Radical America - Vol 15 No 3 - 1982 - May June

8/8/2019 Radical America - Vol 15 No 3 - 1982 - May June

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POLAND

VOL.S, NO3 lIBRMY

JUN 29 18

RECEIVE

$2

MAY-JUNE

AMILCAR CABR

HOLLYWOOD WTCHHU


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Editor Fank Bodhea, Margery Davies, John Demee Mala Eien, Phyli Ewen iGoon, Jim Green, Alen Hune, oe Inerane, Neil McCaey, im O'Brien, ily ope J

Smihan Ann Wihorn

Eioria Inen Donna Penn

Saf on D

oiae Eio iin Ca Bo a Bhe oe C Coao Een B

abaa Eneih Jon Enei, an Goaka ain Gaban, Miae ic

Kazin Kn Lawn Saon Lyn y Mane Ma aion Bian eeon S

Rowboa nneaie Toe aa Viin San Wei Dai Wiey

Co by oo

Front cover based on a dign by Miecslaw Szuka, 924.

pucs v mcmnivsiy Micfils nnainal300 North Zeeb RadDep Ann Ab. Mi 0USA

33 Mime Sreee P

Lnon 7RAEglan

Back cover based on Heic Citi XI c. 935 abstract photo by Karo Hiler

RDCL MRC (USPS 873880) i blied bimtly by te lterte dcto Proect c t 8 Sqre Smerie M 023 (67) 62885 Cyrit 98 by Rdcl meric Sbcrpto rte $2 per $22 or two yer $8 er yer or te eplyed dd 3 per yer to prce or oreg bcrpto Dobeor ttto Free to roer. Blk rte: redctio rom cer prce or e or more cope Booktorerder rom Crrer Pigeo 75 Keeld St Bot M 02 . Ditribto i gd by Soter DtrbtoClerkewell Cle Lodo CR OT. ypeett by Crrier Pige.

Secd cl te id t Bt M d dditil t ice.

RDCL MERC i ilble mcrilm r Xerox Uierity Micrm 3 Nort Zeeb Rod rbo8 d dexed i ltertie Pre Ceter Idex P.O Bx 7229 Bltire MD 228.


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ARCV 1 1

INTRODUCTION UNDERSTANDING HE POLISH REVOLT: An Interview

with Daniel Singer and Marta Petrusewicz

POLAND DOCUMENTS OF THE STRUGGLE 9"PLEASE DESTROY THIS AFTER YOU'VE READ IT 35

Phyllis Ewen

AMILCAR CABRAL AND HE DIALECTIC OF 9PORTUGUESE COLONIALISMCedric Robinson

THE PAS IS PROLOGUE 9THE BLACKLIST IN HOLLYWOODPeter Biskind

FILM SHORTS 66

LETERS


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The events in Poland since te summer of present a spetace hat we have ragimpsed in recen decades: a massive and powerfu working-ass revot We have toback to the French general strike of and the Italian "hot autun of to anyting approacing his assertion of workinglass power. And the victories won byPoish workers have already been far greater than anything won in rane or taly.

This understanding of the Pois movement as a historic workingass rebeion has t

the starting point for any analysis To see it in any other ontext is to fa into the quickof having to choose between Wesern capitaism and Soviet comunis in word polTo see it hrough he distoring prism of codwar confrontaionis is no ony to beraytraditional ideals of the Left bu o ignore obstinatey the best hopes for a prinipled wpeace

To be sure, there are compications in the Poish rebeion, and we woud ike to dishe ere The chief omplications have to do with the roe of the Cathoi hurch, worsuppor for priva farmers, and the noncapitaist naure of the Poish econoy. Theyvita to a compee understanding of the dynamics of he Poish events bu hey shoudbe allowed to distract our attention from he enra fat of he onit the affirtio

workers of their independent power in society No workers oveent wi ever be spoand pure from the standpoint of a wedeveoped sociais theory

The reigious overtones of the Poish srikes, together wih Soidariy eader Waesas ties to he Cathoi hierarhy, have disurbed any efwing observers in the W

