Radical America - Vol 9 No 4&5 - 1974 - August October

8/8/2019 Radical America - Vol 9 No 4&5 - 1974 - August October

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MERICAN LABOR IN THE 1940'S

vol 9, nos 4-5

ICleLIBRARY '20

War rr te. W!ec by C But


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BUET, m Cabie MchMtu n 12,teahes at the Mhu8ett qe of e wte ddend sevea cdg OBJEVE TENQ, and has receied neos d hDs. WoW he wokd n the Bosn Na Y He wites:

"Befoe ovg t n in I had ve Ot do nCadge o ove foy ye ung

hat te, Rxy t e w

pae o g. went o hch thee; ogand and joed ontygups hee payed et d po thee ght hee thpivaey d n he pi sh! stded paed d exhted teed, bese da Ihwkeh nd thee I ha' hage aDd how h t the le y Adha-ty gg t Rouy

Fank Bdhead. Magey Davis Lnd Gordn, J Geen,Mael Hch All Kaplan Donna Kal Kat MAfeim OBre

ciat Edt: Paul Bhl Ele Bi ll ltti Mtlbm, Mk ita Mai Mt Ma Ni Br t, Wly fit S Rwbtam. a Wi

RC MERI lid itl at 60 U Sq Sm'il Mactt 02143 (MN DDESS Bx B, Naidg Mhett 01) bipi e 5 , 59f t 51 f t rs; it plt $10 p l !at itit F pi Bk t dti v ice f fiv pi Bkt ay d a ig bi

d la ptag aid t t Mtt d addital mil-i fic


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RICAlC

Ju.At 175 V Nmn FIGHG ON TWO FRONTS:

WOG-CLASS TANCY IN T 1'SJ G 7

DEFENDG T NOSTE PLEDGE POII DRG WORD WARNeo Lcb

WDCAT! T WARTE SRIKEWAE AUTOEd

EPOG

Mar Gbe

ROS T R MS ad Qik '

WORG WOM WAR NARRAES 33SYARD DARY O A WOMAN WELDERAa Cwo 134

WON T SYARDK Arbd \3,

WO EPSODESM Solg 14

OSTWAR CONSR BVCAeSe "

AMCAN LAOR ON DENSA 1940S ODYSSEYS Wei 63

T END O COPORATE LERALISM:CASS STRUGGLE I ELECICAL

MANFAUG INDSR 1933190Rod b 18

WOKINGCLASS STORY T

140'SA BIBOAPCA ESSAY 2


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Rh, CiorW1942. Dothea Lge

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Inoducon

The rel gaps n or knowledge of working-ass histry in the

190's. and specal ue o RADICAL AMERICA s an atemp tthem We hop t lminat the meae hsoia root ontmpry. wokingcas devlopet he US By examnng thentnng gowh of working lass miitanc) he one o epandglabor non brauatzaton, nasg se ntro o he ecnomy and peng ons wth he wokg ass hese aes my eae o pridea osrang prspe on the rent ondton o hewokg Te hry o wokes' srugges dug he eond

Wod Wa nd e eary years o the Cod War eea he enormosobtales ha o he way o eoonay wokngass cal moeen t he workng-las hstoy o he 1940s shows how and why he pat ass to gin ompee hegemony oerety nd the means o prodtion een nder he mt aorabeonditons

Whie lef hoans and od mians hae begun t reonsu aita histry o the ente wokg cas n the eenl years o the98s, thee s no adeqate alysis o he eqaly sgnian 94s

boaphl essay Jams Geen oers explanaon o t

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gp ou knowledge. p ptly de to the fc tht the Jormovement med to e on the "offenve n the Depeon nd defenive ption dn nd fte Wold W The tcle n thsue expn why the mlnt ndtal unon o the

becme moe

deenve o conevtve duig the wr pod, bt they o leyond the ogzed lbo moveent to te won wholeTh pepectve how tht n-nde woe ctuy beme moemitnt ding the 1940' dep the growng conevtm of thelede Although woe wee oed ende mpotnt eonond poltl eedom dng the Fore the poletit did mebtntal ogntonl gn ding the pe hee dvnehold not be ovehdowed by the moe dtc vtoe of the

md-3 o y the eo plt deet o the te 9hee wee evel ey rnomton tht wee nttd o

cceleted drng nd immedtely fte Wod W he olowigdevelopment e o undmenl mponce ecue they helped todetemne the condtion of the wong cl o own tme:

I Ung the Second Wold W temendou demnd o lbodeveloped whch ll bt elmnted nemploment Thee ondton o

dtl demnd nd lbo ty not only pemtted untlgowh n oth AFL nd CI non bt they lo lowed o mveinf of lc nd women in deene indte nd othe cn owte m podton et n npeedented eomoton the won l occed dn Wold W n wh mny blnd women not only enteed ndutl plnt. ut lo otnedeltively hghpyng jo Of coure thi ind o dvnce wtempoy n mot e bee both oup o newcome wee

phed ot o the ette pyng o fte the w Howeve PddyQ te how n the e o women w woe the newcomerwee not phed ot o the lo Coe entely n the lte In ct.fte Wod W women exeed mch gete peene n the movement thn eve eoe Although mot o the wme evncelged y women nd the vl ht co lnched y k me tonght oth o thee oppeed op gned m othod n mpton plnt nd in ndtl non whh eme the b o themoe cel fht t m nd em tht hve een wed mo eent ye

n ddition to mpotnt chnge n the compoon of the wongc the wtneed n eeon othe bueuct tendeneheent n the C unon Nelon chtenten e on the poto the wtme nGte pled epi how C lede omed ompct wth govenment nd ndty tht dened the nk nd e

ght to te whe t reed the owth of the unon nd the powe

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of the unon ocldom. The eec o thee ndon upn workng-

l mln is decrbed n very pern wy n Sn We' memoro h experenc

Wet Co mre nd uto ndre oh

Lchenen nd Wer mmente on he roe pyed by he ommuntthn he O n upportng nd t me enorcg the nre pledgend oher meure degne o nree putvy But RonldSz ey on the eerl ndutry n the ho th mltnndtral uon ke he ommuned Ued Ee


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Fighting on Two Fronts:orkng-Ca Man

n the 1940'

James een

Te working-class miitancy of te DepreSSon wchcreaed te CIG dustria unins has naurally receiveda grea dea aenion, bu e events wc flwed avenot received sucien atentin. Wa aend o te workng-cass miiancy f te eary 1930's? () One way obgn answerng a queston s t explore he reaivey

uncared sty o ar Strugge hat wed e orman he unons By tracng he evens e late1930's, te war years, and [e early old War years of heae 940s t s ssible examne e cnnued exsene

f rankand-e miancy and a e same ime, o anayzee canges n te comsition o te workng cass heunion breaucracy and e re o he stae at imed e tca mact wrkngcass mitancy 2)

W plg wth ty t(h


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RECEON REREA AND RERENCE 17-

h at 0 fooing aos majo dfat In h

it stis of 1 ak piod o thCongss of ndstia Oganiaons CO Wth nmpo-mn tning to mo than 0 mion in th Roosvcsson o 7 th CO's mmshp xpandd on0,00 in 8 as compad to 7 mion In h ist as of is snc h Amcan daon ofLao a much mo consvativ od fom hich h COhad spi no supassd th n Industa union oganiza-tion In si Moov th v o s acivit n thU dcnd h th avag num of sis p monthn ng ss han haf th num o 1. )

h C adship continud o giv iica suptto sidnt Roosv vn as FR movd o h ight I naccommodaion to h Dixca Rpuican majoy I nCongss. (F amp o mion oks o n govn

mn if jos fid In 10 dspit miiant sts WPA os) Evn hn C psnt ohn isok opn ith Roosv in 0 and opsd his tion FDR on a thd tm h h na nanimoussupp o oh CO ads and mms Lis stppddon s CO chf o mak a o a o modat poghip Mua. DR s apinmn of idn Himan psi

dn of h Amagamad Cohng Wos th NatonaDfns Adviso Committ n indicad th COss to th administation

Wih th U poducing a suppis o th Ais n101, unmpomn gan to dop appia andoks in a posiion o go on h onsvva pisods in this piod dmonsad h govn-mnt's ingnss o pa an activ sikaking o

h o no opsiton fom op nion ads n achcs h psnc o Communsts among h stis asusd as a ptxt o ivntion h Commn aas paing a mo aggssiv miitan o in Industduing his piod hn h aziovit pact si hd andh C opsd U. Invntion In th a

ss than o s af h 1 psidna ction

govnmnt agns dscndd un UA W stks a h

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u aiat lant In Lo An wi FB and A-tny nal ackn andd t d auf Cmmun Influnc in walku. n any a fda

aamn and daitin ud nt ak Vutk wc wa utd y ymay ik fAL unn In t L An aa includin uidinad n ntucin nw aicaf lant. Wn tmany ucky ncdd m k dmandC anizn n W Ca acaft and au antickd u ncant

n v cam wa At P cal an nkak idnt Invnd aivy Ina mlan AW k a an A am lan na Miwak w Cmmun aain ayd a adn lWn t cmany jctd t aian f f M and uiutu dny man amn a-nd an Bu at comnd wi u f ca ic and a milia faid t ak tik n A , af a 7day ik t AiCam many accd m unin wuld av

AUn 19-1 Stae Huto cy of W


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seted or n he beginnng Iuding a mainteane omembersip ause wi guaateed he seo he oasmembesp

e et time Rooseve opsed a srke, he moved wdevastaig eeiveness We 0 UA W worers stuhe Nort AmerIan Avaion pan a Engewood CaiorniaIn June o 9 e eside ordered I edea roopswho eetive broke te strike Wndham Mortimer aommus orgaizer who heped unoze he pan agedthat ihard Fakenseen o te A W nenationa aed

te strke pemaure and en ued aroud and oedSde Hman i redbaitg the strike and supgRoosevet's use o edea troops We Piip Murahe new presdet ritiied e Iega use o edeatoops, e epresdet o he Cogress John ewisdenoued Himan as a aitor wo was sanding atRooseves ebow when he signed he order o send roopsto stab abor In he bak

Fo a ime Wiam Z oster ad ohe Communs Inuentias joned I te bite deuniao o ooseve'ssiebreaking ations bu b te tme the UA W coveno rol1 ru, e return t Pplon sup or oosevet as a resut o Hter's atako Russa In une o 11 As a esu te inuea bo I the A W rerained rom atting e proHima

rght wing ed b Wae Reute wi suped ederasrikebreaking In the Nor Ameria Aviatio strike e ad is aes n the umben UAW eadesip asoook an unpriniped siion wen he Reue oes ntodued a dageous undemora resoution deigeetive or appintive oie to aone wo was a membero a ia organiaion suh as ommus Na oaist whih owes is aegiane to an oeign gove-men stead o opsng te measure ouigt te Addesgoup (whih iuded he ommunists) posed tat teamedmet be eended o iude oiaiss a atempto embaass Reuther, who ad one bee a membe o teiais Par he resotion w made a pahbreakigage between ommunism ad asism passed and be-ame a preedet or e od Wa measues tha woud be

used to ompee purge te ommuss.

10

f


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Wn Cmmun ned r ledr n nuclly endrng e nr edge nfunc dcreed mng mny mn d ld e ryr leder. reng d redy ufferd mnglc rer n nd ccrdn rg Crny C rgnnl ecrery n rlm re mr n ul rgnzn lme pyncreed em n regn lcy nd urucrcurrnm nd rcl prnlm u c Rlln re rly n VSB M gn rde c memer nd y CP n e re

5) ry' reun l ufered mng lc rer n Pl ndl e m nuenl lc br lder n e nn regnd rm redncy Nnl Negr Cngr rd rn gru n ce CP ncludng mny e rgnzer yed dngrl ndl' regnn n r 4 cued n c n e C r cnng ng n n

ere f un frgn lcy (l eng gvrnd y Nzve c. 6De e grng ureucrzn nd ncreng

mdy unn rng cl dd n m nle cre n 41 re e gn ver ugecmx frced enry rd rcgn W deee rc dvn nd rrv rng cndn fred y Frd Mr Cmny Te rd re f 14

n ny rug lrge numer lc rr n eW r e fr me (dee rng n fDer lc urg l nvlved e me drng, mn cc crcerzed e dn f\363 nd e M l nd d mr re f 3Bu Jm Bgg n u vcry rd, gncn ug , dferd frm e dn r

ecue n 141 mre rer er rgnzd n eunn n nnuy rgned mv n eunn. 7 Smlr delmn ccurrd n e BeleemS r f 4, n c lc rr lyed n mrn rl n crcng e le See cmn cd med e Sel Wrr Orgnzng mmee n37. ere mncy n re u ere very l nny. Murry dcr verSWC gre even rngr r e vcry er Beleem.


