Radical America Vol 11 No 2 - 1977 - March April

8/8/2019 Radical America Vol 11 No 2 - 1977 - March April

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CAERC

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Editor: Frank Brodhead, Margery Davies Marla rlie Ps Ewen

inda Gordo Jim Gree Ale Huer im O'Bren Nc ToreloAn Wio.

Aoate Edtor: eer Rd Pa Re ore

Corejo Elen

DBIS Da Georaa Mart Gaberma Mae rc Me Kazine awrene tato nd Mar Nao He Norr Baeero ela owoam Aemare Toger Mar Vcn aWeir

RDCL MEIC: bshed b-monthly by the ernave Educan Projec, Inc at

Uon Sqare Somervie Massachuss

(MLNG

ADDSS O Box , N Camrdg, Masachs Sbscpo aes$ per yea $ fo wo yeas per yea or the nepoye Sbscrpos wihpamphs a pe yea $ fo wo years d o a pc6 fo foenbscptons Dobe ats o on F psoers k raes pe cenecn o cov pc or ve o oe copes ooksor ma\ od o acomnbass

Scon cass osae pa at Boso. Massachus


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March-Apil 1977 Voume I, Nm INTRODUON

THE PROFESSONA-MANAGERAL CLASS

Bab nd Jon Eenei

HE MAKING OFALAN UN UAAN NTERVEW WTH BARBARA KOPPE

G.Pet

RETURN O SPAN

Jos DdoGuiat

TURMO N SPAN: THE COMMUNST PARTY

3

45

AND HE MASS MOVEMENT 53

mma Kaan

REPORT ON PROPOSTON 4

ARMWORKERSY BG GROWERSBG MONEY and BIG ES

oge Coaej

74


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Inducin

The 'seventes have seen the revval of a workng-class oenation nhe Unted Sates Left Such an orenaton oblges radcals to look at theclass strucure of mode Amercan society caefully and udogmatcally,s t ! expereced. One major experence tha must be accouted for in anyusefu heoy of class s the phenomenon of "mddle class adcalsm andhe exisence of a mddle class of professonals and manaers

Various groups o the Left have ether classied professonals andmaagers as part of the petty bourgeose or else have descrbed them as partof the wog class But nether of these vews s sasfacoy_ The term

petty bourgeose s used as a catchall for nonproletarian nobougeos pple by the new communist marxst-lenst organzatos

pacualy he Revoutonary Communst Pay and he ctober eagueYet the pety bourgeose properly descrbes the class of small owners,who have o chance of competg wth the bg bourgeoise and are thereforedoomed to dwinde n number reatve to the population. Pofessonals andmaagers, on he contrary are a gowng segment of sociey


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The view that sociey cossts solely of a huge workng cass and a tnyrling class, howeve, dees "workg class so inclsvely as to mae eerm srategcally seless. Ths vew has bee characterstc o the class

analysis o the New American Movement he stregh o ths aalys shat t ri o come to ems wth he theoretical ad practcal udersandg tha he nature o prosoal wor has bee drascally chaed this cey The experece o Le gops in recen years, howevershold be ample cormato o the mmese ctal gap that separaeshe ble- ad whtecollar workg cass from the proessoa an maageral srata o o whch a great many cllegeedcaed et acvss havecome he eed or a workng cass socais movemet caot e me bysmply deinig the preset e as a worg class movement

I the rst sion of a wo-part atce Barbara ad Joh Ehrerechpostlae he eistece of a ew class which cldes technical, proessoalad manageria workers advanced captals socey, a cass atagostcn cera ways to both capta ad the worg class Whe we do o eelthat the oly aternatve to a two cass heory s oe whch proclaims hSpartcular "new ass we thi the hrenrech's analysis is impoan becase t fore us to th more precisely abot where he e s comgrom and what he class contradctos are in Amerca oday

The secod stion o ths acle, to e pblshed o ex sse,applies the theory o the profesioalmaageral class o he experece of

he e the 'ses ad 'sevenes.other mportant issue fo the merican e s the poltica sruggle

pa U mperalism anxiosly awaits the otcome o strgglesthroghot souther uop hopng for resptabe parlameary govermens b more than ready to settle or ascst dicatorships to sppoAmercan powe i that area he Ameca e, hopg for an increase the power of pan's worg class ms cosder the qestion o howmltas ca advance the strgge i a ascst ad reactionproe contex Iths sse ose DelgadoGita, a panard jst retured rom hs rst vst

home sce Fraco's deah, provides a cocee sese o the polcal excteme and acceleatig ate of chage in people whch characterze contemporay pan emma Kapla dscusss the relaohp btwe thsbrgeoning mass movement ad the PC the pash Commust Paty

n pa the Commsts led (e, vastly onmber he est o) thee re hey n act tered leadg the mass movemet to powe? Ordo they, as the groups to her let clam misead worers into a fuileaomodato wth capitalism tha povdes PC leadershp with somehope of mior inuee with a parliametary sysem apla arg hat

the PCE n fac/ the mass movemen, s broadening of the strggleo icde feminist egoals ad commniy sses n is mltace bu athe same time in is basally deensve poste he frthe arges thatgiven the stregth of the cst nteatoal pa ad he mood othe people, it makes sense fo panish mltats to wor wthin the pary orbasc cvl rghts ad elemetary socal ustce

e pblsh this artcle paly as a cotbution o the debate overuocommsm, the ew poc o Commist Pares para ad taly n a ret isse vol o 6), we preseted an arcle


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al o talan P o s wllngnss o sdna wos pow tot dmads o palamnta sptablty Wl w bv ts sammsgvngs apply to t pans P w s ta a dsnton an b dawnW alan P untons n som ways as a tad unon buauayld pon by managmnt o mantan ndstal dspn btween ontat goatos t stuato n pan s qut dt pans wos

a dspld n ass ompany nons and t pans P, stll ladstn dvs all ts stng om ts popla bas and on om oal ol

W av pntd a numb o potogaps ta by os lgadoGtat o aompany s po o t n saton n pan Tpotos o t wall muals dsussd n t pot mpasz t mpotano at and lt dnng poltal onsousness and n xpssng sta to oppsson mlaly, t mpotan nw lm aan CY sows ow mu stngt o t womn and mn o Kntuysmg ommns s pssd n t sogs and lt Babaaoppl t dto o

aan Cnxplas n an ntvw wat t was

l o s anot at om t lm o potay t stgs o tat ul-t

O Assoat dto og oaljo as wttn about t manngo t Novmb da o Poposto n alona o ntd FamWos W op tat pblaton o ts as wll as last sss p on tadows ampagn wll oag ou ads to snd us so atlsabo wong lass poltal atvty and t xpen o movmnt

goups W a spally ntstd n satg dsusson abo t mag ad valu o dn ypes o oganzg n wopla oommny W op o pbls m o s nds o ats n sss toom n t tst o spag to daytoday ons o avsts

T Ra Aa dtos


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Phot frm REAL LF OUISVLLE N THE WNE by Mchael Ls (nhn

B)


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The Professional-Manageria Class

Brr J rerec

To generion of ric he oig cl h been e bere of ocl he gen o boh rogeive oil refo evion in e ie Se in he l o ece helef bee onene o evily ong eoe o eeeelve o be le cl hie he orkg h -ee relivey uieen T le le nlie i

eivle erly eiecery roe o i e Thir Worloy no inoy ii oing l o enoveen: [ i o very ge exen he lef ielf h io hioy o rugge no lly or enge o he oring cl b ouecy in n o ief A e e e o of he US le onie o beleve(corecly e hnk) h hou origl lef onlye o g o oil reor i oible

None o hee ioicl noie bo he US e ex-

line by he eoie o ih o of e le o eehoox Mrx eribe li oiey being lize

' Coprt c) 197 by Baraa ad John Ehreeih; ot fo eproduction or ctato wtot permiss We wsht hak Dere ngs, z Ewen DeHowitz ad esciay ohn Wec o stm(liatng dscussons o so o edeas s pape ad o extesive comments earie dfts. y oourse ar esposbity o e paper t sts. We aso wt aames Weinsten who, whe dsageeing wh e etre st of e paper,made exense nd use oments o eaie drats


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b borgosi ad roara; i as og o sayabo a dd ass or of ors abo idlass rada-s s f oday ay ss ass rad by

arross of is ass oosio b as v rs i o srb siao ss a sragy forovroig i.

orial ofso abo lass s aog al ars of lf So lfss (aly assoad i osov dsrb sds rofssioas ad or dadorrs as y borgois og or as a do a asa dfsib aalysis r oorary fss dsrib alsaary ad ag orrs o do o o as of rodio

as orig ass org lass so ovd is a arivrsa ls braig al b aa aalss ad assial orgois ( sal ras iddfarrs is gro oo fis is fiio raialyab rai a ovrsaoaly s lfiss s rs orig ass ad lass ir oloiaooaios ig a isio s sl soo a sfo Y is disiio ao b rs i ory rvaiig oria fraor isiss a a ag arrs ar or

ig lass ad a oo a so orrs ar d lassis a aialisisrd dlsioW aalysis sos rob os o ssarly go aay

Rar is a a i a oor os o al ids of rra-oal ad sbivis aroas yars si N fi S ard fro a radial o a soialis oloo lfas dasd islf ray agas oradiios b siddllass origs ad s origass allgia Sors sar for a r rolara o a vr orrarfid sariais. Ors s o fi ofor abigs of oorary ass aali farig a ay a odra or arf sios ll av i a dsrabagory (y borgois is o vry oosrrodg sb of ass rovds a frr d oaaysis f lf s o gro i s bgi o o o a obiv rsadig of is o ass origis ad o orobivy barrirs a av isoad i fro orglass.

I. Classs i Moooy Caiais Soy

lassia Marxia aalysis of aiais soy rs oo lasss ad o alo borgoisi a roaria. or rialy arg lass of ar aialis soiy y borgoisi lis os of is ral oariy ad ii a ss aarois a lass lf ovr fro a arir soalordr i rgos a oial ross of rolariaizaio"


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i. i br r rogrivy forc ow io h rori Mwhi h workig c o oy x o brh v oriy of h workig uio bu o bco

or or hoogou uifiA ry h ur of h cury i w bcoig v h

h rucur of h v cii ouri wr ovovig og ui o righ h h i c wriy o wihrig wy w uc ri -c r h r wr growig riy Mo Mrx-i howvr, ihr igor h w r or ii h hyik h o i c of i ri rrur wou bco roriiz w f o ri oihori oui h Mri ir uch i rr Jcob Mrhk i ry C Wrigh Mi i h iS) o yz h w i c" h y hi whior workr wr o g c burhr ir gou rgig fro crc workr o -gir cog rofor co o h ohr o ho i ) by i o h oo r o o fio h rori

y ry i h ixi h xoiv growh oiu oi

iciv of h ru of u wg rr h bo oib for Mrxi o igor [ Mrxi horiwr o y y o giv u h forig gchr govr work ccou io h roro irr vi, Ar or Srg M w hfr Mrxi o chroc y h rg of wh hyc, i ooio o Mi i h w workig " Thw workig wro orz i i h o workig ,w fi by goii rio o i

Tchii gir u, rrchr icovh hy r wg rr ik h ohr i fo ic of work whih i goo> oy o h gr irofib i h h ru Thy icovr h ogrgrrh riv work o origi rob hov of workhi r icoib wih h ririof i rofibiiy ( )

Di hir ii cocou c " hgrowig boy of uc workr r corig o h y ru of h workig c r fr h ri ci of Nw f bhviy og u uc workr i h bco Our eo e ec o te ugeose ossesses ts stnctve etue:t s se e s agons. cet s woe s oe nd estg u nto two get oste cs nto wo get cses et cngech othe -ugeose d oett." K Mx an Fe ges TE COMMUNST MANIETO)