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a fof ay o y o f


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represente in one form by Cabral an anotherby Tanzania, for eample, is not merely anationalist slogan bt a serios search fornonogmatic, inepenent roas to socialisbase on poplar traitions an emocratic

choicesMore particlarly, another reason that

awareness of African history an crrent eentsis important toay is Soth Africa. At stakethere is not only the iability of socialism orinepenence in any part of Africa, bt also theftre of the worl capitalist economy. Noreoltionary moement faces a more brtalan seemingly impregnable state than oes theSoth African. The repression that followethe peak of black strength in the early 1960swas npreceente. Bt the Soth African statesoon sffere a great blow fro the liberationof the forer Portgese territories, an by thelte 1970s it was in an inestiably weaker anore isolate position. The Soweto riots thenarose as a rebirth of irect challenge to whitepower, an as a symbol of the literal inestrctiility of the Africn en forfreeom This most recent wae of oppositionin Soth Africa, appearing as it oes partly in

the form of a yoth rebellion, remins s againof the npreictbility of social moeents, theower of their ery spontaneosness, an theerror of espair

Thirty years ago raicals an lierals werehale efore Congressional inestigating coittees an force to prge themseles ofcrrent or st eershi in the ConistPrty The central act in this process was tonae naes to finger others besiesyorself who attene certain eetings,worke in certain orgaizations, or wereactally ebers of the Party. To refse tocooperate in naming names, een thoghitting one's own past ebership or par

6,

ticipation, wol likely lea to the loss of job, an a pblic braning as a traitor.

This process ha one of its most rachapters in Hollywoo, when the famothe obscre were broght before the HCommittee on UnAmerican Acti(HUAC , which was spposely inestigComnist infiltration of the entertaininstry. Many people refse to talk, orthe line in talking only abot themseles. of these ncooperatie witnesses wereblackliste, an col no longer work film instry, or col o so only ner anae.

Bt any others did talk, an nnaes that were hosehol wors.names themseles were almost alwaysknown to the inestigators. As Victor Nashows in his new book Naming Namesprpose of this selfegraing rital was nobtain information, bt to proie a pspectacle throgh which some of the gcol rehabilitate themseles while oterscast ot of the instry As Peter Bipoints ot in his reiew of Naasky's booeffect of the inqisition in Hollywoo wa

broaer than enying work to seeral iniils; in fact, it worke to significaage the liberal poplar front cthat ha secre a place for itself rineression an Worl Wr .

Since Biskin's reiew was written, ements in Congress hae senly maisse of naming names a releant oneagain. Thogh the Senate Internal SeScomittee the Senate parallel to H was abolishe in 1 977, it has nowresrrecte by the epblicancontrSenate. ts new gise is the Senate Sbcommittee on Secrity an Terroheae by bornagain eremiah DentoAlabama, a former PW in Vietnam. W


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is too ealy to tell how mch sppot Denton'scommittee will eceie fom the epblicanleaeship, its initial eaing was chillingPlaying on the Aministation's new coe wo the wol Commnist conspiacy, "teoism, the Committee amble thogh a mish-mash of "teoist plots an oganizations,lighting biefly on sch omestic tagets asMobilization fo Sial.

Whethe the Teoism Sbcommitteeemains onl a sieshow in the eagan ainistation, o assmes the cental ole thatMcCathys inestigations achiee theeecaes ago, emains to be seen "Teoismhas clealy been aopte by Haig an eaganas the new phase to escibe any actiity

oppose to official US inteests which mightpossibly be pinne on Moscow It is so eiblea wo, in the new officil sage, that it istheoetically bonless We mst epect it to bese as a wege to ty to legitimize the ep es

sion of the Peto ican inepenence moment, of antinclea an antimilitoganizing, o of leftwing tenencies in labo moement

We mst also be concene that "teois

will be the coe wo se to attack oganitions woking fo gay libeation, abotion,on othe "family isses We nee to ethat "McCathyism was not only a epesscampaign iecte against the CommPaty, bt that it also poie the climate aoganizational famewok fo an attack homoseals ing the 10s an '5ese so mch of the eagan ightwlition is base in gops that focs on abin o othe "family isses, it is possible t

te aministation will incle aicals ofins an not st "political aicals its anticipate cackown on ciil libeteaing Naming Names will help s to peposeles fo stange times ahea

*******************

m m

Far Right not so far awayNew Left getting oldDemocrats not so socal

Since we sprnkle terms so liberallylabellng the tendencies that formnes under our eyes

ight away or wrte, our congressman's wrong cuz he's

been drnking too much and is bloated

with powerlnes gong up all over killing plantsclosing down and lockng outthe ar to breathe

new ife stirring n the gatherngstorm clouds hangng over the countrsides are taken based on lttlefeelngs that change is dueand dont give up yet

no matter what the papers say .