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rha h ga or of am h hhra Marh o Wahgo oga A hlRaolh of h Bohhoo of lg a

Po o fo D o o o for ak [h oom-g f ur D [h oo o h laougo a h lua of h NAAP a h Uaagu Raolh a al (0 u h kll a aa ak lao orgazr o h uor of AfoAmra a o h ou o a allla ma momRaoh a ra a rao for rug h molao rogram a rz [h ommu a forh am ao Bu Raoh ru o aao hhra Mah o Wahgo u FR agr o of u o lak a o u a Far mom a ommo.

h o of h O auoorkr a For h lorkr a Bhlhm a Raolh rao mom of h lak ma a a a of g orkg

la mla h umom mark rg mo orkr o k ha a ouar of U. hor Th , r a oma o 20 o 363orkr uaall mo ha h mlo h ru h o a of h hh o h o Wh h . lar ar mr of 4,

okr r a l ra of rugg hh k r oula a ou a ofra a a ra. A orr o aao hr mo ff ao h rk or hak h al o h oo off ura uom I ma a ol a f of hh a u [h foog aragrah Wo Wa II ah mo rmaka o ogla ho

H WAR A HO 4-45 )

Th AF a h r lug h ommul uo h h lar o al rk ug h aa of ho g of Sg ao ugg aogh Bu ual ok all h h

m a f a ru o aao h r

1 2


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wea Whe mo AF ad C io tred o bd heruio throgh goveme uppor ad take advatage ohe abo hotage to eoah o ea maagemet pre-

ogatie, they od ha mo o hei ow membeied o adoptig a moe mita dieatio appoah. ay ae he govemet ad apta maageme aid to uped a rgge dug the SodWord War

F empoymet higher wage ad the expaio o uo proeto ated mot o eade ad may o

the member a we who beieed ha he abor move-me wod hae make big ae o behao thewa efo ee the wge o o e, rightad eter to ig he orike pedge. ) redetooeet whoe puaty eaed whe he embraedhi ew idey a D WtheWar eouraged heoaboao o abo by aig or a Euaty o Sai-e program whh opratio oumer ad work

e wee a uped o ue eqay order o uprthe war eo hi program wa a are Wie wokeraied the ght rke ad may ae her ghtto move reey bewee job oatio od way oaoid war axe ad oud airy eay o ge pre -reae out o the goerme Worker oud mh moediut to obai wage reae The edera goerme

e wage durig he war e See omUa" ohe bai o 139 ooig aeragea time beorehe big 9 ke wae whe may woke wo iga pay reae ad beore the wor eet o warimeao bega to hit the workg a Wage ieaeddamatay durig the war bu epeiay ater 2pre ho up mh ater Worker waed mpetya their o eader petitied o wage eae. It wadiu o wa te ike Deo e o o vaoood em ead rom 0 o 4 peret i oe mtha ommeia apita ook adatage o the depeaeew bak ad whte woker who ured om [he South o tbe Motor Cty

rer o the wage eee ad oke pede aeped by uio eader he fdea goerme agreed to

poe Uo op ad io ogaiatio dig he war.

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A W t ho the le imit overtme py he te treee worke ther jb though the W Mwermmo hee by Pul Mutt the tkebekig

egoveor o I A the e the otrikege the Litte Stee wgeeee mu, F u-eee wig AF I P pt or h eortt lmt woke' eem

weve milo o rkle worke who 8ueerm ee em the job ree ot the ume mret ture thei bk o thee hghevel geemet oute leg trike thrughoutthe wr Thee wee lo ew b lee who otji the uo ' mpt wth govemet utry.A. Phlp oph trugg t keep hi Mh o Wh-gto Movemet lve er t e the ir mploy-met Prtie mm (hee by whywhySouther iber) t tuly hire upge bk worke eee utrie. Joh ew the ted

Me Woker o wthtoo ttk thei ptriotim tok tio git the Roevelt mittio t-lbr ie. t h Lewi pule the W t the I thereby wekee the ge ier-by [Qbe o 9 beue he igee with Mu-ry ut otue twr FR Murry' reieuo govemet terveti b pute. hroughut

the wr Lew expee the epeet pit o thete Me Woker by ttkig the gvermet' tru-be ert tblze r mket whh theew upreeete hotge o wrker. weve Lhtete pt ut e ttk o the mbitioubureurti eort the I lee me iyut o ttio e butte pprh to lor-mgemet eltio. w' eehip epreete

militt pitio to the riie eme o lug the w but t i t epreet pgreve -tertive to the orwlkg bueurtim o Murylm euthe.

t ewi i ot tite orgied workglreite to the wgereeze otke ly o the e-e govemet the uio bureuy e ope the

t uuthrize tike hi member whih bg i

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aln bon A b h a mo hon o aa h gonmn Whn h Wa aboBoa am con n h ca h mnnona aac {h Ba a a co ac agan aboan lanol hoan o coa gg n Wnnnlana an Aabama m h gn an al oa bo h n aln

Whn n Roo hn o aloo o ba h h ngn mn non o o b Ma h no on al o nma h h oo a mo anc. n MaDa o h o h bmno mn n oclong all o h o coa mn n h naon; a hag nanal coal n U ho WhJ boh ca-a an abo a acc h mn o bng ao an hl ool o h gonmn o h mn h UMW man on h bol on Ma 2 hn a hoan ga

nng UA W mmb n Mchgan o h MW' an man h ooon o R. J homa Wa Rh an oh aonon a h a Coa A W connc an hn- o oh oca CO non olo n ang oon ong h mn gg agan ongongca ng ana Whl h ong o

anan o o h UMW conn h naonalCI Ec Boa m n mMa an oo m occ an h ng mn h ga bnCQ la an h an m b nng no aanng cham

n h ac o oon om abo la a l aom gonmn an n h mn o bnma o coag In ac h mn concno on ma naonal n b a ccono o mao alo bn h ng an h a

Whn a c ngoa n la Ma on n mn o n h ho an cal call bng . Rool al ha hng mn mo o h onmn" anha no gh o an agan h han o cal o

h oo b h mn m h aonal

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folded-ams response: You can' mne coal wihbayone,"

Afer ths scond phae o the conlc, he coa mnes be

gan o doub tha he govenmen could Inmdate emin-

er nto sbmsson; bu as ngoaton resmed ande

a mvd c a tm h gvrmacted more and moe like a stikebreake.

B Shah1ibr of u

I a adda ff mda m h m-cratc g ad h r dra atk b tr c F ad ggd 1941 h SmhCa Wa ab D hch ga th WLB h ba adr ad mak t a f adcat a atm k A th MW agrd a gtatg c ad mr bga t rtr wr

a ratd h ca dgg b ha-g t daft kr dfac 4 rct f h mr ad t fr ah

2 R hg t ma m bakg a vtd t mtha bCg ad t v h v h am da h M-a CO ad Wam Gr f A F bbdagat h b cgaad catca v hghhe PeSden' own Idea of derable legisation ncuded

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p pt wrer ewee the ge f 8 5er he g lrrf prii. Whe Mrry Gee repe he e y pegig reewe repectfr he tre pege, the Mchg tte O ce-

ti ree t the Sth y ct y pg y wte g ere ecrg tht t ie heir te pege; they the rtiy c f epet r prty

e 3 fer the W ce Re elt t either ce Lewi g he r' cprie crc r eze the MW trery prece t preet FR fy ccee tht he c t ceceew igig ctrc wtht igiict wge i

cree t the trgge cte Afer thr trceh ee ce er, e y c igge I wet cter wtht rer fr Lewi.By the tie he fic e the trce peri rrive Nveer I, 30000 cl er h ge e her frth ffci we wtie re e yer

fter eg the e gi R rere Fel rAirr Hr ce egtite crc he perr hee t grig the MW f it

eThe Uit Me We h he the Lite t

r pite f ie feer te trei ppit he get ier trie 3 certy eere e re with the 3637 itw re epic evet wrgc hiry The rig c re t te vtge f he re r c the gi f he e 30' hgh the e te wer he cpcty f crit ieerhp, t it fle t crc the ie f wrg

c reitce repreete y he iite c i-er f the .

he it Mie Wer ict 1 ecr ge cree lr tgge. There were 72 re 3 vg 181000 e i w tticree cy er whe er the t ef

fec f wre repre y80000 trier ile fr the wet er y lt ice 0 The er f y te e h rpe i 1 e

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Habo, a ack saco y to s lalo By t way, Catai I a t as o a wa oyo wht ols" (

I ay cas most o os omicas who s-t t S wa ot so wi a la lack o tsasm a togo t wa t was mass sist-ac to sggatio t s ists a tams T igts agast scmiaio i os (otl by t Commists a lic aciitis ( y CRwic stag t st sts 192 w t g

g 19t ist was ot mc como om bacs s isis By tim o t ist Fai Emoy-m actcs Commissio t, to yas at ts ogam ga, oy aot 3 c o t woks wa ocio w lack, bt by Novm o 944 isotio a is to ct Btw 190 al 1944 Pli Fo os, t m o moyNgo woks a icas by mo ta I milio, om2,9,00 to 3800,0 m a om to 200wm , as mo wo av b moya t ay cv ig f fgovmt" (2 Nvlss tis x o back woks to t amatic wam icas mao ti ao aos t sistac of wt wos

Fo xam t Mobl silig yas (o o ists tat aso t gats bac x) t Pt to ga som ac laos to wls co-ag by t comay a Lag o Wit Smacy0 wit woks sck a iot; ts i F P to ac ow a acct cot sggato it syas (21

I \943 a wav o at stks ook ac svalwa stis ogot t S agais mloymo gag o lac woks, cmax y a viot baltwee lacks a ws i t S Sig Ya atCs, syvaa 22 Bac wos col itysty to t at tat ot all o t watim wilcas wogssv tiks

Backs i ot always s assivy s wa o

gss ac latios am a xtmy ssitiv a

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te inee i the my whi held e mnbl dutee n gegted uit d the hme the t lt euted ttede be n the uth.

e t d pthed gu btte eupted the un-ty m \9 t 9 bk die ebeled gitegegtn d degd tined by the my ndeed by the whte miity le The gwng fe etlty vlene by blk ed te ge f Mi-ii t equet the w deme t me l Negegmet ut f h tte wte e htn Fm19 t 93 fiti, d ft d fny

utght tg beme mmle t ely eey mybe n the uth, my i the Nth d even few i Au-tli gld d the h Pii b fught bkgt dimti d t bly (23

the Nth t bke ut Dett nd Hem theumme 9 he ne n Hlem deibed efet-ely h n NL MN Nethe f them

eembed the e gm f 99 the they weettye f te Wtt d New ung the 960() Tied f mvng t fd the mied Lnd, tied fdg the Nth t muh lke the uth tied f bengmCwed wte wd kf blk the wdedghette tuk ut gnt whtey nd h pety ndymbl f uthty ug the Dett it Bk mbtned png mtt huled k d bttle t the

e ted teet t bet u unutng whte,nd m nd ted mny the whtewed te nthe ghett. ene whte mb, unhmeed by theie, etited l Nege ught in whte etn"(5) Mtthew Wd wh wked t Fd dug the wemembeed the tt f blk ut wke

t w gn mg u tht n the mmu

ity, hf f u wuld wk ne dy nd t tyme dung the it Th ld f wkeme by my hme d id they wee gg twk gt n the d ne the me ked f hd pt d mne w left dw uth

He id, Mn yue ue ng need itw. (6

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Wh f h AW w cry u th c c tht w thuh Drt . c t tt t h ry c - c whch h uct u bckh ck u wrk k w W cut th ch c rt th

t c wth th IO c whu c ur wrt ct -

thuh W wrt crtcy Wtr uth t th c qu u th t cbr t b w Wck h tt t

t c th c ck utwrk :

