with references made to European processes and European principles. Furthermore, the availability of European funding was an important trigger of reconciliation-related reforms. This analysis underlines the signifi cance of using Europe for legitimating domestic policy changes going against the traditional family policy framework.

● Ana M. Guillén Rodríguez: “De-constructing the familist Welfare State in Spain. Towards Reconciliation through Europe?”

This article assesses the main reform episodes that have taken place in Spain in the field of reconciliation between work and family life. It addresses the different phases of the political reform of reconciliation, tackling the usage of European recommendations, references and standards by the actors involved. The analysis covers the period from the early 1980s to the present. The focus of the article is on assessing how European political resources have been used to shape expectations, positions and strategies in the policy-making process at national level. The Spanish case is of much interest, given the fact that, on the one hand, Spaniards have traditionally been strongly in favour of the European Union and its policies, and, on the other hand, when considering Spain, we are dealing with one of the evident examples of a familistic welfare state in Europe. The article seeks to explain how this apparent contradiction is resolved when taking into account the deeply shared aspiration of both elites and the public to modernize the country, and the prominent role assigned to the EU in this transformation.

Discussants: ● Jonathan Zeitlin, Amsterdam University

EDACwowe Data Retrieval Workshop (Room 1) Wim van Oorschot, Torben Fridberg and Heejung Chung

The aim of this activity is:

● a brief introduction on the contents and search facilities of EDACwowe, and then

● give participants the possibility of working with the data-shell.

Please, note that should you are interested in participating in the workshop, you will be asked to bring your own laptop with you.

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12:30-14:00 • Buffet lunch at the Hotel Bloom

14:00-16:00 • Round-table (Forum) “Liberalisation, dualisation or integration? How to interpret changes in labour market and social

policies over the last three decades”

Chair: Georg Fischer, European Commission, DG EMPL, Head of Directorate A: Analysis, Evaluation, External Relations

Poverty in general and in-work poverty in particular, increased inequality, and social exclusion are back on the political agenda in Western Europe, not only as a consequence of the Great Recession that hit the global economy in 2008, but also as a consequence of a seemingly ‘secular’ trend towards increased inequality that began some time ago. How can we explain this increase in inequalities? In this roundtable, participants discuss the social and labour market policies that have contributed to shaping the forms and extent of the new inequalities that challenge European societies. Three conflicting hypotheses are explored: Are the increasing levels of inequality the result of processes of dualisation, i.e. caused by policies that treat different people differently? Are these increasing levels of inequality rather caused by the gradual retrenchment of labour market regulation and social protection across-the-board? Or are these increasing levels of inequality the result of a paradigm change in activation policies? The participants will discuss whether these three hypotheses are interrelated or even complementary. This roundtable brings together the findings of four publications:

● The first group, led by Neil Fraser, Rodolfo Gutiérrez and Ramón Peña-Casas, analyzes the extent and causes of in-work poverty in comparative perspective. Overall, they question the overarching slogan of employment as the best and main solution to poverty.

● The second group, led by Sigrid Betzelt and Silke Bothfeld, analyzes in what way activation policies impact on given patterns of social citizenship that predominate in national contexts. They argue that the liberal paradigm of activation introduced into labour market policies in all Western European states, challenges the specific patterns of social citizenship in each country, affecting the citizens’ scope of expectations, choice and action.

● The third group, led by Jochen Clasen and Daniel Clegg, analyzes how labour market policies have been adapted to post-industrial labour markets in Europe. They argue that we are witnessing a ‘triple integration’ consisting of unemployment benefit homogenisation, risk re-categorisation and increased emphasis on activation.

● Finally, the fourth group, led by Patrick Emmenegger, Silja Häusermann, Bruno Palier and Martin Seeleib-Kaiser, analyzes how social and labour market policies contribute to shaping the forms and extent of the new inequalities that challenge European societies. They argue that current labour market policy and social policy reforms should be conceptualized as a process of dualisation because in most cases only the position of outsiders has deteriorated, while the position of insiders has remained more or less constant.