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parent ta he gulf betwee he "od ad ew worg classeswas deeper tan te earer aayses had sggested Nkos Poiatas suggested mang a dstcto beween abor eessary

for prodcton of commodtes ad ar eessay or e reprocton of captalst soca reatonsps Ts, accordng o oazas worers the se ad oter deoogca apparase- schoos governme ageces weare ageces, mass medaetc mst be consdered as beg n a dfferet cass from prodUcto worers (

the eary '70s Adre Cor too broe wh s ow eareraaYSS argg that t was o oy worers the deologalapparatuses who served repodctve oes bt aso te egeers

scentss maagers etc n pdctve eterprses he capasdvso of abor as bee deermned by te eed o cotro eworers ad e wor process te conex o ass aagosmand o oly by tecoogca mperatves (4 s poposedCorzven at e p o prodco a dso ms be madebetwee prodcve ad reprodve abor

We sa ot scceed locang ecal ad scefcabor w te cass srcre o advaced capastsocey ess we sa by aayg wat fos ecca ad scef abr perform he proes o capHa acmato ad e proess of reprodcg soareaos e queston a to weer ecas egeers, researc wores ad te e beog o te mddlecass or to e worg cass ms be made to depedpo he foowg estos: l (a) s e

o re

red by e process o maeal prodco as s o by capas cocer for rg ad oolg e podctve pocess ad he wor process from abov? a) Is er cto reqred by ocer or e greaespssbe efcecy prodco ecoogy or b) doese concer or efcen prodcto ehoogy omesecod oy to he cocer or soca echnoogy eor eepg e abor orce dscped heraralyregmeed ad dvde ( a s e preset deno of teca s ad owedge prmarly reqred by etecca dvso o abr ad ereby based scef ad deoogcay eral data or b) s e de[o of ehca s ad owedge prmary socal ad

deooga as a otgrow o te socal dvso o abo

Boh Gor and Poantas code tat ere s a brdgeabe objectve cass dstcto as Cor ps t, bewee profeSoa echnca ad maagera worers ad prodco worers he probem e s where to pace tese metal worers the cass strcre of captast socety. t or so far as wew as ot eeded hs aayss of the cass pso of eh


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il ok y ut oz o bk itMx to mol tkig g t ogmt tiott to mt tt itlim it o i t

ou o it lomt i utik o Mit toym ou) by mig ut ok logt l ot ootiv ok g to ot i b omm, v iti, govmt t i ttum o t ty bogoii i l t tty ogoii

W ill gu tt t *ml l tgoy o ok i o Mit lyt o t t to tti ok mgi ok, ultu o, t

mt b utoo omig itit l mooyitlit oity oolMgil Cl MC) il , ot b o ttum o bol o ok" t xit i objtivly tgo

iti tioi to ot o g om l my ll t okig l o it b oito l l ik t tty ugeii it i om-to ii to t mooy tg o itlim t i oly i t gt o ti lyi biv tt it oibl to t

t o o ti oiol mgl ok v tlit oity t i movmtt bgi by iyig t m by l b Wit omo, vg mig oy ltioi

T otio o l til t otio o itoilltoi ik y ot ltoi it luyi v lyi i ttmt to [Q it t ygiv momt tomiz t tut T it

m oologil yi ot giv u u i o y mo t t giv o o o lov tio mt y b moi o l otxt Moov otv t itit l, it t big, t big tm to tioi it otW ot v lov itout lov o itot i lbo

t olo t y i ot iul , mlyltov om ot lik t o itoy i titt tuy b oy i oy t otxt o

"PMC is raps an awkw rm. B obviou ew mecass has en use w a varety defnits (e.g Writ Ms aRcad Hosae, who ce saes cerca workers It) wc cou o ea cfusio Morer -ew e class oscrs ac at eclass we i i no of some o me cass whh icles th o ew sr t rather s a stc cass searae me o le cass


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) te totait o ca reaioi ad te torica deveoet o tee reatio Tu e ere goig to andoer deie a roeioaaagea Cas e od o be

abe to etrict oureve a ictue o ti gro a a ocioogca et e od ave to dea at a tage it te coeetar ad tua eractig deveoet i te bogoiie and te orig ca Te to o te ie ad deveoeo te C i utaou e toy o te re o e odebougeoie ad te ode oetaat a te ave ae oo catait ociet ee o core e ca gve o aage o ti tor We ocu o te ite iggt over te coeeta deveoet in oe cae

ro o it o ve a ca a ooed to a ta ooter ocia goig i deied b to aor caraceitic At a tie i it ica deveoet a ca caac-

terized b a coo ao o te ecooic odatio o ociet e ea o ouctio ad e ocia ogaied attero ditibuto ad couto. a coo reatio e do otea a ue idica reatio eg ega oeri or ooer o te ea o odctio Ca i deied b acta eatio betee gou o eoe ot ora eatio be

teen eoe ad obect. Te oe ao a ot coicide ata give oet i io it te ega eatoi evovedove eviou ea. e eatio ic deie ca aie ote ace occuied b go te boad ocia divo o aboad o te baic ate o contro ove acce to te eao rodctio ad o aoao o te ocia uu Hoever te eato to te ecooic odatio o oce ot icie ec a ca a a ea oca e A aoet i it itoica deveoe ae eae oave

eod a ca i caracteized b a coeet oca ad ctaeitece ebe o a ca are a coo ie te edcatoa bagod eto coo ate oabit beie Tee ctura ad oca atte caot be deved a ie ao ro te coce eitg eaoi to e ea o rodctio o te eber o te caFor oe tig cutue a a eo ocia ate ored iearie eriod e a deet eato to te ea o rodctio o eve aote ode o oductio) revaed a og rve eir oer eaato ro te earie eatio.Fo eae te cte o an idutra orig ca e ecited o a eieda eaatr i uite deret ro tato abita ubaized oe additio te ocia eiteceo a go o e i deteed ot o b it eeriece atte oit o rodctio bt b t exeriece i rivate ie ediated eecia b ii eatio ic i urn are at oto dta eated to evovig eatio o oductio) e reatioi betee ca a abact ecooic reatioi adca a ea ocia eitece a bee abtueored; or or


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uoses w shall have lii oslves o insising ha a casshas boh chaacisics

aving sa hs wo gneal chaacscs e sholsongly hasiz ha class is an anayic absacion a way ouing soe o ino an ohwis bwileing aay o iniv-a an go chaaceisics an inlaionshis scibsa henonon exising os claly a h lv o sociey as awhol When hov h noion o cass is calle on o exan

o eic inalibly h acons ieas an aionshis o eveyinivua i ceases o b vy sl

sciion o he hisoical xinc o he PMC will beabbevae an eiso, aving ou any ey eeloens nh hisoy o he class os irany any elaboaion on hansion o he sa h neh cnuy an sicing oslvs o h ni Saes We il begin ih a schaic eni-ion o h PMC hen escibe h gnc o is isinciveclass oulook an is consoliaion as a cass n he ealy a o

h wenih cnuy an inaly un o h siuaion o he coneoay l

Diniion

We in he PoessionalManagia Class as consisng osalai enal oks who o no own he ans o oucionan whose ao ncion in he socia iviion o labo ay bescibe boay as he ocion o caias ue an

caials cass laonsThi oe n h ocss o eocion ay be oe o lessexci as h woks who ae icly concne wih socalcono o ih h ocion an oagaion o ioogy (egaches socia woks sychologiss, neaines, wies o

We do not, of rse me by cuure" merely -hi lure or he r s in geel By he re o sol grop we i oal reertory o ouo d reonses to everyday prolem d sitos. Th i rmlereerory d e ns o nmon my yg rom myh songsto sieni ormle d mahery


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avsg opy a V sps ) may wh poss of poo as s as wh mv amsaos a maags gs a o ha wo

s whos fos as o Sv Mag \ary Bavmaa os hav ag a ssay m y h opsv apas aos of poo s w ass has opao gops a wos maags gs a sss sha a ommo fo oasoa vso of ao a a ommo ao o oomoaos of soy.

h MC y o fo s pop wh a w agof opaos ss om vs w a psg h

oas spaag fom g ass aov a wog ass ow a y sg ass sag of pop a h v spaag h MC fom oh asss ggs ss wa as wos gs opoo o spo os a h ow m vs ofoa a sa aa maags a h pp ) wms mphas wo asps of o fo of ass Fs a Swys wos wo a msak o h of a assas pfy omogos ay a shapy ma off fom

o asss ay s vay w ass a oass somms shas o vry gaay a amos mppy o aoh. So opao s o h so maof ass o v h so ma ofh ao o masof proo

Cos as of h gs s Sh may hav fom a wog ass M o pyogos amyH o ma wo as wogss ommyog o fo yas a pva ppmass og

O o s may a wo og h mos ma asof s sg spvsg o o sg oy a sma faoof h ss a owg sh a a shoo s may pa of maagm spvsg os v hs of ohRs paa ss a ss as Moov ov p of R's a wom ass sag s sgfiamas o a of sa m ss o famay oos fa mo may owv pofoas whmay os may oa a owv whoa

wos. So h s smpy o way o assfy gs ssas a gop ha sms o a sg opaoa agoy s fa soay a foay ogs

Throgout esy -gr, e oewie qu a oweD mddleee ger. dce captm e ptat r o porton not vidu etere of ee e o gro o btna to o sk vas ve ret an omt er oer e tong n oy conre part e The t oc o ore enterre (e.goent rg a t o e r a.


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Mc t a in of anayi co b a of ot of otr groing nar bonari of t M T itation of gro nar t M woringca borr w o not

i ciay y o b abigo It i r tat t roc ofiing of rationaizing rioy rofiona ta intoa nbr of coy rotiniz fnction riring itt trainingoccr Moror a iroortionat nbr of o int gro ar won for wo ry occationa critriafor ca ar ciay inaqa

Dit t ac of rci inaion of t bonari of tM by cobining occationa ata an aiic on rortyiribon w can a a ry c tiat of t ca co-

iion of US ocity By ti tiat, abot

to

r cntof S oaion i woring ca. W acc Braran

conction of t woring ca craftn orati aborra worr, crica worr ric worr noncogca cnica worr Eigt to tn r cn i in t o ca foy rofiona a rao, innnt farr, tc). wnty to twntyfi r cn iM: an on to wo r cnt i ring ca at i t Minc oing i fifty iion o

T ry finition o t M a a ca concrn wit trroction of caitait cr an ca rationi rc rating i a a arab ocioogica ntity It i in an a riati ca; it xinc ro I ) ta tocia r a o o a oint fficin to tain tM in aition to t borgoii, for t M i ntiaynonrocti; an () tat t ratoni btwn t borgoiian t rotariat a o o t in tat a ca ciaizng in t rroction of caitait ca raioni bco

a nciy to t caitait ca Ta aintnanc of or-r can no ongr b ft to ioc ioncitoricay, t conition wr t in S by t ary

wntit cntry T at af of t ninnt cntry aw ont of an noro ocia r, concntratin onoitic corration an iniia caiait: an ) in-trint iont warfar btwn t ntria woring caan caitait ca T ibity of otrigt inrrctionw tan ry rioy by bot borgoi an raica obrr

At t a i owr nw concnration an cnraia-tion of caita on ibiiti of ongtr anning,t rfinnt of anagnt ntiay a a bitt forforc) an caiait rationaization of bo rocti anconti roc In t ca iiay foowing ttrn of t cnry ibiiti bgan to b rai

A int of oction, t concntration of caita aowfor t woa rca of cinc an it ranforation intoa irct inrnt of caita Scinc an it ractica offootnginring, wr to wor rocing not ony rogr" in t