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n lbr shr hch ri urin hSc rl r fflts lly ctln hs cntins t scur cncssns fr N

r rrs frm myrs By th m f h AF mrr th h lrly bnn ny irus cmmitmn n mrmnt n th siin f Nrshruh irc unn ctn, thr n clctbrnn r by ntrnl rfrm nt sriusy fht mln stnrs f unn cnuct n h mr rnin 3

n thr rs s th substnti ncrs f bcmn n mn in hy nustry urin th r, n si h crs n h rll btn hitn nnhit rrs tht ccurr urn th 19sAfr-mrcns nly nftt lm n frmh rtm fns m " (3 As usul blcs r thls t b hr n th rs b fr, n s ftr th

r mny f hs n rs s hir nustrl jbsFurhrmr ry f blcs h bn ur urin r, bcus th FEP s s n fc ftr hr ltcl bbyin (us ncrsinly n lc frct ctn r mss mbilin) cul nt n s hmssn frm tnctn urin h r blc rrsnr nustry n lr numbrs n ftr h rhy frc h srtin f h rm frcs in

unr Rnlhs lrsh, but n bth nusry n hmlry blcs rmin n th bm Bc frmn nsl rrs r s scrc r h r s blc fficrs r bc rrs, s fr mn rrs th cn r r rs r runiis n nusn inustrl uninsm but by t n f th 1 90s mny ths rtunts h bn cls f s fhts

ul h b fuh r nh nustril ortuns n [Q mn urn hr r n my ys rtr thn hs n blcmn r 6 mln mn r urn h Scn rr s ur n hsrn nts th numbr f is hln bs ubl n unntn r 14furfl 3) h numbr f mn n mnufcurin incrs by 1 10 rcnt n h numbr f fm rrs

26


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a idue 4 ee eae e aeduie pad mu ige age a ume ev-ie idie ad ee feed ee kig d

(33) Wme me e lab i a a eeia al a upeedeed dipa f kil ad geu e a lae u de ead ei adevied aiplae e maaed aded geaedlmive ad k e plae meak pplggia edd A evede lakmi d ele d dlle pea e demaed a e

uld il alm a mae dffi (3 Ae diaie iad ke i ue dae me ke emed e ae k eav dueve g e ee e me dage ad ad-u e ee al me allegg meime me ex-g, ad vaia ige aig a adia me

A add Uk ale demae, e m a

me a ke ame age f e me eadipved e aii Wme ad evuee ed ake meia lpaig ed a a ake advaage f e u makeige age Oe gveme uve ed a id f e me eld i a ad eauaa e a e a ad ied e k e

ed. Huded f laude ed d a e ueae e d fd me ke (3 ve dmei ke m em lak lef e ee e al a k ad a Ukugge e ea e fa a ma em efed e dmei k d ma imia female labe aia afe e a.

Te ed Wd Wa la demad a eped

due a peaula eae iia amg m-e ke, m 8 female i meme 19 ve 3 mli i 94 Hee a me keeled e ak e fd e paipai m-ed ad ei geae ged e ui i e e-ei e ed lea Wke ueeed ag e age dfeeial eee aled me'

j ad e adiial aged me. (


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c, sm s lw h cssfci f s h wm w c {h sm p s h mh plc hm ms s, h S

Wks f xmp cg wms si m's s l f h i h w s gvm p cc s ssm bh ics h mm h h psw wmwl h pm cs" 37 whb Sc cs Pkis cll h hms h

Acvs wm wh w pcip pcs h l cs f h ms pcs cll Nwck, ml h hcg mpcks. h lws h h wm

h i w h f h 's sk sh s

Sm m bhs, wh blv qli h wm sh hv ighs i' ck h mimph p i h sh wk il ll hs, s h fw wm wh h m bligs A h wh h

cm gv js wh p h gs hm h h wm (3

8


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Fo wom wo w lss mtt tss o w, th stto ws mo dsogg

h wom ft th o ws ms hgs o ty h wom) go thogh tdy's wo ty hd h ob. Wh hy gotom ty d o t of th hdd th ms d t hos d l t s d m wt to t ts d to th mtgs .. . . . T o dd [ og wom t om omtgs; y w bwsd Ito thg ts o ws oy fo m. (3

os, wh th po of h U wso o fft pshg fo dy d th fts wod f p moths fo o o tl wo tog gomt s potd dsp dfo d d togh Idsty l fo dy

s wy of dg bssm (w gh mogwom wos ogss fd o t tl t hd pom d ss potos Ad th It oypodd ssst fo 00000 mo ld wh ts 750000 hld of wog mos dd . Thgomt pd t fm bo fo wtm Idsty t dsogd y mss wod ly

fd wom wos fom wo I t hom. 40f os h pobm of d ws otd dly to h f t gomt bo d dswd wom s tmy wos I y dsty 943 O psd My md pdto whhpssd h w of th m o dsp

Wdspd mpoym f th w wod

y fft wom wos mo mMy wom mpoyd w podto dw tomy b dsmssd w w ots d o ompd s womthy w y fw ss d ompy lt soty M's dto sos fmy dw by s o

wmg pss g pf to fs d h wom go (29


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ses desned o me up o the dece n lo's n stndds h occued du e we feee nd nfto upsue o the ecod od . espe the

ow spece of uempome d the eucnce ofCQ edes o bndo te sstem o colboto eslshed du he wI U. woes uched he esse we e so o cpts cou wch s pe e 46 noed mo woes nd eetu exeded o cude te co od nd mmedustes hee ws ee of nndfe sod

d mlnc mos o those stes s eeps hs ccou of he eme Ond eete o 6.

Howee hee ws no much coodon ewee theCO uos oed Te UA ste ns ededb e Reuthe dnced he sones demnds fowe ceses nd the most dcl chlenes o memen peoes cudn demd h Opene oos o poe he oto coud fod 30 pecen we ncese) Te Uned ecc oeseenul cled ou the memes empoed (swel s d esthouse bu whe te U boens nd seled o the .cent ncese ohe unons d ccepted (nclud the Fod nd Cse dsos of UA Reute ccused the Commusted uo

of doubecossn he uto woes ( enu he ses hd o see fo he sme cent cesee dffcut 3d se oh noe o he Oedes Commu o on-Commus) expessed e elmtnc of the s n 6 46) e Reue cmecoses Ae he se eded n c the fesedhed ws popeled no he pesdenc whee he effece ed-bted hs opns n the ThomsAddesfco nd eped t pe te w o e ommuspues h foowed he e 0's

n n cse e mos of woes who oed eet ste we o 46 oud emsees usted. houh mn woes med o se he stules beun 36 o e se s effo ws ccodn oC.R Jmes cpped d defecd b e ueucc

wh he esu too o podcto spedup

3


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n nnsificion of xploiion culy incs fo su th point of poucion i substiut su l o consmption hih ws pnsions c. his

ws of cous n impotn p of h pnsion of wfstt cpitlism in h 1940s th ttmpt o pps h wos with th fuis of cpitl whn hy ssisfction in h wo tslf (7 lhouh som bicopotions op mo ssi stnc ownusil unionism s on ctz sows in his nysisof GE lbo poicy oth compnis oun nw wys of

usin th unions to conol wos Th ffots unonsm o isciplin wilc stis uin th w scib b Lichtnsin w ncopo no h collctibinin mns of 1946 n culmint inth fi nosti conc Ruh notit wihM in 0

ithout iminishin h imtnc of th wim wilcts o th 945-46 si w s pssions of nn-i milinc it is imn o s how ths sisocus on inin ws os in h w mohn h focus on xnin wos conto o hmns of poucion. t is so ncssy o no th hw ncss won in 46 w pily wip wy binion. n pi of h m n mi bocotts woincss womn l n oniin wth h hlp of mnsli nn Sin whos ccoun of h consum boycots

pps in this issu wos nl lost oun

32


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sies din he w ws exended fe he w nduly witen no onts (51 n the s-w peiodof the penen w eonoy l stes u espelywds wee the not only o ndust pee utso o S seuy whh eended o oe nd oeindustes whh depended n oenent poeion unde ste ps u s we shl see he nions weeno oe suessu n soppin wilds e he w hnhey wee duin the w euse he ins heed yhe unon ueuy nde ste pilis lso noedn ntensfion o pls poduto whih nesed

on nd wild ses t he n of poduon Whiehe uey poided ledeship n dendn weneses nd suled o oulw wids woes "onhe ne oninued o ssue he ne in sesoe speedup 5

Despte he nuel ins heed duin he wwhen he ue o unon ees nesed fo 0

llon to 17 llon, he o oeen ost poliiinfluene s he psse of the TtHey A n 47indied (3) Alhoh un eoed the A nd heeyened the on sup of the AL nd CO ledes,he nd Rooseel hd ully suped soe of the poisons h wee wien no he Tftey A Afe Repun Coness pssed he A oe uns eohe Pesiden sed he lw o neee wth lo ses2 ies n he s ye o s eisene. he TfeyA no ony otwed the seondy yot nd esiedos h o sie (y lown he oenen o pose ooln o peiod, i lso sed die oenent eulion oe unions exsed he o de suisy eployes nd sueed hei ledes to loyly ohsThs ls poson he nooious eieen h l of

fes sin n ffd swein h hey wee no ees of he CP (o ny onion doin he oehow of he oenen y foe seed s the wenused ns he lef n the CO pues h folowed ein these pues o hs suppoes n he unions ununed o he ess sinifin u liily epose eof oenen nfition y Coniss wh his epesse nen seuiy whih led diey o C

34


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erte t nepenene by hmpinin Henry Wlerree rty mpin n 4 60) Hweer thi mpn rther hn ben ime retly t wrker

le fr return t the pulr rnt f the New en Wr Wr per n whih peefu eitene nn refrm plt wu return (6 rumn uleily hrken bk t the Reelt ey t retn hbr upprt (whih he enhne by etin the t-Hrtey At n ine he w fe wth iiert hlenein the uth he u purue mre liberl il-rihtprrm whih inree bk upprt Sne Wle

u fer little mre t rnize r exept wthewip prmie t prie ul empyment, the Prree mpin reee ery ttle unin upprt 62) enthe rnk n file the U blke t upprtin Wllewh ene up with brely milln te. (6)

Menwhle the mmunit h ne ery little t prepre themele fr the ttk they e n the C F

ter' reie new leerhp h nree the pry'wrknl memberhip (whh h been reue urnthe wr but while the purue n ree ttk n rumn' Cl Wr fren py n erte it litinepenene by upprtin Wle t tl lle fr tn pt wthin the C h ment ntnuelne with the urry-Hlmn enter the ery rupth w plttn t n the hrline -Cmmunt tpure the let 64 A Jme rikett int t the prtyh ltte he but t epen upn the prtetin Mur-ry (wh h eeme ntry n 96 beue the C ittle t "buil it niune in the rnk nfle urin the Ppulr rnt n hene when he pureme the Cmmunit were unbe t rnze rnnie upprt in ther w eene. ( A me Weinten

remrk in reent reew me Mtle hitry the the mmunit pte nentin tre-unn pprh thruhu the pulr Fr peri (ere ur-in n ter the wr) n lwy kept ther im prte ir (66) n ther wr the Stlinie Cmmunit rty w eentilly the me prty uner Fter it w uner Brwer. At n int urn the 1 ' wit wiln r ble t prie relutinry leerhip fr

36


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a hi eve aer 949 and thouou te oean Wa.n spte of wespea jinosm an labaitin, U.Swokes euse o alow he Korean Wa an he Ta

Harley Ac o depive them of te ih o sike.ere were 8 skes n 950 (moe han n 49 an

more tan in he b yea o the s-owns 3 In fatere were moe srkes dun he Koean War (4847) invovn moe wokers (26 mlion than hee were n he935-1939 period an thee were fa moe srkes hanthee were n e muh lone perio of Wold Wa II