Discussion: Gerhard Bosch, University Duisburg Essen

Bruno Coquet, EMCO, Employment Committee of the EU

Christine Erhel , University Paris 1 – Sorbonne

Brian Nolan, University College Dublin


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16:30-18:30 • Plenary session (Forum)

“The Agency Gap: Capabilities for a Worklife Balance across Welfare Regimes and Within Work Organizations”

Chair: Robert Salais, Ecole Normale Supérieure, Cachan,

Coordinator of the European Integrated Project CAPRIGHT (Resources, rights and capabilities; in search of social foundations for Europe)

This session presents a multi-layered and comparative lens for analyzing the tensions in gender, family and employment considering individual/household, firm level and EU/national national levels.

● One team led by Barbara Hobson and Aleksandra Kanjuo Mrcela, analyses ‘How Tensions in Aspirations, Agency and Capabilities to Achieve a WorkLife Balance’ experienced by working parents across three different institutional contexts’

● A second group, led by Laura Den Dulk and Colette Fagan focuses on ‘Tensions within Work Organizational cultures and managerial practice shaping Worklife Balance: Comparative analysis at the firm/managerial level’

● Finally, a third group, led by Sonja Drobnič and Ana Guillen, analyses ‘Quality of jobs and Quality of life: tensions at the work/Home interface’

Discussion Diane Perrons, London School of Economics

Jill Rubery , Manchester University

Greet Vermeylen, Eurofound, Dublin

19:30 • Meeting point at the reception

20:00 • RECWOWE final dinner at the BOZAR Museum, (please check the map page 27)

Friday, June 11 2011 – 16:30-18:30

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TRANSPORTATION: HOW TO REACH THE HOTEL BLOOM?

� Nearest rail connection: Gare du Nord/North Station at 500 meters

� From Thalys and Eurostar station (Gare du Midi/South Station):

� Metro line 2 or 6 from the ‘South Station’ to ‘Botanique’

� From Brussels Airport:

� 12 km or 25 minutes by taxi with normal traffic

� direct train connections between Brussels Airport and North Station

� express bus line from Brussels Airport to Schuman station

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PRACTICAL INFORMATION

� Accomodation

� The accommodation is provided by the Hotel Bloom in Brussels, where all the sessions will be organised.

� All rooms have the same white colour and have the same decoration. However, they have a different fresco from each other, painted by young talented artists issued from numerous European Institutes of the Arts member of ELIA (European League of the Institutes of the Arts).

� There will be free WIFI access for the Internet in the entire hotel: rooms and meeting space.

� Social programme

� The RECWOWE reception on Thursday evening will be organised in the KWINT restaurant : Mont des Arts 1, 1000 Brussels (20 min by walk from the hotel and 15 min by public transports: Tram 92 towards Fort-Jaco, or Tram 94 towards Legrand, 4th stop, ‘Palais’ station)

� The RECWOWE final dinner will take place at the BOZAR museum: Ravensteinstraat 23, 1000 Brussels (15 min by walk from the hotel and 10 min by public transports, Tram 92 towards Fort-Jaco, or Tram 94 towards Legrand, 4th stop, ‘Palais’ station).

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Participant index

Last name First name Gender Institution E-mail address

Abrahamson Peter Mr University of Copenhagen [email protected]

Adema Willem Mr OECD [email protected]

Ahles Lisa Ms University Duisburg-Essen, Department of Social Work and Social Policy [email protected]

Allègre Guillaume Mr OFCE - Sciences-Po Paris [email protected]

Alonso Ángel Mr University of Oviedo [email protected]

Amossé Thomas Mr Centre d'Etudes de l'Emploi – MSH Ange Guépin [email protected]

Anderson Karen Ms Radboud University Nijmegen [email protected]

Anttonen Anneli Ms University of Tampere [email protected]