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om of nw ocs b nw oci cnologis wic nc ow o ski la abo was icly lac bymacins o s i was scinicaly manag i an fo o

si om wos nowlg an conol of oc ocss an c i labo as mc as ssibl o mmoion. ) As w a ag lsw s lomnsasicaly al ms an coniions o class sggl a woac iminising woks collci masy o wok ocss an ncing colc inc o sociale ocion ()

g socia sls concna n a fonaonsan in bic sco bgan o b a oc fo gaion an

anagmn o cil sociy. Rocl an Cang onaions ac wo ns of milions of ollas aa on scnin s ca o wni cny ocal gonmns in-cas i ns an xns iol bwn an 9 Pj caion was asly an cay wasnsiionali bica mass gain snsosi an aoiy of aw c s lomns w o cos -gssi (n bo sfic isoical as w as gmnalsns of wo) B y aso sn a lically mo-a naion of woingcass commniy li Scools im-a nsial icilin an Amcan" als cay agncis an omsic sciniss ims i ias o g ling;bliceal oficials ially ic imigan gosc. ()

. Bginning in s an incasing ogo wn- cny monoly caialism cam o n on o-mn of a naional consmgoos ma ms wic a bna in om o in nigbooo w ac by niom ocs o gian coaions .cs wic a bn aninignos a o wongclass c w g o by com-moiis conci an sign os o class Fo ammiiy wic lay an iman o in cl o Eo-an immigan gos an a (blac an w) Amicans wasolaw an/o ofcay isci in aly 9s o blac by ofssionally omina ca. ( aiional omso caion om acian ss o social ning sffa simila fa in fac o nw commoii (an iai)foms o nainmn o by coaion g cos

aio scao ss mois c.) naion of woing-class lif by commois qi an conins o qi amassi jb o edcaion fom scools atiss socialwos omsic sciniss xs n cil aing c As ennc of Amcan caial on omsic consm-goos ma incas managmn o consmion cam ob as imtan as managmn o ocion 5

o smmai fcs o s lomns on wong-cass l accmlaon an concnaon of caial wic


19/84

ocrred i e dede o e ieeen ery oed on exenive eorgnion o origc ie bo econy nd e oce T eorgizio ied

bo oc oro d e deveoen o oe re e ne ee o i drive o reorgnze d ree orig-c ie e oc oizion o e oig egenion o or (d n e rodive roce dr o iro ro e ore o rve goe dron o ndigeno eo o r nd ide dercion o ooo oing cre nd i receen by cre dened by e ivzed coion o oodie (e e ecreon ec

neoy ee deveoe in oingcie (ore eey n e reon beee e oig nde ii e roeion nd gei orereege ne ocey Te ee ey deveoeied bove e eorgizion o e odcve oe eeegence o ion o oc oro e oodyeerio o ogc e do o y deveo" eyreqire e eor o ore or e cocio gen e exo-rion o rodcive i eqire e ierveio o cei

ngee exer ee be egieer o iner e ro-dcive ore ger o evie e ineingy degdedor roe e Siy e deron o onoo or-g re eqire (d o e eergece o necerode o yi o oi eer d-en nd o o ee ne oerive e vgrd o e eerggMC re o y od neigeni exdig o ee eneed o oex ociey eir eergee i ore e er o e cenry i re nd coeery o e ro-

ion o e org c i r e eegee o ono-oy ci e reio beeen e M d e orng c i

obecvey goni Te ncio nd iere o e e re o eey diee; ey re y odioryre bo gro re oced o e eir bor oer o e ii : bo re ecey o e rodive roe nderii: d ey e goni eio o e ciic We i rer o oi i ore dei er eeoone od no dirc ro e e oe-iogeri oe exi groing onoyii oiey oy by vire o e exorio o e id ce one idigeno o e orig Hioiy e

Fo oo cio o h h hiy o US wokgc t Aoowiz E ROMS McG 1973 Stt CATAN{F ONSOUSN McGw 1976); d Bm LABOR AD MONOOLY CPTL Mth Ri 975 cic o h ho fo wogc gg gtogh o co o i y.


20/84

proess of ove ad someimes viole expropriaio was oeae i e ealy weie ery wi e foed ayloriaoof majo idsries e meiaiaio drive i wokiglassommiies e. e fa a is poess does o ave o eepeae i every geeraio ay more a e apialis lassms oially reea e proess of pimiive amlao eaes e impressio a M wokigass elaios epese a pely aral" divisio o laor imse y e soalomplexiy ad eologial sopsiao of moer soiey Be ojeive aagosm persiss a epeses a oadiowi is oialy orise y e isoial aleaive of asoiey i wi mea a maal wok are reied o reae

wole people I s ease of is ojeive aagoism a we aee o defie e pofessioal ad maageial workes as a lasssi fom e wokig lass

We sold add a s poi a e aagoism ewee eM ad e workig lass does o exis oly e asaealm of ojeive relaios of ose Realife oas ewee e wo ases epress diely if someimes eigly erelaio of orol wi is a e ear of e MC wokiglasselao eaer ad sde (o pare) maager ad woke

soal woker ad lie e e seive dmesio of eseoas is a omplex mixre of osiliy ad eferee o epar of workgass people oemp ad paeaism o e paof e MC

e ierdepee ye aagoisi elaiosip ewee ewokig ass ad e MC also leads s o isis a e MC isa lass oaly isi from e pey oeoisie (e old midelass of asas sopeepes selfemployed professioals adidepee farmes) e lassial pey ogeoisie les oside

e polariy of lao ad apia. is mae p of peope wo aeeier employed y apial o emselves employes of lao oay sigifa exe. e MC y oras is employed y apial ad i maages ools as aoriy ove lao (og ioes

irely employ i e lassial pey ogeoise isireleva o e poess of apia amlaio a o e proess of reprodg apialis ial eaios e MC y oras is esseial o o

l e Rise of e MC

orer o defie more saply e elaio ewee e MCad e oer lasses we ow o a lose examiaio of eiiial emergee of e MC is ieology ad is isiiose MC emerged wi amai sdeess i e yeas ewee1 a 12 a perio ogly overlappig wa sorias all


21/84

the Progreive Era. (Tabe mmarie the expanon o eected proeona and manageria occupation at thi time

T!(in thoan, cept{r total populatn in milio)

Enginrs 5.6 38 77 134 217

Managers' 57 126 313(manufaturng

caton & 19 7rlgious worers

(othe tan cCollege culty 5.6 116 24 49 82

Acountants and 23 39 118 192

auditos

Govment oficals 72 1 124adminstatonso

Edito and pots 32 41 61

Tot populaton399 5.3

6192.4

15 1231"ncludes manageand manuatus fo 1870 manags only all or yars

Soures: Buau o Census Htora Stattics othe Unted Stat, ColonaTim o ; U uau of Census Stattica Abstct of the Unted State.195 HD Andeon and PE Dadson Occupational ren in the Uited StatesStanord,19

We hae aready etched the condition which prepared the wayor the expanon o thee occupation a growing and increangy

entraized ocia urpu and inteniied trugge between theurgeoie and the proetaiat But it woud be wrong to think othe emerging PMC a beng no more than pae recruit or the

occupationa roe reuired by monoy capita The ppe en-tering the canormaion were drawn rom an oder middeca They were the on and daughter o buine men inde-pendent proeiona, properou armer, etc group whicheared their own extinction in the titanc trugge between capitaand abor Te generation entering manageria and proeiona

c Rcad a T A OF RFORM K 1)

p1-1

8 1 w o laon o h n ncad o ndo m old l cla nnu ndndn onal n w omwa tn wo ; wokn cla ncln am la w a l n i h nub o a and a nan u mddl cl cncn o clcal wok aol lc-vc wok wa n ol T nw ilcla n 33% o n l cla In 1 n 11 c H Wi R OR ORDRHll nd Wan ) 1


22/84

s bwn 180 n 0 nsiy g h whihhy h y Thy n h hi wn sin wbn in ming iism n hy i hi n

sning m iny n y hn i h iis is Th h mging PM s hy sw i w mi h bi ss ni ii siy n in ib s A Ew A Rs minn ss n Pgi ig w in 0 sying h n n in nhnyiism

ns s ming b m h

Th ng i gns hnss n inign s nginng I in hi h bi s n siy bm hw h isnhing i b n v h n iy ssns

Mny sss bib hi n bni n wy nh m h Pgs -ms whih w i wh s h si-

ing hng b Pgi igy n ms ( hii n mi nibin h in n nin sn n mngi in s ( hi inmin h mgn n iin h PM h-is gi: n (3 hi ssin wih h in hisi M s iniins (sh s sin gniin)

() Th Gwh h M Ey mi n-i n ini iim nw insiin-z s m i. n h PM Smnhs mi n inng ss inss in iy Engish iism b si ws (wh m h Nn nn iW n 1 ) n hm nmiss (wh m h Aminm Enm Aiin in 1), hb w m-syhnn w y hh n sy ins-ins bs n i hs n inss is in Simiy mni m mn h bish-mn mms iy nn hi ngin ss-iins igiss n n minis [h hh nw hsing n h nins h mi A h - v nsvini mn (sh by h mging nginng ssin mng h h in Fgnis mying ngn wh n n Th P F n Dg A h sbishmn h B b Siss h F mmiin in i-in hi im in ging bsin ghing in


23/84

matio t ord thouad o ob. ub y grabam dpdt o iput om piait, prt, proor.t i a gat thig xutd itaoomy proo Rhard

y aothr maor roga idoogu o adg thrpot o th S dutria Commo tabhd by Cog 88 that th a i thi otry a body o oom xptad that th at o pbi opio i uh a to dmad thi mpoymt. 8

h atoaig dr o t h mrgg MC truk dp toth bu tpr it h ary ya o th tury awth traormatio o th ita tioig o th oratoat th had o a apdy gowg orp o maag ti

maagr awyr iaa xprt gr, pro prt t A ay a 886 Hry R. ow had admoihd thAmria Sity o Mhaa gi (th ou o mh

ary maagmt thought that h matt o hop maagmti o qua impota wth that o gig y th ay1 0, ow ayor att th ibth ad othr girw huig out pap o how to ratoai a apt o thbui trpr Cog hoo ad dpartm obui admiitratio rapidy appard to tah th w d.(h Ama Aoato o Cogiat Shoo o u waoudd i 16. h maagr hd o, ormd aoia-to (g, th Soty to Pomot th Si o Maagmt i1 ad th Amia Maagmt Aoiatio out o aarady xitg oit i 13, ad pubhd prooaoua (.g NNRN MAAZIN i 8, ACORY i108, th BULLN OF H AYOR SOY i .

h itoduto o modr mthod o maagmt wa a r-orm whh wa udrtood by otmpoary ob to b parto th ora rogr au. at iti maagmtirt bam kow to th pub a a too o th rogiattak o opoat grd th at Rat a o 11 ,th trtat Commr Commio tud dow a ra raroad rat at itimaagmt xprt H mrottiid that prop maagmt wod ut a mio doa a dayo th ot o ra hipmt. tii maagmt a taght ith bui hoo xutd romr ad witr WatrLippma, wod podu a poioa bd o maagrwho woud hp it Amra bu out o th o o

ommaim. o th maagr thm

ii maagm bam omthg o a momt a ag o growig ahimt i th phyiai it od th hop o oig dutia pob-m ao though th o obti pip oyoug a magiat g t proidd a tho ada miio i. h momt oo bam pt wthpua, taditioait ad didt At th


24/84

a pro o riac, coqur h ca o oaho iura maagm i h U Saa ha a rmou c o ura pracc I ha

a maor uc o h grog rorm a coomymom pubic amiraio

Th Dlopm o a Ca Ouook romh bgiig hac PMC a ca ouook hch a iic roma o antaontc o ha o h capa ca i ruha ih hgh o i ruck by h uima cocorac or b h o ca E a ha im EW RE-BC or Hrbr Croy o ha rogriim a

g r a a cour o h hra o orkig-ca rouio.