Fuhemoe, as Peis explans, the sikes o e ae 40's an he Koean Wa yeas wee no fo unon eonon ike hose o e 190's o meey fo wae inreases ike many of he Word Wa 1 stikes; they weelare natona skes ha nvoved not ony wae neasesut shoe hous, mpove wokn onons, heahan wefae funds, penSions and oter beneft. Theewere also moe unauthozed work stoppaes aans

speeup (espeiay n auo) whih prefgued he stues of reen yeas

Wat s the epanaon fo the fa tha hs onnunee of ank-andfe miitancy faled o ae a more ranied form o a more oonae ass-onsous eon ? The bueauaizaion of he C empasie byC.L.R. James, he msleadeshp" o olaboraionis un

on an C P leaers Stresse by A reis and te pure ote et n e ae 0'S un w he C Porene hisoians and partpants ous are al reevan aos (68) utnot sufen expanaions fo what happened o he U,S,wokn lass in e 1940's An s s beause all of hesenterpetaions, o vayn deees ene on e hsoy ofunions and iial patieS whih never nued a maorty o he wokn ass at any in n ts peo For amoe ompete vew o what appene o workes urinan afer Wol Wa I we must ook nto he wokin lasstse. There ae sevea atos wh must be expoerom te ottom up in ode o explain why te workinass, deSpie is remakabe mliany emaned on hedeensve n ts era

an Wer sums up he stuaon [his way base on hs

eiene as a worker and evoluOnay ativst :

38


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e ike ae te bie al time,a a mmenta etn t e ea edtat had h a ndel ndene at he me

ment d el n ee al hane.Dun and n and , thee a mii-an Thee ee thuand ee eekinhane bt e ee nt eatin m tentO ea e a baed n le n-ede and amiliai th the e e kedand lied and The a emed mthe ee and haned u d datala e ud nt at ih a ene knn hae ee in t make ()

he t bem Wei emhaize in h mmen e-ate he anien and latii the kin adn the a ea hen hee a a beak te -ma k u that had been imtant in the a-

t aniatn the a Thee k amiie ddnt daea enie ate ( In a a Wei'k inette m the uet, he ntinued bei knla miitan (iit like GeeHman emhaied hi in thei atme die idat tke and i mtualt deibed bWe and he 7 But din the a ea and the ate te nined a e aniain in a ueila a that a ten aed aain unin bueaaiea el a aialt mane The h t ldn K B Gilden ne BTWN TH HI AN THA (hh eem be abut a lant in Bide)ae thi eein eeinal ell 72 Ate teima k u ee n ne kin a muh the aniatn the cIa (hih ended t ll the

wa tdn aten) nead he en nnedaaint the nn aalel the unin dnnt eeene and elatit e a theld ind n the neain bueauazed nn he eha, a Daid Bd ue n a een e-a n ankande lab h he abene a tn tead memen n the US meant tat e

hee laed he kind indeendent leadeh

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foor mny British workrsnoyd (73) In othrwords otsd of th normal work grops whih tndd (I to be very trnsitory n thr behvior th rnk nd fi

ked n orgnztionl trntv to th drshp of thnterna tiona union burrtS nd th oc mhn ders who servd them

A scond problm rlted to th qstion o trnsinynvovs the changed compoSton o the workng class asa rest of in o baks and womn dring th wr hsdevelopmnt o bvousy rtd srous probms not onyn terms o unon sodrt y bt n terms o shopoorsodrty t woud b ms take to assme that ompny mnipuaton nd unon dsrmnton wer so lely ressbl for th raism nd sesm o veterans o ndust oro vterns n the miitry (who oen spprted their oi- crs' forts to reegte blcks nd womn to subservros n th armed forces). Althugh some shop oor mH tants lke tl Nwi and yv Woods stk with the

unon nd usd t to do som good or othr womn ndbaks (74), most o th nw ntrs into ndustry fond thunons nrespnsve to thr grvns nw1lng to or nz n rtan reas k the \ nd nw odend ther obs in pstwr ayofs Thr ws not sgnfia rnkndfle oppstion to the nons rCs t, sst piCs rom wht ms As rslt th orgnatonl

gans theCIQ

made aganst blacks nd women n ertnwrtime ndstres were oftn tmporary, and n the end they did not sgnfintly dvan c th intgrton o thass ross ra and sex ines Great strids wer mdedurng the wr by pp Uk Ok and Woods that md ssible the rnkndfil movments of bck nd womnworkrs n the st dd bt they were jst begnnng n

th wr yars whn spa" mnory demnds seemd

vn mor dvsv thn thy d o tody.A thrd fctor mong many reats to wartim patrotsm

and ngoism, whih as Quk ins out s rd to uanty h widcats in ato nd th minrs striks durngthe wr ertany indiad that mny workrs wer notwlng to bndon the lss strgge, but mlons of other workr dd obey the demands o thr bosss nion d

ers nd govrnmnt ois bas they wr wilng to

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ace f he wa ft Even the at we whldl wlcate n atn the n-te, an efe eende the pledge at the 943 cnvenn, tne

and an eaffed the ege n a 44 efeenat aean wh wtng a n th facnatngexpeence explan the apaent paa n the a we' ehav nng hat wha eeed eanae tthe n the e a ctzen ttng n the wn lng, enng t te wa new eee qte neanae n the e a we n ect cntact wth the

fellw we and wh he anageal heach n hepla. 7 n the w the cla tgge cnnedn the h whee ltanc fen wn t ve pa_tt t leat n the a-pdctn ne; tn the eal f lcal cet, whee the we awheef helf pa a a tzen patt even jng ecae e pan than cla cncne. lthgh fa e we wldcaed dngl a than at an pe te n S a h, thee wa ch e ltcal n t the ecnl a han thee wa t the Ft ng whch theen Scalt Pa zed gnfcant wng-claeance n tadna ax gn In a the Tt pae ne whch ae Swad dece n h led nel SNDIN FS (76 f

fee f epen and latn; the wee nt tngengh ee he wa t le gnfcant wngclaetance ea ng he htlte nd ce the Cnt Pat a ltantl wa ptn n n t wng-ca tanc; t n acapted the ppte tan the ne tng adcaed the ca Pa f eca n l a I tan e nt t the Cn patcpated fln the ngtc -wa pagana wch aned etc aca ctc een the le Phlp Randh whted he wa) a ffth cln an "Ttea ncal the ngtc a an a the CP he dng he wa w n e neagant he Cnt when he Cl a egan ancee ptnt e Rethe wh hd lene C

n t Na a eal a 94) ea ned we

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f f fci in int r f cnit trii.

n piic n wrkr wr cy th fiv h f h c, n in tn W tr thyw n h fiv f h i p f 1 xc fr th 46 rik wv n cic nthy w pry n h fniv thy h t gint crpti n n- gvnnt, n tithi wn un r t hng nt hir hrwn ginwhich h, ccrg t th wihfu thinking f cic

cgI th i c Bu th v frnkn-fi iitncy tht xit hrghut th 0'gg h wrkr wr nt ntiry n h fniv;it w r 141 k hy irct vnc u n i r fctiv th cu u y wvg g n tng th uin ying pcu cr

gvrnnt gnci; ut ri rrk, th rinhi c frc h chng t h point thtr g vic i fic tg gnir tin ct y u wrkr c gping h In th g nt th vr th nc h ccu h uc h f,th ccin gin n uci f h h vt f nw rriv ur y h t

h gh poiin f cpi n h W th cntinuing pr f i rci whichth un infc nt h h wking c fcr ing c in 11 h i fc 4 B h -wr rik wv inict h trgh thwrking c cnt ur y y h nu ft rgin In unin n piic i r y h

ing rc f cpi n h t. Wrk wr u th fv i n gin ring th 40, u hynv un hr t wn h ik)n thy nv ur th t irtnt trig thy w i th 30'.

42

I


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Nick Mgas n Alce Sau Ly eds. F (Bos Beacn 1973) p 1 xplais o lcas ost aumy eStelorrs Unon er 1942

15 or a sy o one loc lr pary h ndpndnt sociast

polics se Saugon Lynd "A Chpr rom isty : The Uid Pay 1946952, ERATION X (cmbe 93 pp.3845 On PAC's acivites e 1944 coessional lectons, seeidn ARCAN AOR RO EENS RECOVRSONp 337 Al see Joseph R. rob RCA CO\UIS CRSS 1943957 Camridg : ra 1972) pp 72-75 for an accoo why the Comnulst ty dissoved i 1944 o co a liticlassocia colard vry closely i Rsevel Decrats

16. Gke WHEN NEGROES MARCH pp 9296, 6278.17. Har Sl!! Racial ncy d Inerracial Violenc i

he cnd World War OURNA O ARIC R Decem 191 623

18. Q Rcad Dalu, ed. THE NEGRO TE NEWDEAL D WORLD WAR I


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33 t at w wre ter worg onsmes exteg ptve legisa, lps eawh wo e lees os e Eq Andme

wb esp s 9. m 87-88 elassouces o for e ERA a . Rp A araisl oAmera Wo i a Me's Wa 9-9 \i parre at h rkshir Coerece Womes sry 9 nis n ir discussi o wi it oerh ERA.

3 Cbafe TH ARICA WOA pp 3383. D 3.36. y Dcks Woe n Uions ANA (May 97

p. 3.3. El Ericko Wos Eloen in el 93 U- OF WONS BURA #9 Wash, 9 p. 83.

38. Nwi qot i L FIL p 39. p 8. ow "e Plis of Chld Care i e 90's I

NC C (er 97 pp. 8-8. e r ofday ae proided rig e wr aso u wokigclswoen t e e in era.

Muay 868 emle leaeswho were worrid losig pe legisaon o wome le drs pobl s ERA dug e wa beause twou have prvid sger gl sfeguads for wo wokers wowan e s jbs en e same py fe, TH ARICA WOMAN pp. 9-8.

3. se al draws fa nor priry rPis, LARS ANT STEP Cs 333. Quois e es less i othwi.

For a fvore view o Rers leadersip i 96 s,see owe B J Widick AW WATER REUTHR(New Yok : ndm ouse 949 prin. 35. or a c vew J R icket Coms acism n AW 93997 CE CTY er 9, pp. 68.

5. or sds o e noesy over Us le i e 96 GMsi se

rher STE p. 30.. .L.R. mes IATE CAPITAISM AD WORLD REVOUON

acg lit 9 p. 8. p. .9. Qu u qis rm p. ws w

der vel TH MAKR ew Yor Av 95s ainly Gere Neves wo lke er hsba Covis 1& wg t aorral rtoriet vlues o a sur

0 Bh p. 3

5. Jmes STATE CAPAlSM WORLD RETION p.

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Defending he No-Se Pledge:CIO o ung ol a II

Nelson Lichtenstein

urng th ond World Wr h n ndustrl unonsorn n h mid30s hid muh h oud hrtr

z hm n h sr r tionl trd-union mmrshp nrsd from out 9 5 mllion hIl h a usot dould In s s mss-produon r ndustrspndd nti-unon hodouts li Ford i Stl ndsom mprs wr rogh ndr ontrt nd ollti rginng s rouinzd undr h gis o rfu Wr Lor Bord or h frs tim mny unon

mngmnt ngoions gn to pl on n indusryid ss nd fring ssus tion py shifnss nd pnsions r p on h rginng t

Of ours l his growh nd onsolid[on oo pundr h mo rodin irumstns prssonr ls of unmpoymn iruly rd s honomy s mod nd n rgmntd s nr or ntion s r, nd ll nstituions n mr

4


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can society were expected and If ecessay compeed oconform o a atroic cosesus s s contributio o thewar effort the ca ofered the govermen a nconditioalo-srie pledge for the duratio of the cofct By exoig the Ideoogy behnd hs ndustrial "brgfredethis essay will to show how the enforcemen ad defenseof he edge cotrbued to the genera decne n ltcalidepedence ad mtacy of he Idustria unons and advaced a attern of nteral bureacratzaio during adafter the war

assessmet of the imac of the wartime o-strie

pledge ca onl be made n lght of the a rewar character ad tenial omethng of a debate now swrs abuhs Issue Before the 1960s most merca hsorianscaled idusral unios of he depresson er miltat andradical because of their se of the sdow acc thermass aciviy ad the fuence of Commuists ad cialISts wthi their ras n recet ears hwever a um

er of commetators Icuding but t lmed to the "newleft, have caled atention o the conservaive origns ofthe or a east of Is earl leadershi. Wrers as differet as Road Radosh ad Davd Brody have emphaszedthe coservative rade-unio rogram o eaders eJoh . Lews Phil Mua ad ide ilman al ofwhom consciousy soght to chane woigcass militacy Ito a stable and ressbe unonism ooted n the