Atkinson Anthony Mr Nuffield College,Oxford [email protected]

Aurich Patrizia Ms University of Hamburg [email protected]

Bagard Marcin Mr Warsaw School of Economics [email protected]

Balandi Guido Mr Universita di Ferrara [email protected]

Barbier Jean-Claude Mr Université Paris 1 [email protected]

Begg Iain Mr London School of Economics [email protected]

Berès Pervenche Ms European Parliament [email protected]

Berghman Jos Mr Katholieke Universiteit Leuven [email protected]

Bertels Jan Mr FPS Social Security [email protected]

Betzelt Sigrid Ms University of Bremen [email protected]

Biotteau Alexandre Mr Sciences-Po Paris [email protected]

Bjerre Liv Ms SFI - The Danish National Centre for Social Research [email protected]

Boehnke Mandy Ms University of Bremen [email protected]

Boni Guido Mr European Trade Union Institute [email protected]

Bonnesen Laerke Ms University of Southern Denmark [email protected]

Bonoli Giuliano Mr Institut de Hautes Etudes en Administration Publique, Lausanne [email protected]

Borelli Silvia Ms Université Catholique de Louvain [email protected]

Bosch Gerhard Mr Institut Arbeit und Qualifikation – University Duisburg-Essen gerhard.boschquni-due.de

Bothfeld Silke Ms University of Bremen [email protected]

Bouget Denis Mr Maison des Sciences de l'Homme Ange Guépin, Nantes [email protected]

Bourdeaud’hui Ria Ms Stichting Innovatie & Arbeid [email protected]

Breidahl Karen Nielsen Ms University of Aalborg [email protected]

Caillaud Pascal Mr CNRS - Maison des Sciences de l'Homme Ange Guépin, Nantes [email protected]

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Caimi Valentina Ms Social Platform [email protected]

Canazza Christine Ms Université Catholique de Louvain [email protected]

Cantillon Bea Ms Herman Deleeck Centre for Social Policy (University of Antwerp) [email protected]

Careja Romana Ms Institute of Sociology, University Of Cologne [email protected]

Caune Hélène Ms Sciences-Po Paris [email protected]

Černigoj Sadar Nevenka Ms University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Social Sciences [email protected]

Champion Cyrielle Ms Institut de Hautes Etudes en Administration Publique, Lausanne [email protected]

Chiatti Carlos Mr INRCA [email protected]

Chloupkova Jarka Ms European Parliament [email protected]

Chung Heejung Ms Tilburg University [email protected]

Clarke John Mr The Open University [email protected]

Clarke Penny Ms EPSU - European Public Service Union [email protected]

Clasen Jochen Mr University of Edinburgh [email protected]

Clegg Daniel Mr University of Edinburgh [email protected]

Collins Mary Ms European Women’s Lobby [email protected]

Coquet Bruno Mr Employment Committee of the European Union [email protected]

Crettaz Eric Mr Institut de Hautes Etudes en Administration Publique, Lausanne [email protected]

Dahl Espen Mr Oslo University College [email protected]

Dahl Svenn-Age Mr University of Bergen [email protected]

Davidsson Johan Mr University of Southern Denmark [email protected]

Debruyne Michel Mr ACW [email protected]

De Deken Johan Mr University of Amsterdam [email protected]

De Graaf Willibrord Mr University of Utrecht [email protected]

De la Porte Caroline Ms University of Southern Denmark [email protected]

Den Dulk Laura Ms Erasmus Universiteit Rotterdam FSW [email protected]

Diez Guardia Nuria Ms European Commission, DG JUST [email protected]

Dräbing Verena Ms VU University Amsterdam [email protected]

Drobnic Sonja Ms University of Hamburg [email protected]

Duman Anil Ms Central European University [email protected]

Düll Herbert Mr German Federal Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs [email protected]

Duyulmus Cem Mr University of Montreal [email protected]

Ebbinghaus Bernhard Mr Manheim Centre for European Social Research [email protected]