A a ahy phahropi ri o Ja

Aam o apprcay ha Aam a ray a ir-prr b orkig m a h pop ho i Xry oh ohr o h ciy a h ao ga h pop o hrghborh qu a r ia aou h m a om hor oriariy ca capai Ca harmoy ah a goa o may ouaig PMC kpop a omay i h capai ca a i a car ha pro-ioa cou b mor ci i h og ru ha PkroBu h PMC a o mry a ca o acky Th capaiough igorouy o bock or moiy ho PMCupr r-orm hich hy a a hrag hir r A or hPMC h ry ia o objcy raioaiy c ichjuii hir ro o h capiai iiaby hm o co-ic h h capiai

-

F or o hig h ro h MC a rg a carig ouor i a chica ioaor ocia maor cuur proucr c rquir a high gr o auoomy oy or h

a o giimizaio. Caim o objciiy cao b ma roma objc poio o riy Th coic or occupaioaauoomy a paricuary ib i h uiri Th ormou pao o hghr ucaio i h ar o h i-h cury a h ary par o h ih cury ha burr by m ik Joh Hopi La aor a aboa Joh D Rockr a Ar Cargi Ba or acamic rom o brough acuy io rc coroaio ihcapai ru ih h proo arig hir auoomy

a prBu h coic b h MC a h capai ca pr ha h i o occupaioa auoomy. Eary PMC a-r iio a chocraic raormao o ocy hicha apc o i ou b raoaiz accorig o prkog or amp Frrck Wio Tayor h ar oh mom or ciic maagm a cic maagm a much mor ha a o chiqu ram proucio :

22


25/84

T a n an ad w a o o aoa a o anagn o o adnag and a o o , o ano non, o n and o gonna da-n Wa o o od do a owadoong oy owad dnon o yand aaon o ng?

O, a E D M dn o an y o Mn-ng Engn n , godn w noa og d o ngn. 3

O o ny od and aonay a no n -

aa goa E n anagn w na an o any n n ony wo aw a a ona a o own aonoy o od -an. (Sn anagn a aady nond wa og-nay oad a a oo o o o dg a-n o oa Engn a a o woaday nay w aa onn on aw aan o aa o ay To g a a ng x-a n 0 and agan n 06, o o ondd ng-

n o g Aan y o Mana Engn o aagn o onon o y w d-ad y aa ooon. Mo aa qn wa a-ady aad n Eng n nan a- ngn good a oand a w n E-GEEG NEWS n 90.

O o onna o aad doog o on any n MCw d o o ya anaa ooo n wdy

d ay o MC anaa wa a ndy Ton Vn' noa Vn oayd onoay aa a a aaa a dadnan Eoan aoay T aan o ndy a-gd

a away nd noog and nowdgo aon ony o a a wod own oa o no o xn o ay o o

y aa an o y ndo ony To do wo a od don n o nda gna a . ngnand anag a a and nad oa ondaon and aon I an on a w a aona and odon x wod oda ady na odnay o o nd y a od aoy ada o 300 n o 00 n o n o


26/84

A wha sas i he wa of so creasg he or-ar o of goos a serices s bsiess as sa

(Progress eae ha he caass be swe awa o aeroo o for he worg cass b for he rsg cass of exers B Vebe's sio of a echocrac a goere b heexers sace oo oer of PM seferes o ga a wefoowig ee wih he cass fac war Ross who 9ha hsef cae for exese socia egeerig was oeo wre soewha efesie 92

There s of corse o sch hg as goere b eers he acios hrase s b a seer fg b hescheg sefseeers who f he reeess eracof oesai rae esgaors a barrier acrossher ah (26)

The sroges exrsso of PM acaias ieoog waso be fo ex sociais cs wich i he ear-weehcer ie Saes ea he Socais Par hee Saes robab ore ha awhere ese socais is re-crg hea fro he beer casses of soce boase Pareaer Morrs i i 1907 Ahogh he ar ha a argeworgcass ebershi a eoe we wo ef as e-bers of he PM were cear a ior he ar as a whoeos of he o eaershi a a as sroorioae ar ofhe eberh were egage PM a o ie cass) occaios (or ha bee so egage before assg fie ares) 2

fac socas as arcae b e reWor War Socias Par was freqe o far fro he PMs echocraic so. Socas ea goere owers of he eas of roco (whch wo s be aisere b exers) a exasio of goere socia serces (which wo si be seb rofessoas or eeca roearas as q caehe)

Socas i his erso fore a coi wh osociaisProgressis Par eaer Wa Ghe ee coaie haTe Roosees 92 Progresse Par afor a afor

esge o arac he ecass refor oe wio fa-ea seg caais rores) begs s rogra whhe brae hef of haf he workig rogra of he Socais Par

To gve a few promnent exales, Victor Berge was a schl teace; rrs HUqut was a lawyer d lst Rort Hte M Sns andWlam wer editors and joalsts and een Euene Vcto Dbs spentonl o ears as a alroad woker the rest o hs pre-socalst lCe ngspent as blng cerk o e largest whoesale ocer n e dest electedton clek o re d as etor o a larnon par

4


27/84

t. th ght g f h Pa v h ata iatt a a ugg i aia a a Pgv a f a iia Ca hat

i a a Pa Nata utv Jhn Sag a a tu thig ah aghthg a . 23. Th Ciat f h Prfesial-Manageral Ca nth i t itur fnanaga uaina uh a ha th f a a h Th fiig th uat (an thi fa a a t nu a a h a. Civ th PMCna it utua hg v h ig a a ha f un hgi tah t. f tht n ut h a PMC aa a f a haiit a f t aiz. h t that thPMC tah if a a a a i ithtAian it t t t h aiat a

iviua a PMC a th hgh af ih a th tai a ua a a-i ai a a f th uig aAta a gaua Sfa aitat i ACagi iniia ha it u f an g

h i u th n " g f ah PMC i f ha na a ut f th a f tt f atatn ttut (ag h ga fa a a n h Pint W n ff hPa Cf i Pai h i ang th a f th PMC taing ang th h a ga na f avi f va f f g hh a t tai a h nui (29) Wih a h

a i f ati ia PMC aiuh a giig a a faa aag a utg gn f anagt; i h g aitf

A comlee aont o e velmnt of PMC would have t dwl on) tmendos expanson of th state apparatus dung Wod War I, e NDea and Wold War I (and acmpnyng truh o wat has en caed-oesmpstcaly we hnk opoat lal iolog); 2 t xpansono corporae beaucatc parats and ts xnson om conro o produton t control o dstrbun and mnpuaton o demand; h stWorld W

xpanson o te vsts and the mass meda; t

It is necessr t empasz ths pont Te MC o managal poono t hs come a new ung class as Bele and Means Bua Gla and othes ae sggesed Top manags a pat of the rung ass(se ae p12 onote and Pau e e lluson o th Manageal Roluon n THE PESENT TORY pp 9 Wrgt Mls, OWER ELTE 'apters and 7 pp 18170, t st managers and admnstratos ag w vrtual al nonmagal saad pressonas apat o te MC a suodnae dependent lass. Ts ds nt mean, hoeer ht FMC s pwerless savs he ung as5


28/84

o ga aoy of bs of { PMC ow, oly guaa of scuy d auoou w

lay collc aco T caacsc fo of slfogaza-o of PMC was pofession. T dfg caacscs of pofssos sould bse esenlng sulausly bo aspaos of PMC ad clas wc a cssay ojusfy os aspaos o o class of cpals socys caacscs a bf : (a) sc of a spcald body of kowldg, accssbl oly by lgy ag xsc of cal sadads wc clud a co o pub-lc sc; ad a asu of auooy fo ousd f-c pacc of pofsso (g oly bs of pofsso ca judg alu of a fllow pofssoals wok)T clas o spcalzd kowldg ad cal sadads so jusfy d fo auooy, wc s os cooly dcda (capals ployg class uo sssso(o cla o posssso) of spcad kowldg sus a PMC ca cool s ow poduco as a class : Lgy a-

g as bad wokgclass ac o pofssos ad ga dcdd adaag o cld of PMC slf T clao g ca sadads pss PMCs pss as

suac a s cass ss a dcal o ss ofsocy a lag ally, all caacscs of pofosa ad a sug a laosp bw ddualpofssoal ad s o cl (sud, pa) s o of bg doao

Bw 188's ad 920, dc law, socal wok -gg ad acg gd od fo coplw pofssoal ogazaos ad jouals ad lgally focdca fo adssos ( accdg of ag suos

ad/o lcsg of ddual pacos) A sa lad pofos w sog sls ou ad akg ogazaoal fo : aual plosopy subddd o od- aual sccs psycology dacd slf fo plosopysocology soy ad lcal scc bga o go spaaways c

T dc of pofssoals was o usally o ufolysuccssful So occupaos, lk ug, a pofssos o ou of cousy a socal aly O, o claly PMC oc-

cupaos suc as gg ca adly cla o a a po-fssoal dg of auooy w 90 ad 90, ay of US gg socs w o by suggls bwpofssoaldd gs, wo saw sls as pofsoals fs ad ploys scod ad busssod gs wos fs loyaly was o ployg dusy busssod faco upd fo os pa, gog


29/84

fr ermi unrined buinemen jn e engneerrfeinl ieie (30

rm e eree f e enire l rfeinlim n ineren dinge reg fr l dnemeneilin w e PMC member ef elling n eul wi juifie r er lim unue nie in ie bu i ed enrifugl re n e leCnider in lr u Willim me uld flfrm eing ilg g nd finll lwiu unul dimfiing e Hrrd mnirn An n9 Veben n NGNR AND T PRIC YTM uldll lum geer engineer n ll r mnger nd dmin

rr under e mmn rubri engineer" u b mdenure w minuel linered een erm u i-en" r engneer n lnger ignifed gru w mmnwre nern r een mmn lnguge

e deee rif erriing e e uinl ubeiln w e ne wi deele beween e mnger mnirr nd engineer n ne nd nd e in e librlr n erie rfen n e er e merl differene bewen e w gru w e in e fr egr re

ire ied buine n indur er b re n infreuenl w in n e rd in e rulng l iel ein e end egr re mre liel en e rele eler e unir r er r f nnrf genie n befrml fixe wiin e MC Alng w i iferene n renure f ubi wen differene in generl il ul e mngeril/eni mmuni me re l n irdeedne" nd een n nffrene e il neuene i lbr ie. i elene Te en gru

e in e mre liberl urui beme e nl rerf e rinl PMC ngnim il Mnger n en

The profession of medce a frs hou, may seem to conadct ou asseton a pfeSSonaism Is e characesic fom of sef -oanizaio he PMC snce s physcians even re enden enrepreneurs(.e, casscal y urgese) Pfessonasm ds of couse, ve pemonopoy captais oos e ancient "free professons dcn aw,heoogy Bu ts dern form, mdca proessonasm in the U. wasfoged by a sma handf o P ctors T Amricn Mica Associat,

n the crucia pr Word a s when gan hegeny over .. mdcne was domnated y acamc physcans nd he pubc's ef e expertse of doctos arose aey fom he achevements and propaanda of (saared ven pubc-he ofcais and dcasch professors. fRosemry evens AMER DE D P NTERE (aenvesy ress 1971 a yscs have an evergwn andceasny nan facon of te dcai pofesso; and even yscas st pva pactice ae a ems ompety depnde on dnceasgy subjec to PMdomnad hospas, dca schs and venmen hea agences. f. Hea T AR ALTH EPRE(Ranm House 91