F tradtio. (2)Boh views shed igh on the ea indusralno he

nomeon because le any soca movemen he ca wasot mere the product of the deoogy of its eadershp butcontaied wthin ts bonds a whole series of diverget soca eemets ad iical endecies some cosciousabu their polica ad economc goas others Ichoae

ad enavefter the geat advaces of 97 he did o mmedaey consodae s wer or barganig relaoshs hedepesson oinued for amos four more ears ad thenew uios were turned bac at ord ad te tee. nhis coe trade ioists e hili Murray cod tft their uons Ito the conservatve mod he migh havewshed nsead mere survival pu a premim un local

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nion niie n nn-ie iy n e UW oexme oel ion y eo n inre eony leer ele eee n een he gn e n

Ion h won n 1937 3 n een In he ighy onrolen rerly rre ee Wore OrgningCommee nion leer lie Clinon Golen mie [hn er o o gell we w ineie eennecey 80 long 8 eon o he nry eiel eognion o e nion 4

n he e 1930' he lme re o e new COw o oeone e Inl non ge new wern lly o woring- nere ye e me imee nion n rgning reonhi wi nil ine ni ee o rionie ol nl n ommoe he goenmen' emn o oern he ore rie o ro n eieny Teey rere o he ne yem reinore ern o er imiy whn e non whe e

lngerng eeon he ehy im o [he n nile he momem o 1936 n 937 were we onerenene w only wh he omng o he w e ie o oon n o oer on e ome ronwo mmeney enghen e eneny owrherhl ono n eenene on e goemen wiin henew In non

When he eion o mern Inerenion roe in194 mo c nion ie mern lel genely me o he onlon h mry eene h e l gn Gemn m nre o e tyo ei newly ome ogniion n nwling o ehei lne wi e Rooeel mniron m ne C iee in he h o goernmen enegyom eing New Del

ine-omne wr

roon eorFew noni ol ee ny lene o Rooee'

eene ogm lhogh ohn L. Lewi reliily ore he onere eonom n o oneqeneo ol wr hi em o roje n Iooni eenegn Eroen m eeme o illy nie nmy m ( enwhile e Commni

moe rom ly o ollee ey o nn-ineren-

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tonsm after the talnHitler pat and the dismembermentof oand but one Germany Invaded Russia In une 194they demanded outright Amerian beligereny Finally the

Idea of an oppositon to the war on eher paifit or revoutionay grounds seemed virtualy non-existent a situation n sharp ontrast to the Frst Word War during whiharge setons of the worng lass had bn infuened bysuh views

The polita and eonomi symbol of union ooperatiOnwith the war effort was an unonditional nostrke pedgeformaly ratified by both CIa and AF ofials in a WhiteHouse onferee shortly after earl arbor. he desionto sheah th strike weapon was made wout any riproa agreeme by the government on wartime wage prieor produton polies. nstead the administration set up atripartte War abor oard omposed of represeatvs ofabor, management and the publ The board was emwered to arbitrate most unionmanagement dipute but its

liis were to be guided almost rly by deisionsmade in the exeutive branh alone (6)During most of the war C eaders were the foremost

defenders of the no-strie pledge in th labor movement.ost of the Industra-union federation's leading offiers men lk Sidney Himan, James Carey, Walter Reuther,and Phlip Murray wre litia liberas and lose alsand supporters of Presdent Roosevelt. Beause they heldmary suess as the first esseiai step n a larger program of ial reonstruction at home and abroad theythought t both po[\aly wise and soially progressve toacept watime sarifes and 1m( norma trade-unionatvty n the interests of a spedy vitory ne they hadfath in the progressive harater of the wa they thoughtIt oud not but hav progressve onsequenes at home

regardess of the mmedae demands the governme madeun the union. (7) n this ight many in the Cia, inludingbut not lmited to thos nfluened by the Communists, prosed that the unions be transformed into agenes of produUon for the duration. Lee Pressman cia genera ouns told the War abor Board that the stelworers unonwshed to forget ther trade unionism as usual". nsteadthe W was anxious not to ontinue the presentation of

52

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h sm grvns tht t hs n th pst ut s nous o h r mchnry, to turn l th yo h unon n o th mmrs ow ncrsng po

on ovrnmnt pocy ms cogn h such n o

on mpos ngrous ur on h nusl unos. Th tonl w o loyts whch oun worso thr uos mght unrvl whn lor cs to xrs th sr wpn grvns wnt unrsov nwgs wr hl n y govrnmnt ft. nstr

uon ls worr h th sug o -nw wworrs woul prov xtmy ffcult to orgnz urhs contos n h sprg of 942 fw mporn Olocls h lry gn o sgr, wh sousus-olto uls w ncou stl txtls crf 9

ths pol crss h govrnmnt sough o srngthn th sttuol wr of th O's plcly ooptv shp. prwr yrs lrs h unsuccssuly mn uno-shp cors s gurtht hosl mpoys woul no s o wn h nwunons urng ros o slc mploymnt ow th govrmns W gv O unos mo unon shop mnnn of mmrhp orr o ssur mmrhp stty n sy us fow urng h fcul

wr yrs h WL's plcy solv h honc fnclpolms o my O uons ssu th sty wtm growh n m cooprtv uon lrs somwhtnpnn o n-n-f prssur l 0

h nostr plg so sm ncssry prrqus o lors o shp n hlp mnstr h wrtmonomy n y ps o ll pswr orr. h

rghwng socsts Nw pulc pogrssvs of hrs Worl W, ls hop th h colcvsnncs Inhrn h mozon o h soty forol wr mght pov h opporuny o stucu usry on ss n whch lor coul hv rl sy n4 oosvt ppont ny Hlm co-co o hOfc of rouon Mgmnt n for m oos h vcpsnt mgh py h sm lu ro n mrcs omstc hgh commn ht th


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fr sci fm h L Ls s h pulm mpl f hS p s ucmmd svlssrdship f h cm d ulg lg subd mmdi rdui irss h gvrmsdmd fr iuus pduc d s dusil rs. Wh 1943 h ccldd h h gvm hd dvg lbrs -sr pldg ms rgd g rmu h us h dd h [0 dh WLB d ld h W fur d ss 1rcll s h vr bcrdlig d scll

umgv busss uism gurs Ls hichld sm csrvv uss dfd brdd-burlbr sdrds mr csis fshi h h lbr prs h dusr-u fdri.

A \92 cs b h A W d h riAssci f chiss rvids grphic ml fhis rm phm. dr h pddig f Wluhr d ichrd rs d h rqu hgvrm h A W grd rquish cri ps vrm p h rss f grl cr hrugEqu f crfc prgrm UA W rgirs hughhs pl uld hlp rgz r rrs hrugh spric ppl. ( 16 r mpl h ld uhr fr rcrf rrs ! h bs (u) c spd upr prduci d crbu v mr h r ff,

s i h a hch hs md hs bSss f gh r s mi bjciv (17

crs h mchSs u mphsd gs dhurs d h mic f vrm p sdds hA cd h AW C h COs msrmds lu h h hs gd fr h rr br hh s hmslf 7 h a scrifcs rrs prrs vrm s h s cribu h r ffr. Big f hm, huh (18 sris f 1 92 LBcs h dcsvl dfd h AW his issu AW d ca ldrs h hd pichd hr lcicmpigs cusivl prc v r sud df h qucl ppld h WB d h Admsri rsr vm p bu fc h Ad h rs h giv i up s l This did b ssug spcl cuv rdr h prbm. (

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hs nnt os to an mortant ast o orngass conscosnss rng th ar ost orkrs r atrotc an back th ar ffo bt thy rsst h

onsqncs o th artm rgmntatn an moblaton saly t ntal th sacr o r-ar onqsts thr nons ha ma n th at '. any arorkrs rtan an aggrssv strst o bg bsnss anthr on lant managmnt vn n th rst ntnsy atrot months o th ar any thoght thr moyrsol try to s th artm mrgny as an ocas toakn thr nons an rol back abor stanars 2)n short thy not bv or hat s mor morantat as h ar ha ssn lass conct

n any ork staton onlts nvtaby ars btnorkrs an thr srvsors ovr orkng contons,nval ag rats romotons an transrs n raryars th strk aon otn backsto oal grvanrocrs an rov an ncntv for managmnt to

rsolv grvans at th lost obl vl. Bt thth aoton o h nostrk lg ths ncntv vapor at an grvancs t nrsolv r m nto tha o san an mbm b oar nons on thmsvs lag by a maay of nsttgrvancs hh nrmn t soarty an fctvnss o th non. (21) Th WGE EER organ of th

ssoaton of atho ra nonsts, smm thoca non's lmma :

Workrs may rman loyal to thr nons vnhn no ag ncrass can b obtan Bt th non loss ts caacty to rrsnt Itsmmbrs ctvly hn thy gt Into trobt th managmnt t has lost ts rmary ra

son or bng (2

any oal ars th star ommtmn anors ho rrsnt th bakbon of an nstral nIon no ac an crcatng mma hy co norc ca natona ocy, n th k g anatch th or o thr oas sntgrat as managmnt

rrogatvs gr an rankan- rsct an oyalty


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owde ol re led y o Lew wveo wid re wep hrogh Dro Ao d e o hipyd e ommoner o lo

i lled he ie wve ndml wel of ndil ne 2 od di le uo eel,nd re he leve of wid oe edy ni eed of he w. 26

Fed w lenge o nd od d ineno dple, op O ofi eewed e ommmen o he no-ie pedge. n hi he wee ed ndproddd y h govrnmen, w ow demded onponiy, he W eened o whdrw o denyminene of memerhp d e d of y

non w ldrhp o ondoned wme wo oppg 43 o empe e WL deied yleo of UAW minenne o memep ee heod fel o d d ee fenly vgoo hr oppoo o en e 27) er Rird Leord wo eded he AW Ford epme, d oe uo eev rd h nle uo oo oe o e lr rd wld de hy wI

he AW n fohoming Fod nd gg don. (2

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hfo n ly 1, h U i

o own h on wil ik h non nnon h hnfoh wl k o no on

o non n po o pp opnypin ol l who onin o fn hik wo b pn fo off n h lop n n innionl iniohip 2 hk-lo of yy h bn i po FOR C on of h U' n lo hRo 30) n h inn 1 onh of h whn of U b w f o ohw iipin by h o opni wh hi non offoo l lol w kn o by h nnon n hi l pn fo offi 3 hh po w kin p n h bb l nhipbilin nnon wl 3) h h LBnion ponibliy on no nion offilo iplin nk-nfi ilin n hp hi n

on n o oni pn

op of h O w no nw of h nnlpobl by h no-ik p n hy f in nh in hi nw ol onn-bkpnn of h nk n fi Y hy fl hy hl ho: y h o k i on h hin h nh fo i i R J ho pn of hA b h hoh ony y of f-n oloi nonhin l fo h ih 33) nh noni f o obiiz h ono n oilw of hi own bhip o h oniif in w oi i hy l ohy pn R n h inon bwkn h h n n 13 h O oo h nh fn of h n fh wih John L wi

b o inilnion offi f wh oon h if w won nnn ioy o h onn bo hn h k wn wo bo l on in n nk-nfl ion fo nionwiwok opp wol in y in y 3h ionl n ik n h onh h oh offi wl in oi n kon

h h O lo link if o loy

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to th atoa moat Paty thouh th omato, uy 943, o th Q Poltal Ato ommtt. h PAa oazd y t IO oal to mt a dual that

t mot uld uto a to out th ovatv dt domt lt ymod y ad umat th aa o th Smh-ooy At ovR' vto Ju 1943. But a ualy mtat uo th ommtt a to dt ad dat a o tal uo dmad om om o ddt ltalato th 44 lto. ha a um o motat W oday ad ld y ml azy ad

Paul lv had vvd th moud tat Lao NoPata Lau ad u a makaly uul atato avo o a ad lao aty Du th o 93 thy lkd th ak th Roovt ad thmoat aty to a attak uo th o-tk ldad to uot o th m tk. 35i A a motat ha O ovto lat u th adal ay

o od th a mo modat ou ld y Vtouth ad u holl to a ov to ommutad ovatv oto a outo do a laoad thd aty th tat. 36

ahl o th at oat a to o th od oadmoat uo adh tal tad ad th amtad txtl dut am to advoat mo avtoal tat A th LWU a JUSE dtoald Th t og th t aumt o ddt otal ato th outy ha had ya37) Ld y Davd uky th ok oa dmoat hod to k u h th ha adal ad adth ma Lao Paty to oth dutal tat.Wh th Duky o th RuthShol ou avod outht ooto to Roovlt o th atoa lv,

thy dd ut dt aoaty ha to tat adloal Dmoat mah thy udtt Fovatv a ad o hm thy hod to th t.38

Wh th mov to at a ultaal ltal aty th am o th oma a to ath tam ad th U tay-tau avd oad h autooahy uay ad lma ddd that thy

6


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Pa of th ao fo th atm ta tmdy ofth PAC a that ook foad to th mmdat ta moth lad k hl uay foa a

20ty ota ato omd th a mao ta o th ott uay hod to aod atalmot ay ot a ottaly datou ta tka aft th al of aa ay ootaty foat a lao oad hh ould ma omt-akd aommodato th duty aoth a omhat mo a a- fomua. 43 hal th CO at oatt lt o

th ta futu a to mao oto fom th dtauo ak ad fl ho tt dmad o atoato of th tk a fod a to o th ladh to ak th ay autou oam.