Ehrler Franziska Ms University of Berne [email protected]

Eirschhost Werner Mr IZA - Institute for the Study of Labor [email protected]

Emery Thomas Mr University of Edinburgh [email protected]

Emmenegger Patrick Mr University of Southern Denmark [email protected]

Eräranta Kirsi Ms University of Helsinki [email protected]

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Erhel Christine Ms CEE and University of Paris 1, CES [email protected]

Eydal Guðný Björk Ms University of Iceland, Faculty of Social Work [email protected]

Eydoux Anne Ms Rennes 2 University and Centre for employment studies, CEE [email protected]

Fagan Colette Ms University of Manchester [email protected]

Ferrera Maurizio Mr University of Milan [email protected]

Finné Sylvie Ms European Commission, DG JUST [email protected]

Fischer Georg Mr European Commission, DG EMPL [email protected]

Foverskov Else Ms SFI - The Danish National Centre for Social Research [email protected]

Fraser Neil Mr University of Edinburgh [email protected]

Fratczak Ewa Ms Warsaw School of Economics [email protected]

Frericks Patricia Ms University of Hamburg [email protected]

Freundt Anders Mr University of Southern Denmark afreu08@[email protected]

Gallizioli Giorgio Mr EU Commission, DG MARE [email protected]

García-Izquierdo Antonio Léon Mr University of Oviedo [email protected]

Gazier Bernard Mr Université Paris 1 [email protected]

Ghaffari Sarah Ms Ecole des Mines de Nantes - MSH Ange Guépin [email protected]

Ghailani Dalila Ms European Social Observatory [email protected]

Gilbert Neil Mr University of California, Berkeley [email protected]

Goerne Alexander Mr University of Edinburgh [email protected]

Goffart Marc Mr European Commission, DG RTD [email protected]

Gómez Ansón Silvia Ms University of Oviedo [email protected]

González Begega Sergio Mr University of Oviedo [email protected]

González Menéndez María del Carmen Ms University of Oviedo [email protected]

Gottschall Karin Ms University of Bremen [email protected]

Grand Philippa Ms Palgrave Mac Millan [email protected]

Graziano Paolo Mr Bocconi University, Milan paolo.grazianoatunibocconi.it

Grubb David Mr OECD [email protected]

Guillemard Anne-Marie Ms Université Paris Descartes [email protected]

Guillén Ana Ms University of Oviedo [email protected]

Guisseau Amélie Ms Maison des Sciences de l'Homme Ange Guépin, Nantes [email protected]

Gutiérrez Rodolfo Mr University of Oviedo [email protected]

Haase Diana Ms European Representation German Federal Employment Agency [email protected]

Hansen Hans Mr University of Southern Denmark [email protected]

Heins Elke Ms University of Edinburgh [email protected]

Hemerijck Anton Mr Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam [email protected]

Hinrichs Karl Mr University of Bremen [email protected]

Hobson Barbara Ms University of Stockholm [email protected]

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Hoogenboom Marcel Mr University of Utrecht [email protected]

Hopkin Jonathan Mr London School of Economics and Political Sciences [email protected]

Hora Ondřej Mr Mazaryk University, Brno [email protected]

Huws Ursula Ms Analytica Social and Economic Research [email protected]

Hvinden Bjorn Mr Institute for Research in Economics and Business Administration, Oslo [email protected]

Ignjatović Miroljub Mr University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Social Sciences [email protected]

Imbert David Mr Maison des Sciences de l'Homme Ange Guépin, Nantes [email protected]

Ivan Georgiana Ms University of Utrecht [email protected]

Jacob Ralf Mr European Commission, DG EMPL [email protected]

Jacquot Sophie Ms Sciences-Po Paris [email protected]

Jaerhling Karen Ms University of Hamburg [email protected]

Jensen Per Mr University of Aalborg [email protected]

Jenson Jane Ms Université de Montréal [email protected]