30/84

giees he e sde ierl deis he he e iew eh he ss gl dsrs d e

B we shld eesie he sigiie his diis

he MC ide sil sed sgle here lsshe l ee eeriee d s ides gers d egiees d hse i he lierl ressis e hdlre dierge h hse sh wkiglss gs s sleril wkers d seel wkes he ige geilressils s iwed sewh i elels hs lile e i eli ee e e hers sieiss d egieers e eled i siess dids hl he es e i gee (e eig heegiees l eih he hiiss d whs he lesieiss re eled iesiies Well der hl heessil d sieii wkes i ll eds (ldig he s-il siees e eled edil d her iisiis he siess d geel rgzis whihel s essls he eil ill is eledi geril r segeil le. s he ii essils wh e dei d sil isiis here hrdl l wh C Wigh Mills lled he geldeirge" he greedil e sig ss wih ds

d gee d wihi hei sis he ke ie geil d disie is diiseiggs seisig eseh d ehig ssiss rig de-es d ises

he ige he re iddle ger s leel ded he dei wrld s eqll edw Oer eighe e re ges ( ll leels lrge ris he llege iig ( grde rg hl he lel s he es dded ell ewee egieeig d

siess essl (grde iig i lw egeerig siess shls whih rrel e heir sdes hhe e eg ied lied sil see e de ees eeisie r de he gee ldde (

Mee he is grs wihi he MC e sill -hee l Swee hs ged h he s es wheher w

8


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hy rmarry h hir of MC mmbr o orwhmigy o marry wih h a; marriag ow" o h workiga o up o h rug a omparaiy iqu

i wih h frquy of irmarriag, h a xhib a ub-aia gr o igraoa aby hir o MCam ar mor ha wi a ky a hir of wokiga ami o hm r MC oupao (33

Moror, h a harari by a ommo uur orify. h iro f o h a i hap by h probm oa rprouo. ik ruiga oupaio MC oupao ar r ry hrary h o of h Charma ofh Boar may xp o bom a uu buima or aa a wahy o mor or by growig up; h o of a r-ah i kow h a oy hop o ah a imar -io hrough oiuou for. raiioay, muh o h fforha om from h wom o h a S, aorig o py-hoogi a hi fuur ahim rm by h u-a o ary upbrgig, wom of h a ha b x-p o ay hom a piaiz i hiraig. Boh x,howr, ar xp o prorm w hoo a a gooolg for i i a og ha youg m aquir h r-ia or u a mmbrhip a youg wom aquir, i aiio o hr o gr, ria huba

A a ru o h ay abou a rprouio a o horiary pi o growig up, giig brh, hiraig ar frigh wih a xra igiia ukow i ohra ra i hu bom oo aruou o b i i pr-a; h ir f o h MC mu b oiouy hap, up-a a ri by o our r moug umbr o x-pr xpr i hiraig famiy iig, ua uim,raiao, . h y iury o h a, h,

proi w grou for a xpaio By miury h MCwa ufu ough o proi a w ma mark for may ofi ow r a uuu ou hm. *

* Bey Fred's k HE ENN MYSTIQUE (rt ) pnts u thenheren cnradcts n ts e f class prucin : Wmen f classare educat alng wth n, then requred t e ad nal lar fmemang reda herself fred hat he deradan f PMC wn wasleading t the deerratn f e cldren nd nce e entre cass. Her os a srngy class-cnscus statment cnceed r wth the futre f her

class tan wth t fat f wn f al classes. Nneteless she accurlypnpn e jr facr n e rs f te atetwenethcentry wnsmvement : vereduca" r derelynt MC wn

U Many f the caracterscs o the MC as a sca class are shared fcurse by tns f the classc pey urgese, such as ctrs n prvatepracce M s ntegrat scally wth r strata f e ttyurgee er strata, we emhasze; nt w the verwelmngly larrwe straa f e tty urgse e mns f pretrs f y shs,selfed crftsple ec) B as we ave argued earler ths s nsficent rds fr allng t MC self py rs see ave,p


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n h nd a i a b bihd in RCMRC MaJn 9 il i h gh h MCand i inn g ni) in ii W i

h ia a ha dd anaz gn and hi a N , bad in h MC indingdn MCnainng) ina i dic h b-i ainhi iing da n h MC and h -ing a, and i da i agi ii-cain

EFERECES

1 Andre r, STRATEGY FOR ABOR (Beacon Press 1967) p 1042 For simlr iew, ee Pierre lleville UNE NOUVEE CL OUV

ERE ii, 1963); rge Mallet, EAYS ON NEW WOKING CA(Telos Pres, 1975) Alain ouraine T MAY MOVEMENT (adom Hoe1971) Staney Aronowitz FAE PROSES McGrawill 1973) FrancescaFreedm, Inea trucure of rican Proeari: A arxtnalyss CALST REVOUTON No 26 (Vol. 5, No 4) Oct-c 1975,pp. 4184

3 Nicos Poulantzas, CLASS N CONTMPORARY CAPITASM niies Pres, 1975), p 27

4 ephen Marin Wht D sses Do? VIEW OF RADICAL CA ECONOMCS Vol 6, . 3 (Summer 1974); ee Kaherine Stone "heOrigns of Job uctures in e el utry RADICAL ARCA, Vol 7,No 6 (Novc 1973) Andre Gor, "chnical Inteience and the Caitais Division of TEOS, No. 12 (Sumer 1972) 27-28.

6 Nlco uatza, On ia Clase, NEW EFT REVIW, No 78(Mrch-April 1973) p. 78

7 E P mson, THE MAKNG OF

ENGSH WORKING CA(Vintae, 1966), p 9

8 For re on the relationship tween juridica ownership of the eans ofproducton clas, see Ross Gruy, More on Nare of vet cietyMONTHY REVW, May 1976

9 Paul Seezy, TE PRENT STORY (Mthly Reiew Pres, 1953)p. 124

10 Harry Brverman, AOR MONOPOY CAPTA Monly ReewPres 1975), 85123 1551.

11 Barbara John Ehrenreich, Work d Conciouness MONTHYREVW, JulyAugut 1976

12 S Burau of he Cnsu, OCAL STATISTICS OF 'E UNITEDATES COAL TIMES 1957 (US vent Printing Office, 1960)13. e l wle Herr Gin HOONG N CAPTASTAERCA : EDUCATIONAL REFORM T CONTRADICTIONS OF ECONOMIC LIFE (ic s, 1975) Barbara Ehrenrch rde English

COMPAINTS DRDERS XUA CS OF CNE Fenist Pess, 1973)

14 Ehrenreich re Enish WICS NRS ND DWVES A STORY OF WON AERS (Femnist Press 1973)

15. Ewen, CAPTANS OF CONSCOUE: ADVERTISNG ND TCIAL ROO OF CONSUR CULTURE cGraw-Hll, 1976); Pul a


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ran Pau M Sweey, MOPOLY CAIA (ohly evew ess 1966Chte 5)

16 Cf. cha Hofsader T AGE OF REFORM (Kf, 1955) j 236-2337 Chrther sch EW RADCASM AMERICA (18891963)(Knop 1965)

p.147-149 162 168177:

H ieb, T ARCH FOR

ORDER, 1877-1920 and Wang 1967) pp 111132 145155.17. Edwa A. Ross AND CIEY (Hotffln, 1907), excetn Os L. Gaham, Jr GREA CAMPAGNS (Ptice Ha 1971), p 237.18. chad Ely "A vent Investga of Lar, n obrt M

Laolle . T MAKNG OF ARCA Vol. ABOR 1969),p 26

19. Betam Goss THE MANAGNG OF ORGANZATONS (on, 1964),Vo I, pp. 127128 ct i D sha, ORGAIATION AND MANAGENT(Progess ulishers Moscow 1972) p. 184.

20 Jas Weinsten T CORPORAE DEA IN ERA SA,1900-1918 (ac, 1968), p

21 Anthony M Pla, T CHLDSAVERS (U. of Chcago Pess, 1969), p87-8822 Freic W. Taylor, PRNCPES OF IENFC MANAGEMEN cedn Edwn HE REVOLT OF ENGEER CIA ESNBY AD THE AMERCAN ENGINEERING PROFEION (Press of Caeeste Resee Unv. 1971), p. 143.

23. yo EVOL OF T ENGINEERS p. 672. d, pp. 110 213; Ray E. Callahan, ECATON AND C

OF EFFCNCY (U of Chc Press 1962), p 19-22; mel abr, EFFICNCY AND UFT (U of Chco Pess, 1964).25 Trst Velen,

TENGIEERS AND PRICE SYSTEM (Ving

1932), pp 61 697126 Edwrd A Ross T CA TRED (e Centuy Co. 1922) p 171.27 Cf. Plp Foner, SORY O AOR MOVEMENT N T UND

SAE, Vo m neatonal, 1964), p 391; Ira Kpns AERCAN CIAIST MOVENT, 18971912 (Monl evew Pess 1972) pp 73177,306-307 312; Davd A Snn, CIAL PARTY OF ACA (Qurangle 1967), W 5354; as Wenstn T DECE OF SOCA IAMERCA (Mony Revew Pess, 1967), pp 79-83

28. Kpnis, ACA CAT MOVEN p. 216, 22722829 oseph F all ADRE CARNEGIE (Oo, 1970) pp 834 884;

stadr THE AGE OF REORM p 15530 REVOL OF T ENGIEERS, pp 79133.31 US Bueau of Census, ATSTCAL ABSRACT OF THE TED

STATES 1975 (U.S. Govement ntng Ofce 1975); Natonal ndustial Confeence ad, ECONOC ALMANAC 1967 (New Yok, 1967)

32 Davd Granck MNAGERAL COMPARINS OF FOUR DEVEPEDCOUNIE FRANCE RAIN UNITE STATE AND RUA ( Pess,1972), pp. 173 207.

33. Paul M. eey, NT HSTORY p. 123; Os Dle Dca of Occupaial ity i Unt ates, ARCAN COOGICA REV Vol. 30 .4 (Ag. 1965)

p.49198; also

C. Wrt

Mils, 'e MileClassen le-iz Cies, ACAN CIOOGCAREVW Vo. 11 No. 5 (Octbr 1946)

BARARA andJOHN EHRENREICH have wrten ily on healh anothr opics fr aro lft publcaons.


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Borba Kppe. p;ducer nd "el f H RL CONY. S (e) wmeske pprr i clyji


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The akng of Harlan Couny, U..A. vw w Bb Kl

Gail Peet

I n m iners at the Book side min e in Harla n County. Kent ucywent on strie after the mine owners refused to sign a contract with thenewly formed local of the U nited M ine Workers ( U M WA) BarbaraK opple, a fl mm aer who had been document ing the M iners for Democracmovement moved to Harlan to live with and film the miners and herfamilies during the struggle Their story is shown in her recentl eleased

film aa Co The flm is in color and runs 0 minutes It isdistributed by Cinema Distribution Inc, Madison Ave New YrkN

Gail Pellet interviewed Barbara Kopple in February, for Raa a

G How you e volve flm Harla Couy

B I was orally hre by he Mers for Democracy a ra

fle moveme he Ue Me Worers (UMWA Bu heI o so volve w people he coal fels he mers aher famles h I wae o o lo more ha mae a flmabou he Mers for Democrcy moveme

o expla hs moveme s really ecessary o o over somehsory of he UMWA From he erly 30s Joh L Lews ra e

GA IL PELLET ors ado vdo ad f N Yor.

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nion as a dictatorship That dictatorship contined nder Tonole who was appointed president b Lewis in 963. rom the30s o 1968 there had never been an elecion.

oles regime did lile organizing. The negotiated sweehearconracs. He conrolled the locals b appointing officials whoshared his poliics. o know coal mining is one of the mos dangeros indsries in this contr. et ole made health and safetdemands on he companies onl when absoltel foced o or example in 969 the armingon mine blew p and 78 men werekilled The mine had been inspeced 16 times before and had beenshown to be dangeros bt he coal operators js asked for moreexensions.