Bfo tu to th tuato o mt tak toaout aoth doloa dy th Commt adth lo folo ad am th atoh to th

df of th o-tk d. Althouh th oazatoal flu a t, th ma mat of th Commut tmmd fom th o thy hd tha fomth doloy thy adad Thy dfdd th o-tkld th ao ad dd thml o th utof h ay ad th oal CO Yt th Commut oly oly odtaly mhd th that of othCO ad uay ad Thoma thoht th t ay to

dfd th uo a thouh a ly of lo alath R ad tmay aamt of th utht Commut km d th CO to a to aloo dmadd y th omt t muh aa tata tat ut a a o t ad of tlf o hh mod o th hom ot th B Thty fod y Chuhl oolt ad Stal at th

ha of 44Th tt thm o th Commut du th aa th d fo th uty o a o -th-afo. Yt th of th ua fot oud ol oy o a a aa to oat mt th om ad th mltay. () tho thC hh ommad ho fld y th doloy m k ay Bd ad oh Ca taly

2


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Reuthe e to the UW eey. Wt te ey W meme ee oo ehoe y oght emo ee o the otke ee te. t the 1943 h

C oeto eoutoey e hh eo the to C to e the ege ue utthge ee oo me WLB ge oy. e heee the tte C the mot mt o t k theutuo eeto o et o eo eeeo the UW tke o o ome om o eeet t to y the tme o moemet 1Suot o thee tte e by ou o U W

eoy ee ho eme oe tht o othe o-tke ee eey to emoze o'o oe oth the toe the e ot e.

Some o thee u ee ot, othe eeuee y the Totkyt ome ee meme o thet-t oto o Ctho e ot But

mot ho me to oe the ee ot o o out o oou ommtmet to ot, ut the eue the y-to-y eeee oe them o theetute mt t hg o the o theteto. 52) They ee eey me he theU W oe ue "tkeekg tt k oo t tke Cho Buk Lo S ut tThe g etee the k e the eete e

e go o e tht ou hoe tutue oe ote t the o-tke ege e you uo. 3

h moeme oo h mtt mt o the te t o the uto uo te t 1944 o theo ee o the W ee m ute o the eeut We Reuthe oe omeht moe oou o

oto to othe etto em the oemetme u the uo Theeoe Reuthe ooe oemet-ooe ete-y heme Wozetoe hy te the W Lao Bo othe ee gee Dete euthe gogouty o hee ue he ot ote hmeth the moemet {o outht ee o the ee 19 he ke the eot o the W eeute oto e t tke. (

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Ths pred ner mske ne m he ppsn he pedge me rm hse h nrmly sppred he UA W epresden Reher egn lse hsernl nn srengh s he memen gns he pledgepked p sem A he UAW nenn Reherred srddle he sse h n ngnly mpmseeepng he nsrke pledge In sme res endng n hers The de pesd n ne Orgh pnens he nsre pledge n rgnzed n n ndependenRnk nd e s demnded nd n nnde e

erendm n he Isse nd elde nddes r nn fegns h Reuher nd hs nl r Rhrd rnkenseen Rehers s srengh n egn dsnegre nd r he rs me he s nenn e rnkenseen Reher rened hs nn epresdenynly y nnng he send-ll nes gns nherlessprmnen ppnen 6)

Rehers lse ll he UAW nenn pred rnng n n hs rme reer hereer Rehersgh n mmdn h he mn nd reellssenmen grng n he rnks I ny ren hs nper n he A W n erly 95 Reher rged h heO hdr rm he WB nl h gernmen genys rergnzed nd dped mre lerl ge y57 A ple mnhs ler he reersed hs sIn n

enremen he pledge nd nssed h he UA Weeve rd n mpse he sl dplnry mesresgns he er ls hen n srke 58) Wh he

UA ben mhg f W o dw AI Jor h F oj

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al Gema the h had lg ght a ed t theledge ted a mmedate dut-de tete t ba

demad f a ed gemet age

elg Ae amg me membe f he UA Weadeh Rethe baed th al B hfg the left Rethe a adl g ba the the had lt the ea bee

Wth he ed f the a aga aa the ah ahed te the UA W hh eahed edem adlable t theaeed t d Phl

Mua la t ge a e ta agee fmla et f a me eeed lab eae ad ea Theefe R Thma ad UA W Seetaeaue Gege Adde Xed a e ae the atf the auto e tl Mua ad the atal CO hadhad tme a mehee gam at a gemeted labmaagemet feee N

embe 194 e the bem a tha the abee a att atme delg de the A W uld be eted b aeal t fll ata l R J. hma delaed the tat ha a lal afte lalt t eaet t e the h ) I th Reuthe ame fad h h al a ealmade te agat Geeal Mt a al

hh de a la eamle f the haateat Wght Mll e gae the lab leade a a maage de 2)

Rethe' GM te la d hae the eteef the aut e, ee egtma t t u autht ad adae h fte the teal amble f ffe The GM e demad f a 0

age bt th a eae the e a a bta mat etaemet f the uet bt t be aaded I ota age l et the dea eed a beae t a demaded de f the aad baed b u te oe ahe tha feed t a geme age f tatte egtat 63 Athe ame tme he te had eate de a el feed a e atale edg dat e at GM

mett hh ee t be e at ll du

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n keeng wh te one t time" strike strtegy. In fctcomany scurity clauses were 8n negtiated w\[ Frdand Crysler wc gve lnt mnagement er brd

wers o discilne tse wo uled unautrized Strkes.(6

Reuter's an fr nd cnduct f te M strike climxeds ccmmodatin t te radic frces witin is unonwc te wdcat-strike mvement and camign ganste nstrike edge ad se n moUon. Reuter won teAW redency n 9 y wnning te warime m1tas

back no is cucus 5)rncaly Reuter's aggressive GM strke licy indirectly ded e mre timd leaders of ter CO unonsWtut te aut strke P Murray migt ave een befT a tme o reac te ureaucrtic accmmdtin witgovernment nd ndusty fr wc e ad lng plnnedBu te GM strike made suc n mmediae stwar agreement difficut and eed reciitate te gener 19 strikewve te rgest since 1919 ) n turn ts massvewrk stage restred t cnservtive or Cmmuns eaders f te CQ a gd deal f e retge and ucitywc ey ad st durng te era f wrtime coratinw te gvernment nd enforcement of te strke lege

n cnclusn ne can mae tree servations out teexerence f wrkers nd eir unins dung te wr e

frst s tat desie e mantenance f a trtc cnsensusunareled n Amercn istry, mny wr wrkers stilfet use f te tike wen vit t te defense f tsestndrds y wc ey mesured eir dignty nd owern e ss e wdcat strikes temseves were not desgned t sw verl wr roductin, but tey were neverteess exosive sc enomena ecuse tey cllengede wrtime ndustrretions sYEem and cut acrosste formal dlgy f rmnagement coerain andcmmon use n te act f striking wr workers utter evaluan on te cnduct of e ome frnt eymeasured concrete soflr relity gnt fficia raganda and fund te tter nadeque Hence te mictret tese strkes sed nd te determined sitintey evked frm te gvernment and unn eders.

A second int flws te first e cl fr litcal

7


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ofoty t ustl uos d st t fou f t C t d-3s ut t g t ly f t tl sl

t t t tCust us o t ly ut u t s o t t oto lt d sttuto quts f t W o o o ss t th tos o t Ttty t ys lt ts otxt t kd oCusts t us std ot so u kt t u s tuto

du t soty s d t t tsts o lty-d o y tt st ut o ts ooy s ly o sst ot t l otDu t t Cousts dd t d fo ltl ofoty 98 99 ty ts vts

l t x dust uosu Wo W

sts s tt st t

tst t us fo t ssv d tuult 930s to t t qus t st ysT t outto so of olt s o ss st fd fo t uos utt tok u usts ut u ut uo s d ty uo stty lty uty t l dustl uos ov

tuly ud ud ts dtos s lo olslookd to Wsto o st t udls fo st o d t ly

FTNTS

James . Moris, NFT WI AF ac 19) 171-90; ard Krsh a Gamn Ict o itical M dwin Youg . LAOR Tl W DEA (dson, 197), 79-119 a mas R. o ND RUE : A HSTOR O ARIAN ABOR New Yk,1964', 7-173 Rchad Lstr A UNNS TUR i 958 21 34

2. e o exale avd Broy, meree o Mass Puco Unionism-, I on n HANG ONNY

WENH ENRY ARCA uu 196 p. 21-262

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d Radosh Corat Ido of mrian Lr Ladrs fm Gmrs to llan, I as Wistin Davd Eas s, FOR

A NEW RIA: EYS IN IRY

POIICS FROM SU-

S ON 1959196 (Nw Yo, 190), 125-151; n Cy Insuonz Cosaism i aly C.1.0.

Aolph Ge A s Case LAR STORY x (mme 1972),pp 45-50

3 Iig stn TRBULT ARS S 1969 pp 59-53 ayt W Fan O GU (New ork 1949) pp 1-103os Ferris Oal stor, Ahes o Lar isr, Wae SUnierst 2530

4 Harld Rterg d Godn DAS O IUSTRI

AL EMCRACY New Yo 1942), pp 4855 "Rpr of Psdn Jon ws to 1939 CO Cnveon iPROCDIG OF SCOND COSTTOA CONVNTIO OT IO Fcso Octor 1-13, 1939 6 9 80-81, 106-107 Alnsk OHN WIS N UNAUHORIZE OGRAPHYNe Yok 1949) 161191 see a ws' sch endorsng Wen- Wlide i UW JOUNA, Ner , 194

6 Jl da AMRIAN LABOR FRO DS RONEION 1952), pp 881 Wlam H avs d lt .mas, Mdum Repr of e elraons of t W ronnc vene by Pesd n y o Washngon, -me 17 194 Fi 4684 Rsv Pas H)d Pa

7. e fo xmpl Pp ry's fmos spec Wor Wok,Wo Puce Pdce Pce i O NW ach 9 1942 see he CIOs justcan o wati s3crc CIO W Marc3 1942

8 Blm e et 1 WAR ABOR POR u 16, 1942), 39 -98

9 uray Way Cy Mrh 6 942 x 18 Coy papersR rary H Pak; Un eewos ROEENGS OF IS CONSTIUONAL CONNION M 1942 41 48, 81 Walr opany, 1 WAR LOR ERS (Apr 11942 p 119 Mashal Fd a Co 1 WA ABOR REPOR(bruary 25, 1942), pp 4753; nsrip Naoal War ar Mac 26 1942

10 Fee Sibldg d k Copy 1 WAR LABOR -

PORT pr 25 1942), 1411411 aw osephson NY lLUd A OF AMRAN BOR Gaden Cy 1952 pp 56-508 529534

12 Fr sreys o Ruers pl ad s emse see Gre R.lk, Sange y of h Reue Pl PS My 1942 !645654 E anewa, RUGGE FOR URVIVA w ork1951 221225 Walt P 500 Planes a a A Pr or Ulan o Atobe us for Mass Pdction of

Pnes n Wae P Rehe LECD PAPRS

(ew ork, 1961), 112 For iustr ressne t he tuc

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24 For ostn descrtis of th rme wildcat strke pemenon, see Rosa ee WART RECOD OF RKEND LCKOU 94194 Css 2nd ss na umen No 13 (Was 194) -37, pass Jero F. S

ad C. Res Widcat is AERCANCOICA RVIW \ 1947) pp. 278-287; chestn Insial Unonsm Uer he No-Ste Pg 3237,594.