Jepsen Maria Ms European Trade Union Institute [email protected]

Jessoula Matteo Mr Bocconi University, Milan [email protected]

Johann Jannis Mr University of Edinburgh [email protected]

Kanjuo Mrčela Aleksandra Ms University of Ljubljana [email protected]

Karjalainen Vappu Ms National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki [email protected]

Karvonen Sakari Mr National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki [email protected]

Kautto Mikko Mr Centre for Pensions, Finland [email protected]

Kim Soo-Wan Ms London School of Economics [email protected]

Knijn Trudie Ms University of Utrecht [email protected]

Knuth Matthias Mr Institute for Work, Skills and Training, Universität Duisburg-Essen [email protected]

Kornelakis Andreas Mr London School of Economics and Political Sciences [email protected]

Korpi Tomas Mr Institute for Future Studies, Stockholm [email protected]

Kotowska Irena Ms Warsaw School of Economics [email protected]

Krause Alexandra Ms European Representation German Federal Employment Agency [email protected]

Kröger Teppo Mr University of Tampere [email protected]

Ksieniewicz Monika Ms Permanent Representation of Republic of Poland to the European Union [email protected]

Kvist Jon Mr University of Southern Denmark [email protected]

Laitinen-Kuikka Sini Ms Finnish Centre for Pensions [email protected]

Larsen Christian Albrekt Mr University of Aalborg [email protected]

Larsen Flemming Mr University of Aalborg [email protected]

Leschke Janine Ms European Trade Union Institute, Brussels [email protected]

Lessenich Stephan Mr Friedrich Schiller University, Jena [email protected]

Luque David Mr University of Oviedo [email protected]

Madama Ilaria Ms Bocconi University, Milan [email protected]

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Mahon Rianne Ms Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo (CA) [email protected]

Maier Robert Mr University of Utrecht [email protected]

Malice Benoît Mr European Social Observatory, Brussels

Maly Radek Mr European Commission, DG EMPL [email protected]

Mannila Simo Mr National Institute for Health and Welfare [email protected]

Martínez Lara Ms University of Oviedo [email protected]

Mato Diáz Franciso Javier Mr University of Oviedo [email protected]

Maucher Matthias Mr European Public Service Union [email protected]

Maul Katharina Ms University of Bremen [email protected]

Mignolet Pascal Mr European Social Observatory, Brussels

Minas Renate Ms Institute for Future Studies, Stockholm [email protected]

Moreau Marie-Ange Ms IETL U-Lyon2 [email protected]

Morgan Kimberly Ms George Washington University [email protected]

Mustosmäki Armi Elisa Ms University of Jyväskylä, Finland [email protected]

Myles John Mr University of Toronto [email protected]

Natali David Mr European Social Observatory, Brussels [email protected]

Natti Jouko Mr University of Tampere [email protected]

Nisco Veronica Ms European Trade Union Institute, Brussels [email protected]

Nolan Brian Mr University College Dublin [email protected]

Norman Helen Ms University of Manchester [email protected]

Nowaczek Krzysztof Mr Europe 2020 Monitoring Platform, Committee of the Regions [email protected]

O’Farrell Rory Mr European Trade Union Institute, Brussels [email protected]

Olah Livia Ms University of Stockholm [email protected]

Orloff Ann Ms Northwestern University, Evanston (US) [email protected]

Ost Sophie Ms European Social Observatory, Brussels

Pailhé Ariane Ms INED, Paris [email protected]

Palier Bruno Mr Sciences-Po Paris [email protected]

Palme Joakim Mr Institute for Future Studies, Stockholm [email protected]

Paris Jean-Jacques Mr Consultingeuropa/GroupeAlpha [email protected]

Parry Richard Mr University of Edinburgh [email protected]

Pavolini Emmanuele Mr Università degli Studi di Macerata [email protected]

Peña-Casas Ramon Mr European Social Observatory, Brussels [email protected]