Jos eph Jock ablonsk was he first g brave enogh o rnagains ole. That was in 1969. Then ablonsk and his wife anddaghter were mrdered and miners reall go angr The wanedleadership that cold resnd to he needs of the coal miners. o arankandfile movement developed the Miners for Democrac and hree rankandfile miners emerged as leaders : ArnoldMiller Mike Trbovich and Harr Parick. Miller had spent 26ears in the mines and fogh for the blacklng movemen. Trbovich foght for atonom at the local level And Patrick fogh forcompensation for widows and disabled miners

Part of their platform was o organize he norganized. And soin 973 a he rookside mine in Harlan Kentck miners voedto become part of th MWA. This was a test case for he new reform movemen. Thats how Harlan began this time. theresa histor in Harlan. Harlan Con c am e to be known as loodHarlan In he 30s the MWA nder ohn L Lewis came in. Dring he strike people were hrown ot of their homes b the com-panies. There were no strike benefis so people literall starved.The compan broght in gn thgs and scabs. One morning the

miners went ino the hills and opened p on them. Miners andstrikebreakers were killed. The called it the batle of Evarts.John L. Lewis go ver scared and plled ot leaving the minersto their own destin. A nmber of miners spent 4 to 9 ears inprison. Later in he 1 950s dring the period of mechanizationthosands of miners were nemploed. Thas when the MWAreall los its hold in the coal fields . In 1 964 the ried again toorganize in Harlan Cont bt Ton Bole signed sweetheart contracs and i was jst as bad as before.

The miners were getting $26 to work 8 10 or 12hor dasin he mines It takes an hor o get from the beginning of he mineto the face where the actal work is being done and o woldnget paid for tha hor The safet conditions were errible. ppose o and I were working nder a roof and I heard a crack.I cold come ot bt the might sa to o : OK o have sixkids o need the work and the mone. o kee p working nderthat roof. " Workers were being divided like that And safet in-spectors were people who had come ot of the compan so the


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company would take them to places they wanted them to see. Littleor nothing was done about violations There was no jb securityIf you wanted to stike about something or if yu felt that some

thing wasn't right, youd be fired automatically. The miners hadabsolutely no rights

G But in the film we see Mille afte winning the UMWA pesidency on a reform platform compromise the right to stike.

B : Right. People had felt him to represent a stong honest reform leadership that was really going to resnd to thei needs.But you see Miller change uring the couse of the film. The last

section of the film includes the vote for a national coal contractIt was the first time in union history that the ines were able toratify their own contract. You see on a ank-andfile level what acontract can mean. Is it enough to have fivday vacations ? Is thatreally enough time to get the coal dust ut of you lungs ? But thenMiller compromised the miners' right to strike. The last part ofthe film says who you enemies are you ve got to fight against thecoal operators and the government In 195 a hundred and twentythousand miners went on wildcat strike and in the following yearthey struck again when coal operators violated grievance procedures. metimes people think that once you get a good lader youdont have to fight anymoe. Eveythings going to be taken cae of.Of course we know thats not so and the miners know thats ntso So he fight is still continuing. And as the young miner says inthe film "It s got to be a fight that comes from below. That swhat the film is about

What in your own personal background led you to producingthis kind of film ?

B I grew up on a flower and vegetable farm in Shub Oak NewYork I grew up ith my grandparents my parents and my brotherhey were all leftliberals. I went to school in Boston and got inolved in the antiwar movement. Then I got nto film making doing sound and editing I worked primarily on socialchange filmssuch as WINTER SOLDIER a lot of things for Bill Moyers Journal on televsion But I knew that I really wanted to do films thathad content that moved people forward For five years I had been

working until three or four in the morning seven days a week forother people an I really wanted to do something that I cared about

As I strted to do HARLAN CO USA I realized that nothingin the world was going to stop me from telling that story I dontthink of myself as a producer/director just soebody who knowshow to make films which is a way I can contribute to communicatin the litical thins I believe in To experience and learn butalso to bring that experience back and share it with othe peopleWe wanted a film that workers everywhere would be able to look


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at What we were tring to do with the film was make it honest,from the rankandfile people Tring not to maniplat it Lettingthem speak That s wh there s no narration in the film We didn t

want nar ration with rhetoric or some heav imposed thing thatdidnt natrall come ot of where the people were

I filmed in the coal fields for three ears Making the film wasa datoda process The onl thing I was oncerned with wasbeing able to contine for another da It was a lifeanddeathstrggle down there, and we jst wanted to contine working If ostick with people long enogh, o can see clearl in which directions the are moving Thats wh I think staing in a place over along period of time is reall necessar when ore tring to do

some kind of indepth std of whats happening Three ears isntlong enogh bt we were able to get a glimpse of the changes taking place

This kind of film can onl happen with a mall grop of tightlknit people who know how to work and move qickl in differentsitations The crew had to be politicall motivated so we coldhave discssions after ever few das of filming and taping, analze what we were getting and figre ot where we were goingfrom there Like what it meant to watch grown men crawling in

23 to 29 inches of space in the mines, or that if a man works 5ears in a mine o can presme he has black lng

G : What kind of relationships did the film crew have with miners their families, the sheriff and compan representatives ?

: Well when we first ar rived at rookside it was abot forin the morning It was fogg and mist And there the were tatetroopers with clbs women with sticks We figred we coldn t

jst get ot of the car and sa Hello were ew ork film makersand here we are, so we got an organizer we knew to introdce sto the picketers At first the didn t trst s, the didn t tell stheir real names The women said the were Martha Washingtonlorence ightingale and ets Ross

A week later we got in a ver bad car accident The have incredible montains there with no lights and no gidelines and wewere pshed off of Pine Montain b some strike breakers Werolled right over the montain The car landed on the hood, so weall crawled ot of the windows took or eqipment and walked allbattered and brised to the picket line becase we promised thepeople that we wold be there After that the realized we reallcared abot them that we were dedicated o we lived with theminers in their homes for 3 months

Dring the last cople of weeks of the strike the sed to shootp the miners homes at night We took mattresses to pt themarond the sma ll home, and we d be sleeping on the floor with akid here and a dog there The men had porch dt at night taking

3


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trns sitting with shotgns There wasnt an indoor plmbingso at night we had a bdd sstem One night m friend and I weregoing to the bathroom He had an and I had a 37 Magnm

We cold hear the gnfire down below And sddenl there was arstling in the bshes and we both plled ot or gns and a dogran ot of the bshes That was the kind of terror we were livingwith There was no one there to help s ecept the coal miners andtheir familie s We owe or lives to them ; the protected s andspported s

I gess we kept down a lot of the violence b being on the picketline Even if we didnt have an film we wold go ot there andpretend to be filming The gn thgs at that point reall didnt know

who we were or where we were from Wed also stop the scab caravan ever now and then and tr to ask them qestions AntimeHart Perr, the cameraman wold ask a qestion the wold walkawa Whenever I asked a qestion the wold talk to me in a verpatronizing wa I didnt mind ; I was jst glad that the were sa-ing something The also told s that if the ever caght s aloneat night the wold kill s The state troopers wold warn s continosl that we better get ot becase three ears ago anotherfilm crew was shot p down there The cameraman was killed

obod was prosected for it One morning abot 4 or 5 am thegn thgs opened p on s with semiatomatic carbines was thefirst beaten p and then Hart Perr All of s realized at thattme even if we had been naive before that we cold be killed atan moment

G How did o manage to get into jails and corthoses to film ?

B When the miners and women were pt into jail we jst fol-lowed them in We staed in there ntil we were kicked ot

In the cortroom scene we were reall lc I s ed to s e awireless mike and whenever I thoght I wasnt going to be able tofilm I wold mike somebod ahead of time who was going to par-ticipate In the cortroom scene a lot of miners and women wereconfronting the jdge who was a coal operato for ptting themin jail for being on the picket line The woman I had pt the wirele ss mike on happened to be the one to speak he s the one whosaid The laws aren t made for working people For filming inthat sitation we opened the doors of the cortroom in the back

pshed" the film two fstops and shot

G In the film o follow the ver important role that womenplaed dring the strike bt o dont reall get a sense of theirlives Can o explain that ?

B Al their lives women had heard abot nionism F rom theirgrandfathers, their fathers their hsbands their sons Thewatched their men die of black lng or become maimed or killed


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n the ol mnes For the women n ths flm ths ws the frsttme tht they elly me out nd dd nythng n mss Theourts s d tht thee ould only be s x mners on pket lne

One they me out thee ws no wy to stop them t ws somethng deep down tht they hd been herng bout ll ther lves.

They l so hd ther own lub led the rooksde Women sClub They dd other thngs. For Thnksgvng they ooked turkeysn bg hll where everybody hd Thnksgvng dnne togetheQuestons were rsed, study groups were formed we strted newspper people lerned how to use n A k mhne Everybody wrote nd everybody ws supsed to wrte whethe t wsbout food stmps or dy e or the shool system or just every

dy knds of oppresson

Thee seemed to be some tenson n the flm between mennd women . Ws there more you hose not to show ?

I thnk tht the onflt you re tlkng bout ws eult oflow morle Attks on the mners by the stke brekers weretepped up They wee shootng nto people homes t ws longtme on the pket lne nd they were gettng very s red the

strkng fmles strted fghtng mong themselveAs f s men endorsng the ft tht women wee gong on thepket lne there were problems n some of the homes but thewomen dd t n mss The men knew of no othe wy tht theyould wn the trke f t wsnt for the women ut when thngsgot elly volent the men ddnt wnt the women there

ut then t one of the meetngs os who ppers o be themost mltnt peson n the flm pulls gun out of her dre

And one of the men sys Wht s tken you so long ? youstrt to see not only hnge of tts by the mners nd thewomen but lo hnge n understndng The mners need thewomen out there.

o you thnk the ft tht you flm ew nd produton rewwere lrgely women hd ny sgnfne n the fnl produt

As f women wokng on the flm tht wasn t nythngntentonl It just so hppened tht the women who worked on theflm were people who were nvolved nd ommtte to the subjetThee were lot of men tht were ommtted ltl people toond there wsnt n my mnd ny dtnton between men ndwomen It ws people who relly red nd wnted to move thngsfowd on tht level

Mountn mus l mnes m permete the flm.


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Wo wroe and performed the musc

B : Well at one of the ralles n e flm yo see loence Reece

wo wrote Whch Sde Ae Yo On " drng he labor srgglesof e 30s n Halan sngng agan n e 70s Then a a coupleof ponts n he flm you see Nmrod Worman. Hed ell us oldstores abo he thngs he wen trogh n he 30s and 40s ndthen e'd js burs no songs tha he roe msel. s dagher,Pylls Boyens, sngs wth hm n one segmen. Hazel Dcens sreally e man snger hroughout the flm even hogh yo don'see her Ses a coal mners dagher and she wroe songs leMannngon, Blac Lung Cold Blooded Mrder , and he last

song of he flm Theyll Never Keep Us Down Se wroe e lasone especally for he flm n a ee All he msc n the flmexcep Merle Travs 's Dar as a Dngeon as rten by coalmnes, mners wves and her daughters.

I 'M A' l MN

Confronation beween srk upporer and Sheriin Harlan Couny.

G Tere are only a cople of momens n he flm were esee blac mners, and one s a parcularly acs ncden the sre breaes Are there many blacs lvng n arlan Cony

and s racsm an sse B In arlan Conty here's a very small blac ppulaton. here

s some racsm, bu here's a uned feelng among e progressvemners Drng he 30s he coal operators would go to the Souand brng tranloads of blac mners o use as sre breaers.When blac mners fond ou wa was happenng hey becamehe mos mlan on te pce lnes Recenly racs ssues havebeen sepped p by Klan acves.