2 Mem sdr ubn o ry is MY 27 943, nresidts rsoa Fe Box 45 Rseve rs

2 or WAME ECOD pp 342 Chrser Corra WR ABOR BOARD REPORS (A

s 27 943)

.3 War r a ering nsct uly

28 1943 2-2928 AW Exe Boad its Febrary 7 944 p. 8384,

Box 3 oas aprs A.29 NID AUTO WORKER Mzh 1944.3 R ACTS, Ap 1 944 la's eershp ade hs

rek aftr AW ecue us I e owers t ao o agemen dscine 12 unionists wo parcitein a rent wldca strke at oge

31 DEROI FREE PRE, May 22 2 27 1944 LBOR ACTIN,Je , Aus 28 1944, UAW Execuveadts Ast 1 1944ox , UAW ecuve ad Coecon, ALHWS

32 I Uit Ruber Worrs e WLB and e my wokedcosey w e W aol eership to y brak th wdcatsrike tao in Big ou" Akn ocas RCEEDGS,EIGHH CVENTIN D RUBBR WRKS F ARICAn pmbr 2-24, 1943 p. 8; ald S ts TH RUBBER WRKERS (Ne rk 94) pp 32-34; B o Rbb Com

pnes 8 WAR LA BOAD RRTS (ay 21 1943) 594-598S Rbr Cony 2 WAR ABO BOARD RR uay 1945) 82183 UNIED RUBBER WORKER Fe[aryrch 1944y 194

In e nit elworkers isbh bueauccy aady heldr ns poer t tr cuntpts D o u at skes ere s a pobe c ru stpupSS ctl m e leership e Memrdu e ssn t a Ber, auay 18 1943 &try 40, RG

202 NA ssn t Murray e 21, 9; rry o Wliam Das can WLB) pter 28, 943 Clnn lden o ae eean Rpesve Octor 944 aid J Mcad Mrray ay 2 1943 a Work s owdowns Repoo oy Meetig ebary , 94, in x A4 Mray prs, Cac irsit

or brie accous WLB dscilie In th Iona U Marne Workrs o Aca see icr H. JnnCase Hisory o a pbudi Wdca' NATN auary 5 1944

New Egan Ipbild Cori ie Cas No 25-75-D, Entry53, RG 22 NA


74/220

33 UD TO WOKR, 1 944; for simar comenby hl urray see Pos SW, M 93 944, p. 3

34 O( r Lwis sa an aeive rshp o te estIg CO herahy ad s or a ti as a eat Ie CO sa

ly. alom ss ad cad Deverl lckes COAFL-RR ay Wage and Ice Picy d Is Relatin 1 e JohL Leis li May 1 943, Vo 2 70, veral noksCahl Uiversy CO NWS, May 4 1943

35 vera 1 Clance c mmary: Michgan COCocl Covn, Dr Mchgan 28 J 3 Jly uly 7 943o p 483, era noks

36. PROCNGS 1943 CGA CO COVENON p 69-43 JTCE Jy 943

evera o lc, Je 24 943, Vo.2, p53 NEW YORK Tay 23 24, 193; TED WOK al 74 E), Juy 1943 sky deostra t ALP's ne"(o dence fhe ocra w 1942 hs y ran a aoial didaps o a velbacked Decrat or e st e RC Carer ressur (rm he : e meric r Pay 936-1954 publish PhD. ess Sause 95, 158

39 avid J. MDnad NION MN Ne York 969) p 69 AONOTS o o UAW a 365 on

sa comm \ e

ormai o PAC rm e t of vew o se avor aid pay One s rt by e CO Execuve ar aeg ock o i cy a geneave saus veent (or laraco ns by e e. Murray and Hin od raersuse a iqent roam for ca! ac have a enuideet ss vemnt ause ey er at ey uabe col te don o is vent. EO NOTE, Otr 943

40 Joseh Gar, T FRST ROUND, RY OF E COPAC New York 944, p 60 A geerally syatetc acco o ePAC, hch veeess aches so o( e conlsions utforwa here ou i ames C. Fosers new k T UNONPOLC, C POICAL ACTON COTE CoumbaM.,975) 3-8 pssm

41. Jepo Y MA pp 600-60 ABR ACIONeray 4, 944. Mnt h t sa pocess k placeen PC ofils orcd gr o radca arr Paty

e ih Hrt HuyI crat osr NONO, 414 LBR CON May 8 94443 ar 95 Murray sd a Lar-Magnt Charr

w WlIam Gre o e AFL d ric h o e U. Chamro Come. harter as t t or hat it d whchconssed o a is of ofe Irecilae lades haing he vrteso unfee enrrse a rihts o lar dicao y ni aders a ey

1cperate wh e liberal

72


75/220

o merica captsm n tabzg pswa lar elaos oughlyu e basis eslished dug W. gst 1945, Gree Muray oo ache irm ageemet gang lar a immedia 1 wa ncase

r fo a conu noske lge

a w goemet ar. Mury h a more sbstntialwgee ormua coud wo out a he esde's Lar-Managem Coneence Novem. CHESTER WRGH'S ABOR TR Mrh 31 y 21, 195; M Mach 29, 1945; see also Baoei Truma dmiitrao Recversio WagPoicy, LR OR Fl 1965 p 214231.

4. fo exae e rmks of Nat Ganley, CP leer n theUAW i PROCDGS OF 943 MCGAN CIO COUNCL 1943, 68

ing Howe and Lewis Coser MRCAN COUS

ARTY A CRTICAL SOR New or 95), 4745. he edrsh of he Utectra Radio Mcne Wor

es, tgly nunce by e Communists advce hs of vew er ocil Ocer's Rer e Conven dmttig haRsevelt had doe l he a veen mi ve wish, theUE nveeless delr he e imme e dsuin of Fascism e re dang w be e mves y andcri foce cea suspiin agast e misao The UE eeship cled

or cmi lmets ags se ermng Adisraw-the-war les se elemes nlu t ly e rightwgRepc Ps o Jhn L. wis oe favoed wame ss. PROCEEDNGS 1943 U CONVENON, 6365 81.

46 Koisen Hammer wo, pp. 483-48547 LOR ACON Jnury 1 8, 1945; WG NER Febuary

2 945 DAILY WORR ece 4, 1944; see aso Aao Leveno LBOR DY ND OMOROW New ok, 195, . 160-169

48. M Februry 1, 21, 1945; TEXE LABOR March 195 L

BOR CION Mach 26, 94549 UNTED RUR WOKR My Je uy 1945; W ORMS ly 6 3 1945. R ACON uly 9 16 1945

5. PROCDNGS 1944 USW COVENONp13-137; POCDGS 944 COVNTION, p 65

5 PROCDNGS 1943 CGAN CO COUNCI 18-0 ssim

52 ng we nd B. . Wiik, THE UAW WATER EUTER (New York 1949, 20-5; PROCEEDINGS 1944 UAW CON

VNTON -225 74.53 FER (UW c 6) Novemer 1944

54 e nvpay issue ltras e ex whih Reuerwa to diare w faca ival I te UAW, but no g f h re mit t wod have sh heeary spg of 1943 e govent was oft with John wis'dive smsh he W's "Lile fomulawage delnes Wor t h ssut it pick sut i ohe CO ions, Rs

evelt issued eutive Oer 9328 wc reafrmed he rigid WB

3


76/220

wag res t e way t ay ieass ou metaton o nceve wage sches cause st C0 les w uct to n ws a d oontt wi t !nstaton the wage ssue, ey se e icetive-ay a way

oclrcuvng oous l l forua. Rcha Franknsehod Icenv pa coud resc e foudr AW ait divof whh h was deo

he plm was at nceive pay ve woud ras warwork pay pesen a sp backwad fom h pcp o staithoury wages and nion-onscious workrs i cnovewhlmlnglyejet e shem i May and Je 1943 euth hlp ea eigh aganst nceve ay, deted unn fie wad he Lel fola ad sl lf, but e did t ce ou

sup o W e stks wh h teed nw suge ofrank-a-Ie lancy i e Neveheess e defea of cenive pay i e AW cou with ws' vtory ve h WLB vem 1943 orc e a CO o at on last dmd wrrevisio of e W wage gidelines o e n is ssue se ichestei, "dus Usm nde te No-Sike Pedge p 392-49

55. UAW xeuive ar inues, Ags 1 1944, x UAW E

ecuve rd Colc, ALHWSU56 POCES 19 UAW COVENTON, . 47- 46S-469,passm y le-wig Rutels su Rak ile Cauuspgam cicized G Dic's qvoc o th no-skepege ssue. ack Conway Oal Hstoy 46 ALHWU.

7. UAW cutv Boa Mius auay 6 194 3 Aespas AWU.

8. AW Exuve Boa iues, ach S 94 2, Asas.

9. WAE EARNER e 2 9460 UAW uve ord Miues emr 0-lS, 4 p

o 4 s s, AHWSU; UNTED AUO WORKER pm 194.

61 UAW Euv oa Mues, pee 0S 94, p 46. IB 48; ls qt s oms EW N OF POW

ew York, 94) p 9.63 o aco o h sk s How Wdk UAW AN WA

TER U, pp 126-1S

Bsi Wr Rue e G Mors Sk o 19446 CGAN RXX ptbe 1965 262 cto Re's ccacens Murrays convrs wage stagy a o V euer, ok orwa r COMON N mbr 194 S.

64. WAG ANR, c 7, 19 NW YOK Jauary2, 946 or le-wl rism o es ompy scuy clauss sAO ACON, Deceme 1 24, 194 a TAN anuay12, Mac 3 946.

7


77/220

6. is sn bae un a nal eon of evog lss 1944 196 UA\ cnen r e 70 argesloal e u uaer o oe who had o agam

no-ke pledge 944 a of ei blos faor of Reu

e' pesdenal bd n 96 Cnerey, au eequae5 ofose loals w had bak e pl I 94 o foo 96

66 Te x harae o e GM sre nd alaeades o sl indry who I ha a ag ee whe SW ao )le oo o n rae pe o l B aeJnuay 946 ey aualy elo a el re a a ea of pun pesure he Oe o Pie Adnan ae peeng Bee he

dao

he Seel Se

of 946" JUNL F AERCOY (a 966 pp.9183.

LSON LNSIN wng a he IO e he h fa he he ne pde a Unii01 Bee, whee he w a pl aie nw ng

n edi n New Y

$ Ndd


78/220

Adowr/r uembk(7.e ,ectjO a B! mbe t Wlw Rim.

76


79/220

Wdcat!The arme Srke ave n uto

Ed Jennings

Lba oa ay o mu uta of

o t a a t ak a of tabo mom. o t toa t a bom ay yoymou abo movm t t uby, a t L m a tou o ao' att a a bom t mo a a m to ta T aoa to abo oy av mo qu

o ta a. t o t o xa o xam toa o o o at oa a uo bo Jo to of Commtt oua aato . S o t xa o may ok to y moy a uo a by a at k. I

T abty to tu bt a a ak a t a of aqua tooa

y o ao mom o Wo Wa

77


80/220

Lr htor hv o th motol d trot h o th m dto o o Ld ld th ml o tm lo-m

mt ooto d th mto d mtoo th o-tk ld Lor rol du th , od to o hto o o t oototh th ovmt, th dutr d th tl 2I uh dto r ut ooto d

uo k ould look k o th "odo o to. Tht th do ot mmdtl

uto out th u o th drto 95th ord otor om oudd tht th u lto hh t xtd om t 1 otrt th thUtd utomo Wok U W "hv ot mtzd. r l R J Thom rtm rdt o thUW, omld tht th k d tt out ohd d lo tht th hv too m ldttrk.

Th lt drt rom ht th r dto ould rt. t o th ommodtotuo ldh th o-trk d, d ovmtltt, mo tk oud 44 th thr o th rt vto th utomo d tldutr 5) th m r d t o th mto, mot o utomo ok rttd

dt trk (6 olt, l oorto hrtd th rtm lor movmt

ot th l dto do ot m o toth ot tm. Th r ot o o dutl ho or md rvoluto. Th vt moo ok dd ot trk d ol mort tvl ood th uo. rtl mr ok dd ot o

o th thr ovhlm uot or t m outo th htd o Htlr d thr r o m.h rtl l ott o th tm

o th utomo dutr d t uo, th td utomol Wokr UWO th th uo o th dutr t o th rtm lor movmt. No othrdut mort o t ok tt ldt tk, d o othr uo xrd uh

d rtt rk-dl vot ut thr

78


81/220

l, both ee etemey mtt. fo th , o ey e emoyd o the U ddtdety o dety o th oduto of utomob Th otd uto duty bm the ht of th to' tme mty oduto.