Perez Begoña Ms Public University of Navarra bé[email protected]

Perrons Diane Ms Gender Institute, London School of Economics [email protected]

Pfau-Effinger Birgit Ms University of Hamburg [email protected]

Pianta Mario Mr University of Urbino [email protected]

Plantenga Janneke Ms Utrecht University [email protected]

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Plotnikova Evgeniya Ms University of Edinburgh [email protected]

Pochet Philippe Mr European Trade Union Institute, Brussels [email protected]

Ptak-Chmielewska Aneta Ms Warsaw School of Economics [email protected]

Pulignano Valeria Ms Centre for Sociological Research (CESO), K.U. Leuven [email protected]

Put Sofie Ms ACW [email protected]

Repo Katja Johanna Ms University of Tampere [email protected]

Reisenbichler Alexandre Mr George Washington University [email protected]

Robledo Fraga Jose Luis Mr European Commission, DG ECFIN [email protected]

Rosiers Luc Mr Artesis [email protected]

Rossetti Silvia Ms European University Institute, Florence [email protected]

Rostgaard Tine Ms SFI - The Danish National Centre for Social Research [email protected]

Rubery Jill Ms University of Manchester [email protected]

Rummery Kirstein Ms University of Stirling [email protected]

Safuta Anna Ms Université Catholique de Louvain [email protected]

Saikku Peppi Ms National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki [email protected]

Sailer Markus M DRV Bund, Berlin [email protected]

Salais Robert Mr IDHE Ecole Normale Supérieure de Cachan [email protected]

Salmi Minna Ms National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki [email protected]

Saraceno Chiara Ms Wissenschaftszentrum Berlin fuer Sozialforschung [email protected]

Schelkle Waltraud Ms London School of Economics and Political Sciences [email protected]

Schneider Roland Mr Trade Union Advisory Committee to the OECD (TUAC) [email protected]

Seeileb-Kaiser Martin Mr University of Oxford, Department of Social Policy and Intervention [email protected]

Sikorska Iga Ms Warsaw School of Economics [email protected]

Sirovátka Tomáš Mr Mazaryk University, Brno [email protected]

Slotwinska-Roslanowska Ewelina Ms Warsaw School of Economics [email protected]

Smith Mark Mr University of Manchester [email protected]

Soentken Menno Mr Free Univeristy of Amsterdam [email protected]

Sotiropoulos Dimitrios Mr The Hellenic Foundation for European and Foreign Policy [email protected]

Straubinger Simon Grundt Mr University of Southern Denmark [email protected]

Suardi Simona Ms Université Catholique de Louvain- Università degli Studi di Milano [email protected]

Takács Judit Ms Hungarian Academy of Sciences [email protected]

Taylor-Gooby Peter Mr University of Kent [email protected]

Tejero Aroa Mr University of Oviedo [email protected]

Theobald Hildegard Ms University of Vechta [email protected]

Tolan John Mr Maison des Sciences de l'Homme Ange Guépin, Nantes [email protected]

Tomlinson Mark Mr University of Oxford, Department of Social Policy and Intervention [email protected]

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Tricart Jean-Paul Mr European Commission, DG EMPL [email protected]

Van Baelen Maruja Ms FPS Social Security [email protected]

Vandenbroucke Frank Mr K.U. Leuven [email protected]

Van Den Broek Hans Mr University of Oviedo [email protected]

Vanderhaeghe Stephan Mr Stichting Innovatie & Arbeid [email protected]

Van Hercke Bart Mr European Social Observatory, Brussels [email protected]

Van Oorschot Wim Mr Tilburg University [email protected]

Van Parys Liesbeth Ms HIVA K.U. Leuven [email protected]

Vaudolon Eva Ms Maison des Sciences de l'Homme Ange Guépin, Nantes [email protected]

Vermeylen Greet Ms European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions [email protected]

Vesan Patrik Mr Bocconi University, Milan [email protected]