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G : What happened when yu creened HARLAN CO dwn there ?What wa peple repne t he film ?

B We were t creen HARLAN CO at he multipurpe centerwhere everything happened in Harlan he meeting the funeral fLawrence Jne wh wa the miner illed during the trie andthe cntract igning t place here. A gat wa hung by the center armed miner td at he dr befre the creening

Fr me i wa he mt imprtan creening tha I culd haveever witneed The peple lived thrugh he trie again Theycreamed at the trie breaer they cried thrugh the funeral fLawrence Jne A man wh wa dying f blac lung wa wheeled

in n a big ilver hpital bed. I wa incredibly dramatic I waeremely nervu wndering what hey wuld thin abut me fthe cene. I a in the bac wih my hand ver my face but heyreally lied i. I left them a prin a prectr plu rewind andmaterial they wuld need clean and repair he film It' beinghwn all ver the cal field. Miner and heir wive are gingarund a peaer with the film. They're uing it fr tudy grupt raie cnciune and fund. It bringing he peple in thecal field cler tgether.

G : Hw wa the film funded ?

B It wa eremely difficult. We were given $9 000 t beginwring n mething t hw ther ptential dnr Mney waraied frm fundatin church grup individual dnr andlan. I did maive amunt f prpal writing metime applying t the ame fundatin three time. I wrte deperate let-ter frm the cal field t wealthy liberal peple 1 leter

with prpal When they didnt write bac I did fllwup letter.It a tremendu amunt f wr. A tnihingly enugh I gt aMater Charge card and fr tw traigh mnth we lived n Ma-ter Charge. We gt film and everything that we needed. My bill iatunding Im ill paying it ff.

I thin ne f the mt imprtant thing in raiing mney i thatyu have t meet the peple wh migh fund yu and yu have beable t hw them pat wr they ene yu nw what yureding Yu have t lea rn hw t write prpal and anwer al l thedifferent ind f quetin that fundatin might a yu abutditributin r yur pductin plan. Yuve gt t really learn hwt d a budget and hw t be able put thing tgether cncretelyin term that hey underand. It a very hard and lng prce tget funding and it came in little iny bit Id get anywhere frm$5 t $2,000 a grant me f thi will be made eaier I hpey a new grup in Cambridge the Film Fund a fundatin frcilchange film.


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G HARAN CO as the last film shon at the Ne Yor FilmFestival last year; an it got the first staning ovation of the festival, plus rave revies. Di that surprise you

B Yes. We ' een oring very har. Eiting ha taen ninemonths . An trying to figure out ho to struture it an get all thethings e ante in it as very raining. Our morale as lo Weha a rough ut", ut it as n't all fitting together yet e eiethat e oul sho it in rough ut to the N Y Film Festival, anthought maye that oul e the final impetus e neee to finishafter four years of oring on it. When the seletion ommittees reene it, they love it. The film as finishe the ay efore the

festival an e ha a pres s sreening that for us as the greatestthing. The miners ' ives an some of the miners ame up anHazel Diens, ho rote a lot of the musi ame up ith hergroup an sang. Psyhologially it as onerful. t as a verys ary time for me, eause it as something hien in theloset for four years an ha no iea hat the reation of otherpeople oul e. Plus taling in front of a lot of people, eing responsile for hat e ere oing in ringing the oal miners antheir ives there. in't no ho they oul feel aout it. mean

they might have hate the film, right But it as a onerful ouple of ays.

G Ho is the film eing istriute

B The film as $60 000 in et, an ha the hoie of selfistriution or going ith a ommerial istriutor. Selfistriution oul mean trying to orro a tremenous amount of money,an maye at the en of a year eing over $00000 in et. An

guess neee to let go a little it an go onto something else,so hose a ommerial istriutor.The film has een running for several ees in Ne Yor an

is sheule to open in Washington exington, Charleston, anCininnati in the next month. An, of ourse, it is eing sreenefor rananfile groups an ommunity groups herever peopleant it. That as one agreement fought for ith the istriutor.

Time ill tell. t nees a lot of grassroots an ommunity support an rananfile suprt if it 's going to o ell. f it oes

ell it ill say that people in this ountry ant some in of alternative that they nt to see fi lms that mae them thin anfeel something t ill ring people in this ountry a lot los ertogether over issues an organizing.

There are a numer of ne films eing istriute inepenentlyright no HOYWOOD ON TR A, aout the MCa rthy perio;NON MADS, aout three oring omen in the ' 30 s an hothey live through those struggles an ON THE NE, aout unemployment an the marh for jos an the rent strie at Coop City


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n New York. They are more professonay produed we thouhtout, and not your usua knd of doumentary where the am era sshaky and the sound s bad. Theyre produed by peope who haereay pad ther dues workn n the fm ndustry, earnn therraft so they an make the best knd of pota fms they an.

The fms of the 30s ke OTTBOROH BOY and theLTTLE REPBL TEEL TRE, were mrtant to e. t wasdurn a very rouh tme n ths ountry. Peope 's ves were onthe ne peope ke thos e ho started the Fm and Photo Leauen New Yor or ke Leo Hurwtz, ho dd HN TRE Band VE LND. They were under unfre and bakstn, yetthey ere fmn someth vauabe to our hstory.

What are your future pans

B : have two deas . One s a fm on a J P. tevens tete mn North arona, where peope have been tryn to on a unonfor 3 year s. . P. tevens ons 9 ms, and every tme there sa dsturbane at one of them they shut t down. That s usua theony ndustry n the area, so peope are afrad to o on strke. Theseond dea oud be a draat reenatment of the Trane Fre .

Do you thnk youve been haned by the eperene of mak-

n the fm on Haran o. B The man thn earned s that f you stk toether you an

wn. The fm woud not have happened wthout a ot of ommttedfm makers and frends payn a ot of dfferent roes . n Haranthe strke oudnt have happened nor have been on, and probabymore peope woud have ded, f there werent a ot of ommttedpeope workn toether unted th the same deas. Thats reaymportant, partuary no n a ountry where peope are som e-tme s afrad to hane thns. n Haran, peope who wer e totayoppre ssed n every knd of way were ouraeous enouh to takether ves and ther destnes n ther on hands and fht tohane thns.

'm m w H y /


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1_ o c, H R/L TRAVALLE b f I hl. LAR/LE TRAVALLEUR _

pr _ AR/L TRAVALLER. _ m' - t m o H :

I RE RAVAILER 1 -. LAR/LE TRAVALER " ' i s 8 f u e a nb ix dx E jABR/LE TRAVAIER w ' n rir dx d dr du C6 Ir Gv_....:

O KrLe T. HI. o. 0

O KL/L T I'Hish .vt NI

Newsmonth/y of the Northern California Alliance

Firtrte In nl af BIY Are.N Itonl nd -m I clt pecte

D M ! ence:_ $ for I one yelr b

($1.0 f tti) Sen me I ree tril copy

of the ltt se

NaeStreet Addrs___City/Stlte/zip

mail t: COMMON SENSE 2448a Min St. San Fancico a 94110 (415) 648-231


46/84

This w mu w done y the chiden of neighohood ssocition unde the diection ofn tist who ives inthe neighohood They e usuy in ight coos nd the themes gow out of neighohood oitic stugges.This one e " The eoe nd ony the eoe e the engine tht mo ves histoy NO! to the ti n!" The"ti n is edeveoment n tht woud destoy the neighohood nd eect commeci high ise in tsce. This the neighohood of Pomes woking-css distict on the edge of Mdid


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Return to Spain

Jose Delado-Guiar

Wen lef Span s years ago ranco was alve and represson aganst te Basque mltans was reacng ts pea. etedtroug e renc border troug e Basque counry durng estae of sege Secret polce were everywere searcng everyoneWle ey searced e uarda vl covered us w er submacne guns Toug was leavng my Qe was no an elen e full sense of te word. But as sepped no France I felt

accumulaed years of enson dsappear.Now reurnng to Span red to rememer my fear and enewfound feelng of freedom ad felt wen crossed no rance.Freedom cles ad old a frend as too e ran for Pars Now on e plane to Madrd I n of te years n Span e repre sson fears and frusraon. wonder about my fends n Ma-drd and ow ey feel now now tere ave been some cangess nce rancos deat and tere see ms to be a endency towarddemocracy But am anous o tal o people to fnd out wa ey

epect n e fuure.

ARRIVA

As wal roug customs I am loong around for canges . far Span loos e same wt te same noy Spanards On teway fro te arport to Madrd ave my frt surpe Sloganand drawngs on te wals are not covered up by e lce a tey

A h in hi aice byJe Degad- Guia.


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use o be G o ns n enenes s eveywhee Muh o s ee o een evens he eeenum hees o he ee o he Communs Py an muh o sus py ogos o sogns My en who ws vng s M_ s mess bu w o see wh hppens ung he eeons

T

The s ew ys wne oun M Thee e moepeope hn eve n he soes n sees The ees esn bs e e wh smoe n The symbo ohe no yes e n he poess o beng emove The mn

see n M o empe s

Gn V ung he noyes ws enme Ce os' nono e he ee o he

nge Now 's Gn V gn O gn he ngs symbo he symbo o pnsh sm s beng sowy emove omhe eunon heues he n Bung seems s peope wn o ese hsoy uy h hey hve been vng n b em h se oy yes

The boosoes n newssns hve ns o boosom eeme e o eeme gh oos bo he pnsh CvW whh ou no hve ppee wo yes go e bes se-es e mgnes e now eveywhee n nuy s no ensoen ms nymoe n M you n now go o py meeng o spese Po ones bnne beoe e now so oun vne eong o he nenone s bo o be e-ese n o Non he ony o newo owe o ynews now nes soes bou ses n os Thee s gene eeng o eeom n pns e begnnng o enoysomehng hey hven nown o yes

Th gn ,d h n ib/in 0 mn ithu vuIOn n h n tn h hbn wmn


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CONER TION

I d o mny o I d o no om o hm

hd nonin Unriy om hd gron h nd om r comrd

om or rd by ho on hy r ho mch hynd o bo h going on

Igncio rin H i n hi oi Whn ord oghr bo h mindd hi on bn Im rying om ing " h id No h hd oinon W don o nyhing o Frnco h id I i h h conomc o hcony i b b h i no d o n conomic mc or

orim od b o h o o mny o mh hd o ob in ordr o i h o id h minimm g i h md pn rchr h monyn no h hnd o bi h rod h dm h ho id on h b W dd i nd no h dcor No i

conn o or nd o igh o b nd mo

conyMnolo i doero. d h i or ing

in nd bh od ong ho nd ndd hi bn o yhing om o o ry n hnon hm nc chid indy nd on dbo r n bo ic No h m i n ondio nd nr o ing bo ic hi cony goocii h id I i mb o o hng En h n mddc nighbohood bo i I' ncyo o o h coo ho m o o mony o o hor hr m b m on ho mch on ron cn n in Cb don hin h nid old ingonmn W hd oo mny y o dicorh nd no

n rdom h hy I hin h dmocric ocm b good nd i com o in

H cod h iic mr by h od in hi ory h od o o py in h id nigo Croh cy o h Commni y hd bn rd ndihin dy hi ry n od h nd ho h drogro n orngc nighborhood nd h h od o o ry pn oo ' o gi ic g

Cro miin in h commni Py i yr go h

orr i n cronic coy mnion I m hmhi

h niriy hrogh dnor comm

h rd o on o h or commiion o h ndom rind h orgnd cooi o in ic nd dirib iic rcord To or hr o h o nrchi nd on i in h ocii ry Thy gd booic in ndy y hi Cro id W m gi crdio r (h ridn A h Cro go r W nr cd hi rom him b h i ing rybody W il


50/84

e ph r hae, b a a he ere hwe pera wh we wll be perae h he I we wll e re.