Wh th bg the UAW th od lguo. eogto fom te uto m hd om oy ft y of tugg d to my oe the UA W etd the bet lemt of og- mlty.Wth th lbo moemt, d ly th th

t fue get. h ombto of th togt d mot mtt tme duty d th to' gt d by mot mtt uo tty o.

h ee tt o Pl bo dmtly tfomd th utomoble duty; the utom ete oo hd oeght Automob mblydd mmdtely d the oduto o e gu td mlty umet b oo fte. t fotyto bm o th y of the get oo 8

Umloymet oed be the ft fft of ooTh emto of uto oduto d th hghy dtue of th etoolg oe loed the om toly off thoud of o. At el oto lo moymet dod fom 7000 emb to

1 80 h 2 g of dotet dmog th o Aodg o t : totoe e o d tful Fg e mo btt th thy h be t y tme e the tdot (10 y th oldg tht the yoff tmy t th oe ud otol mloymt bgto ee dug the umm of 2 d by th ed of h

y ud e le t oued to e uNomb h the totl hed 82000 70 thgh th th eg (1)

tot bm om to oght thoud ofo ud to te ob th oeted uto lty of th oe ee ome tttd to th lt by tot , hgh ge, d th gelotge of ml o ot hd fm d hd

ouy b ught tht te t m, but o


82/220

thy hd t b nvind th thr p s n h job hsnds f n vny k r jbs ndngns jbs nd Rsi h Rivtr b fii

figr h png n n th ri br frrs f 231 prnt n 36 prn n Whn th ndd ny f hs n r hrn f hr bs vn thgh h vs jr nt ntin rkng ()

Th gs grp f n rks f tsid ht hsnds f bk n h ks hdd

fr h tr iy fr rr ihign nd f thrdstrn nd hrn iis Th p1n f th Di rtn s 22 pn 19 Ths ssiv gn pd nrs srins nn rdy vrdd iy. h bs dsipin f f nri i ppd in h D AWRKR n rspns t n ri in gzi dsibing h sy if f h -pn rk

pb is n fhos, npntd fr ys nsd nd t h gp hsy bkfs nd hn nh b ndhs , rsh rdd DSR bs hi ingr h b h svr jdbss g by ni h n pss his pn nn h ffrds f nhs sp hn h

n h xitn nisy bpy dv Dri's vrns srts

A hving dspyd his dg-g nd pnhds i t r Cpb g n th sng dyn Dri by nin hrs in h hrtng r f fndy r n pd ndr drs sk, r prhps dy f igh

rk sng ns r bos ni hs ys br n sknng p bi ding h ghh nnh h rs n stng ny f th .

h nd dy h nhntngbs; his h tn n' b s knht th s f h iss gry grggy ndsn; sh p sif drnk f r r h

hr r f hrs tn id h s-

80


83/220

rlu uer r r DelRy r er ge re

Y u r ur r w yu reer

Mr Cel e g rge ee ccuuigI e lley r wee er R vegrw ueru

ere re er e eii eri yuig ver rvey e yur i were ey i wi y er yuger igle r: e creree ury uyer ele e yu g vee l eiee rug I reriO u y verrwig rye erve (

ii e w uig rec crueeely r wr wrer were eve wre leer ery Fr re e e reie e W l

l Wilw u


84/220

h omg of th ar alo raormd th ho ramork of labor - maagmt rato th duryhrough a r o trk ad mav orgazg drvth A W had rv f to b a rma a o hautomobl try f vr a uo had b bu throughmtay ad trugg, t a th UAW h o-trkldg hagd a th

horty afr h attak o arl Harbor A W ladr

alog th othr A ad Q adr dgd ot to trkagat ar roduto for th drato of th holh ldg traormd th rad uo to vrua omay uo Thy l th or o gota,bu o th r to at agat ho hrovd b rlg to th A W, hh ad alay d cdd o muh o th trk A o loa AW ar

ut

8


85/220

abo lk l ght ho

h d bh h b ho ofot b o o S th

fgh bo ll b hll h ot k lb h od o d o kgd l g odo 6

Wol ok b tt l b got ? Wold th o ld ght o th ? Wol thotk ldg o o b hd Mot to ok

h dotd t-d- tt o h

qto h b o tk th t ldll g tb t oh o 9 B th dof h h bo obo to k-d-tht t lo th th o ldld o ght o th d ht th o-k ldg o hh g otll oo tg. At th t h th toobl

t bg.

AM WARM WDA

h k a xlod ov h t l 9d qkl dlld th bl g o th h o ok Dg th t to k of J

fotg hdl th DETRI WS od

90 D I WILDA R SRIKAK GIE I- A CRSLRSARM ACS IS RD STRIKR WR WRKRS WLDCA RIK8 B WLDCA RKRS IRED B ARM

h tk td of od th o h othkl bg g d otd tt hoghot h . Th ot hd 3 th thb dg th o , o o lot oth Slghtl o th o-foth o th ok h t td th ldt (

Stk 9 d oo hd t Do b th k tl of th o k

83


86/220

g efe ge vetgtg mmttee GegeRmey the mgg det f the Atmtve f W dt eted hee hve ee me

tke d k tge d me emyee detyvved dg the ft mth 9 th y the ed f the dty' hty 9 e d thtthee ee me tke vvg me ke 9th the hmef t-d tke f 37 dthe med tht thee ttt deetmted theem ee they dd t de the 800 tke teded y the e f L tt 0

hee ttt h tht tt mty t ke tted the dt tke 9e ghty me th 50 eet the ke tkt tke A evtve etmte d ethe tt me ke h tted dt tke metme dg the t 6 5 eet (22)he t ke h ted t h the -tke

edge d th ded the he A W edeh fmed mty th the he edge detyed the A W t y dete et t y e evt

he tke ted t d thgh V-E d Vdy t the h f vty dd tte t tem the dtet Whe the eded the A W edeh eed fthe -tke edge hteed t the y d eveytke he f mh f 9 the egg theGee Mt tke the eg d the ght Ame ke d ge eve ht they hd tdg the

g the ed Wd W tke geey tde. hey ed t y the emye d the gvemet dg the med fe t the t

et d mt Aed ede d dtg . (2) tke ee ed y [eemye he gvemet d the . 2) A ey Jy 93 t ke ee fed d fmykted m the deee k 25 me me ved ett ee the htge t ee-tme tke fe hed y ete gtke ge eet tt ete thee

84


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drs uto orr otiud o sri hrouhout hr rs

h d i uto vrd r o sz us

durto d form h vr (md r volvd35 to orr h h m vr ro from romt 8 i 192 o 19 om rs iludd f s orrs d ohr s m 2, 19 o thr r fv tri o ovr orr d o o ovr 2 26 h lh o th vrstr rd th r otud 192 th vd td d; b 19 t hd rd to 3 2om tr ltd o d h ohr t ormor

Sr us lso vrd rt Som smd frvolou; mo r ts ou O of h s riouto ho ho hv vr ord th sod shi ) srtdovr th t th th r i off t 1 3 d h brrd od 2 3 h dd o h o to

th br rd h r om h mo frut us of strs r o hv b diWorr oft stru h mm dishrd trd o othr orr Othr ommo us iudd oror hrdous or oditios o hours d hh oduo stdrd 29

rr Aro dribs o o hs ou hrbrilll rtiv ovl OAKR A uoorr frh from Ah tod of out i h dm ft mor th t hd d out th thht; o us th h ith; h vtilt sm hdo bd d th u d th fu of fums ofu ht dr ( milt orr hd ot th ho rmdrtm to l t rotst Aohr dt tol t h ord Wo R h om orr

rud o r om-rsrbd su blu ovrl thi h thr btos o th b th dro s

Wh h om b dsil om ho hod uihou h th rt o th om ru d th h d o th sui

oflt ovr s ourrd s of h mh btd Ar h hih h uomob i

du rut o th o hour o ovrtm mimzd

85


88/220

h a a fato A lt of t all automo atu Dm, 9 a auay 95 ho oy fouout of a hu a ht hat ou at o

a. Hay m a ot a omhat hh a at o u l oly o of fou o fhf a

tat ao a h th alout moommo Wo oul mah houh h atm o lat th mo out f h xt hf a a a th ut o yt ttl a l mh u h o ma of h o ut th

ut ot tl o th uo o thm to u o.

alo u to a aa, houh omhat l utly o ommoy, o ou my u o th too to o a ta aoutl th omay o th a Baa u oaoally ut aay h h at

fft. At o u a mof fom , o th outo foury ta a ot hy o thut' oa th la tl at at thof o of h ut a h a latotto m ha o ot th utt o thou u am ua Oaoally ymathyt lo At Fo t o th 2-o a 9 ymahy toa. 5 Oaoalyo ha aou t oth atmt ao oma a ty to ymathy

a t a oft follo a omha tylou of lomt. A o automol o t :

t ay yoy ou ut mly o omo ay ta ml aou h loa uo

a h amt ou ta omh hWl yo o o a lal t oma to ayh utl a to o

Th ay, h tatoal off ou

t thm u th ho al a

86


89/220

rssr f ngnt t gt n v thrnd strt ding sthing

n th sding dy sly th r ilitnt

gys d fing th thy t gt k i thyd th tir vi[is f th ldtshyd gt dshrgd 36

h ling dy sly s th nd f th strk sh ny d s nssins nd rnknd-find nn rssr s rks r fd f th lttr rrd n nd vn lrgr strik ld ftn rggrd Nt l f th idts ly ld this ttrn xty t i rs t n rt gnl dsitin

Afr sti gn th strik drs ld gnings t k th l f hs ht r t. Aths tings th rkrs d gt hn t dnnth ll nin ffirs i thy ddnt s ilitnt nghr r lly th ll ridnt r th ntrn

tinl n f h hd sffiint sth sh hs nt ffiil tings nd lst lys dld ill hy n rgnd nd thy rind ildt striks nd idt tings (37

Rnnd-il drs gd drng th strks ndny f th ssqnty r ltd ffis f thirll nns n n instn, rry st t th

rd Rg lnt, ld ht n hisrin ld hsth rs ldt strik f th h rd invlvings 5,0 n in th irrft ngin lding n Mh1 Thy rdd th ntrn nd rds rndth ildng, sgd gn rt, nd sl th s hisis f svr ding UAW gttrs l ltins fis. 38) st s thn ltd v-rsidnt f thft nt nd ssntly svd s dlgt t th

19 UA W nvntn h h s ld n th fghginst th nstrk dg n s s hr thr nr strks nd th ltd ffrs vhntly sd th, th rnknd-fi ds thnfil t df dshi

Whr l fls nly r vrtly srtd strikshy rtind th thiy dsit h frts f ntrn

inl A W ldrs t t th n n sh srk Klsy ys

87


90/220

hey jut oudn' e hee uy a to ok One et of ueauat afte anothe ould o totha loal o e thee uy ak o ok and ae

theyd ake the on eeh the ueton i,ha do you ay oon tha a the edent ofte oa hat do you an u o do oon heyltened to oon ulln they ddnt iten toWalte Reuthe R hoa o ankenteen odde o anyody ele 39

When oal offial ee eoed fo offe y the Inte-

natonal fo uotn tke they ee naaly eeeted Th haened n a eae of the on tadi-on of loa autonoy and ankandfe deoay n heUW (hh he Intenaiona a ut einnin to et) u alo eaue he oke eed the ntenational' nfexie ootion to all tike one oeut t he only lanuae they the auto oane) undetand the lanae of he tke and, I ay et e o the 40

Lte i knon aout the ethod ued to oanze heldat ut t hould e oiou tha oe fo of info-al oanizaton u hae exited to et oke oay out unded of ldat tke n te fae of uhoefu on o the oenent the auto oan-ie

Radical America - Vol 9 No 4&5 - 1974 - August October

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Transcript of Radical America - Vol 9 No 4&5 - 1974 - August October