Vielle Pascale Ms Université Catholique de Louvain [email protected]

Visser Mirella Ms Centre for Inclusive Leadership [email protected]

Walthery Pierre Mr University of Manchester [email protected]

Wegener Lena Ms European Social Observatory, Brussels [email protected]

Winkler Jiří Mr Mazaryk University, Brno [email protected]

Wright Sharon Ms University of Stirling [email protected]

Zartaloudis Sotirios Mr London School of Economics and Political Sciences [email protected]

Zeitlin Jonathan Mr University of Amsterdam [email protected]

Zimmer Hélène Ms Banque nationale de Belgique [email protected]

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CONFERENCE AT A GLANCE Wednesday, June 15th

10:00-12:30 • arrival and registration 12:30-13:30 • Buffet lunch at the Hotel Bloom

13:30-14:00: Opening plenary: Welcome address by Denis Bouget and Bruno Palier, coordinators (Forum)

14:00-15:30: Thematic sessions A.1. Consilium Governance of activation policies in Europe

B.1. Forum Labour market flexibility and pension reforms in Europe

B.2. Room 5 Tensions related to the marketization of care in European Welfare States

C.1. Room 3 Women on corporate boards and executive managerial posts

C.2. Room 1 Reconfiguring welfare states in the post-industrial age: what role for social partners?

16:00 -17:30: Thematic session A.2. Consilium Governance of activation policies in Europe

B.3. Forum Flexible today, secure tomorrow?

B.4. Room 5 Tensions related to the marketization of care in European Welfare States

C.3. Room 3 Normative and legal perspective on job quality

D.1. Room 1 Towards a social investment welfare state?

19:00 • Dinner at the Hotel Bloom

Thursday, June 16th

09:00 -10:30: Thematic sessions A.3. Room 1 Regulating the risk of unemployment in Europe

B.5. Consilium Work, family policies and transitions to adulthood in Europe

C.4. Room 2 The age of dualization: who are the outsiders?

C.5. Room 3 Publicsector in recession

11:00 -12:30: Thematic sessions

A.4. Room 1 Employers, recruitment practices and active labour market policies

A.5. Room 2 The age of dualization:how European societies cope with desindustrialization

B.6. Consilium Childbearing intentions, women’s employment and work-life balance policies

C.6. Room 3 Job Quality and Work-Life Balance in Europe

D.2. Forum EUROPE 2020: Towards a more social Europe?


13:30-16:00: Plenary session “Tackling the crisis, is the Agenda 2020 enough?” (Forum)

16:30-18:30: Plenary session “Changing worlds of work and welfare. What do we learn from Recwowe’s activities?” (Forum)

19:00 • RECWOWE Reception at the Kwint restaurant

Friday, June 17th

09:00 -10:30: Thematic sessions A.6. Forum Activation Reforms in Europe: Challenges to Social Citizenship

B.7. Consilium Care between Work and Welfare in European Societies

B.8. Room 3 New measures for new welfare states

C.7. Room 1 Working poverty in Europe: tensions, risks and policies

D.3. Room 2 The EU and domestic politics of welfare state reforms. Europa Europae

11:00 -12:30: Thematic sessions

A.7. Forum Activation Reforms in Europe: Challenges to Social Citizenship

B.9. Consilium Care between Work and Welfare in European Societies

B.10. Room 3 The life course and the economic sustainability of the welfare state

D.4. Room 2 Letting Europe in. The domestic usages of Europe in reconciliation policies

EDACwowe data retrieval workshop (Room 1)


14:00-16:00: Round-table “Liberalisation, dualisation or integration? How to interpret changes in labour market and social policies over the last three decades” (Forum)

16:30-18:30: Plenary session “The Agency Gap: Capabilities for a Worklife Balance across Welfare Regimes and Within Work Organizations” (Forum)

19:00 • RECWOWE final dinner at the BOZAR Museum

RECWOWE FINAL CONFER ENCE -...

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