Carll ha bee ae be reble r e ee- r he Cl War here ha bee prere he C h a ele a leaer wh a e heCl War w ha eerb a ab ha, a Car we wll hae r leaerhp er prere r heh. I here are hae he ar, wl be llw heral prere he ar.

a a reelae wrer. e wa r ehbrh.Aer a ear a he Uer he appeare. Nw he ha bee

a aarh. He re a wl wa a he ae e [ ee heral he wra ehbrh he ral are he

wr he ehbrh aa whh are er pra pa he bea a raa hewe b w -le whle ale. ae are raze ree r b- aa a a eera hee r a ehbrhaa. he hewe ae her raa arare b, beae hh pre Nw he r prera h a her ehbrh prble We are r

a a ae ' a a We wa eb ell wha r he p, a here are a wh he e. he C he aarh rw, a he C- are l wer beae he are be eaewh he ere a he K wh were e bra. The e a aer, a he C wa wr a ea wh he apal. he ehbrh aaare rae b he C ar b w a are raarh beae he are e lle wh he ar

a he ral are ae b aarh he a - he Aarh l a he wal a a l reearh ab plal raza pa he a. Thereare ab 20 rh w I we llabrae we wll e aheb he h. ee a l llabra bewee aarh a al

TE AGIC WEEK

he wee bere

le ar rer , e eeralwa appe a e peple e le lal ee.

Eerh are a era r lal aeCrw ww Mar were pere b he le whre he era a r A he lee re, I ee he I aae ah a b whh wa le a pblr he era.

Th e I' e ee hw peple ar rea rher rh a l he ple he are a le a

8


51/84

h Fra yar hi wud r ap aid a midda wma w u ru arud r da

Cm ady u u m ad u r aw a

r au yu i i a ay ghhd u m u au m arr'

a ha ! W ad a rwd wh d iiii dr drd i ir arga ma. I hmaim h a w ay w g u h rara pag a hurh whr p wr mg u h uday ma

Ad why d' hy a u h p h ar ag d r hig ad h grm ha

ga. r a u d ra g ayhig rm d Yu I r hard uh hg i h ra yar, ad

h mddagd wma aga h g a hig ihy ud

Wha gig hap i ha u ar gig yur paruig m ad ad rd ad aughig I iag my ad g dw ar ayig gy l r

A wahd h w , I hard ha ud had h y a pr huig Lg L hr h g ! a hamay pp had urd i h ri h mra w durig uday ar radg dir i hapa h x day wma did uri hr raurd y a arga air

n dmn n W h yI k b"d h Ud nd /h Cn dn't wh t h h n hd n h h h Enq Mn mnd bJ Thn A cn n Pd nd n ndI cn c/h nd h-wQhd Bnd xd0 h n nd Lndmn h Ih h Gnd b h b mwh bbd th nd Bt And nd mn wh c th ! hp


52/84

ha sam day Gna Viasusa was kidnad by h obsu gou ad RAPO (Anasis Amd ous of hFis of Oob). h nx day, nn ao awys w sho by

a ighwing ommando gou in hi offs iv of hm ddTh sia of von uminad wh h kings of wo o-mn and on ivi guadsman by h RAO on iday. Evyonwas hinkng ha h Cavo oo shoong whh d o h vnsof h Sanish Civi Wa was nohing omad o wha was haning now in Madd. Evyon xd h wos bu n a ss mov and fo h fis m n foy yas h osonfos and h govnmn asd a oin ommnqu ondmnng h xmis vion and sad ha hos who had nid

h as w inn on song h ogss owad dmoa.Th miay ad fo diin and h sbodiaion of h miiay o h iviian govnmn and sdn az sad Wwon s ak on ou way o Dmoay"

A of hs vns suo h hey widsad i Madid,ha h s a wogand an o mak dmoay imossibn Sohn Euo and say in Sain Th aons of xms os suh as AO and h Waos of Chs hKng a inndd o vn h aion of an d govn

mn. Bu who a bhnd a of hs gous ? h mos haon has vywh bam h asis nnaona (ndnggous fom Chi, ay, Ba and Agnina as w as San)

Wa murfin Mdrd "o'm,-dwm,"'


53/84

Afr m of l Ocor Rom fw mmrw Sp d my l y r old r My k GRA O rly rw oro crd o of plc opo d cr dordr wll ld o Clyl cop My or k G wor. r of o o om yo p Sp o of NA O d Commo M d wy o do o pr dmocrc orm from dl-

op My popl Alr prr of lfrop d cory w ro r form rd-world Mdrr lo ppor om of rmrop Srprly o o lm CA l

wl mlo comp m f from p lordr orr rm r of Amr pl-m wol r o rt Sp o lrcplop.

OS DELG DOGUT RTs a Snsh ars lvng n Bn. Hes nef he nders f" alx, a rave mltmeda ener n Bstn'sSh End

The V


54/84


55/84

Tumol n Span:

The Communst Patyand the Mass Movement

Te Kpl

pa o aga doma had ay a w go bywhou w of kdappg aaao, a d ma dmoa-o u h ad h azao udggazao o a a pa of o h mpoa of h wg ma mom of wo wom udad goa auoom ha ha dopd h pa hy ya a auhoaa apa a wh a po ad aboogazao pah Commu ay e whh ha bouawd fo ay oy ya, ha ououy maad audgod uu pa Ma fom ha uppodauoomou ugg of h ma mom ad ha u ud h pop o h udgoud pay h e hahagd a m h pa fou dad par au of

h ma mom ha ha hapd ad m o mog aga, h m h do of oa ad a fom o ommum

h E a Euoommu pay, a am appd o a ay of ag fo ahg dmoa ommm add dua ou uh a Iay a, ad pa hComm a o h h o ha d a

A wys I g m com Jon o h.5


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cetaie bueaucacie a vaa iitaize pae i a-v e itea ecac a a ppua aiatThe have a eecte the ti the ctath the pe-

taiat a (se wu a the ca tue a with it utthe iiait betwee the CE a the the tw es heeFace a Ita eeate ascis Sai ti ive ue it Theech a taia Cuist have uctie ea etha thit ea; the CE s sti iea Te cae uaaiati the Fech a taia atie ae t aiati ceate b a the at Thee ate have t beewii abe t eet the ee ew cttuecie uch awe eai vce a eaie abtis The Spah

a aizati ew u autus thuh Cuit athe etists have wke i the The CE has apte paatic ueti it cstituet istace the a abihi aw ch a the aute aw that isciate aaistwe a ake aute a ciia ee

Whateve the ea it the that the e i iseth ht s that thuh t iea its ebeh ue apiate e ii ee which wi pbab w b at eat ahe haii bee the eea eecti iue The Mat a Ttskit cbie have apate

0,000ebe The questi t ak is h s a Spaih

e wke teats a eiait w ee cpee ti the caetie e athe tha the e evutia atie t it et The aswe a ie i the chice cstiuecThe Mats a Ttkit ti cu the iutia le-aiat aw ee whie he C take the etie uaveet a it teta bae

Cas tue a Mas Oaati

u taatis the ec a ca tuctue Spai have ceate ew ca stue a ew as atiUe the ictathi Facisc Fac the caitaist casacti thh the tate caie ut a evuti abve thatcpete the taat aicutue beu i the ieteethcet ( h veet hee awes cate thei

aea ae ahi echaize ituce ew c ucha sua beet, ctt, a c The ve a easat aua etaa it the acties Thuh the acist tae u-is which set wae the aize ab itaie thewkce a ctatiae stikes This sueepitati a pette the caia ccuuati that uewte theit tae the uhheae Sah ecic ace the pat hit eas

The Wl ak a the teatia Meta u hepe i

5


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ae he ecod age ha 197 had raormed pa o heeh major dural er he orld ad egraed o hemoopolcapal eor domaed ed ae mper

alm The

193Deee Pac h he Ued ae had gveae he eer Mederraea exchage or merca

veme The World Ba ad he raoal Moear udaer 96 ega veg heavl pa o ae advaage o cheap ad uppoed docle aor uppl Ther developme plaorgazed hrough pa' Naoal dura ue called orcorco o e ceer o elecroc chemcal ad meallur-gca dure aa rom he raoal area o laor mlace Caaloa ad he Baue Cour. The u e pla cloe

o large upple o cheap aor Galca avarre ad ld Cale. Brh elad ad a or eample corced her auopla Pam pla ad vla Madrd ecame a ceer o mealrgcal dure.

Beee 1939 ad 96 he pah dral proleara douledcreag o mlo e orer epecall BarceloaMadrd ad Blao. The mer o ome he dral ororce creaed rom 2 per ce 1930 o 19 per ce 90,large exe ad elecroc B 97 carcel 2 per co he poplao a egaged agrclure mol a had oragre

964aloe a quarer o a mlo peope e he

courde Th e proleara came rom amog he mallpeaa o Cale ormer he acoe o he alage. Par ohe ecoomc mracle a acheved exporg pah orero orher Europea dr hugr or cheap laor 964rom he ce ad rural area o daua Exremadura adGaca parcular 293000 pah me ad ome mgraed oGerma zerlad ad ede earch o or Ther agee ac o ame pa accoued or a large par o paoreg exchage

2 raco hareed pa leadg aura reorce he aaoher orce o oreg capal. The goverme promoed heorm ha raormed he hg vlage orh o Barceloao he lcae Coa ad ear Malaga o he adr orhorror o he Coa Brava Bedorm ad he Coa de ol Thepeaa arod hee ceer ecame coruco orer aer ad mad ervg he our hoe pedg accoued oroehrd o he Gro aoal Produc 970 3The Worg Cla

epe raco' ac orgaao o aor hrough drecorce, a depede laor moveme ega o revve he aeore. ha me he lo rerh o pah dr rggeredao hch ur promoed re I 949 emale exleorer orgaed a durde re, he r ce ra

55


58/84

c's vicy i 3 (h s ut thids f ll tilks h s y sti i iscys sdly dfd stdts n Bc gd us yct t st is nici icss husdsfld thi d d th yc d t h fist st l sti i c h scist l syndictC (ilSydicl Cfdtin) k s s s ssi s l hi 1 th uyi t Ssh k s hlfht i hd Futh ss i J ld siks i su Cty d Cli iltusly ivsty studts suld ist thi fcd shi i h scist std izi 4) M d f kicss iti d s fily cd h v t n cllciviin ct i u his y cld th CN tit s ih idsy th h itllyst s () hs yd y th s ffic ids th cy hsil d th uic ks hiid ii i y y h st h thn th CNS diclys h s

Milits nid sc ks' cisis iddt sh s ud th cl s d i dis f sis iin i ut ths h 4

s i Mdid fd tivy sl fcty cis iv sh cditins hy s sd h d t th is d cslidd h cits i disic nd vicilcissis th vhlss td y hi lds ld ilits f vy iic susi s f h liMci Cch s th dd PCE As yu Cch h s f dui ld hd scdt si ys i isn h d f th Civi W s y i i nd fiv hd d sh Mcc

Mcc h scd i h h id f4 t h i sy d hi tu t Mdid k s ii id t Pkis Mic Cdid cy id ni ici u 1 h h d f ks h L Misty hy ddd hiks $5 2 sts) f hu dy hy ls ddd h iht sik. Cch sisd h d dly 7 d 1 In thy h vt td t cc d

Radical America Vol 11 No 2 - 1977 - March April

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Transcript of Radical America Vol 11 No 2 - 1977 - March April