J


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o o oli ol.In an iion o an op t

qtion o animiim i to ai. R Am in it a p oa no Wol Wa II p aa not onl t

man an inigno aim ta inman a a n a al a Naziim. i i not piing ta t p o ai animitim ol pn il anim on o Commnit gim i at-n. i i al applial o pniation in olan o oligonmn il ai o a ampaign oaamn in t la 960 tat l to tmigaion o all a toan oli. onl pli o aiting in

n nt a n aganst Soliai tnion pon a no to n i patiipaion t o non animitim.anil nal oza ai o animii ampaign o t la iti aappa on n a a ini in gonmn

O o gin ta o ol tnionan t ta o a atatopi nla an a to in olan anno oni in iolaion. an ppot o amonol a ag at a ponition oinging t am a n ontol i tmgn o tailit in t atn a ll a Wn lo. In t ti i ol tat an o iamamnt a maimiz it nm o onflit in t ol i o onl on tat n t US an tUSSR. An in at t pnt nal o tCol Wa ol ail i a t lt o looning o ot onti' mpi it

onqnt intailit giing gat inl-n to t a in ot amp. Yt t aga ang in an atmpt o ma o opo ol pa pnnt on t on-iion o a ipola alignmnt In t it

pla ti ol o gi a lan innionim in an nonommnit oit oo to t i po in. Sonlpo o agmnation in patilamgn o Wn op an apa

pol onomi ial o t US oiol gon too a to al n i ial.

Ralii op o an aing o innattnion a o a i aliagmnaion. la o t oNla Diamamnt momn a niz ti an a ppot o il maning a ano polit Soit. polii aoa ND in a ol ma an inaion a

lil ND an o gop li i moiliz pol oppoiion o t mn o Ci an ing II miilop. Soi Union a onational it an i i o a zon in an op a a aioial ali. Ai om ppot o ai oppoiional momn in aop a o onn pop W to lp loon Soi gip o o t Amian milita pin op. a a at o o in atn op ill a m l miigniian o t Soi Union.

Altog a not plann it ti m to iing a Ci Roinanali an appiation o Amila Capa o o iogap i appa togi t matial on t oli pCaal a t la o t inpn

momn o inaBia an t V Ilan om t lat 950 oaaination t otg t pol97. On o t tm ommon to t an inan pin i tat oial m


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mens an emerge an gro nepeely annpreiably. Par of Cabrals onribionas his norhoo perepion of heimporane of hese sponaneos epressions ofplar aspiraions Boh he Polish moemenan he Afrian srggles agains Porgeseolonialism also share an emphasis on hepossibiliies of poplar selfeerminaion anselforganizaion

here is a eneny for Weserners o ieas ropean as ell as Afrian srggleshrogh he bifoal lenses of he Col Warseeing hese onries as mere rf for sper-poer onflis an heir moemens as sborinae o hose onflis. One of Cabralsmaor laims an hallenges o nonAfrians

as ha he moemen he le as firs anaional one a srggle for he inean anCape Verean people.

Cabral as probably he mos imporanfigre in he iorios srggle o en Por-gese olonialism in Afria. Alhogh inea-Bissa is one of he smaller onries in Afriais liberaion moemen as he sronges anearlies of all hose in he Porgese oloniesan i as he firs o in inepenene

making i an inspiraional eample oFMO in Mozambiqe an he MPA inAngola. Cabral as he organizer an leaer ofineas reolion

Cabral as also he mos imporan heorei-ian

of his generaion of Afrian soialis

leaers (alhogh his onribions are some-imes no learly iserne as hey ere so

h a par of his praie. He mae hogh-l onribions abo he role of peasans aninelleals hih obinson aresses en-

rally in he arile e pblish here. Cabral alsoemphasize grealy he imporane of a kin ofprefigraie praie of emoray an self-goernmen ihin he liberae erriories of arral gerrilla ar of omens liberaion of

he nee o bil a lre of inepenene selfrespe simlaneos ih poliial inpenene nee he emphasize ha poliinepenene from Porgal i no garanhe kin of soial ransformaion he in

people neee. ha he iories oer Porhae no proe easy roas for inMozambiqe an Angola ol hae beensrprise o Cabral.

here are many imporan reasons for ring aenion o Cabral an he Afrian libion moemens here has been oo easy Afria almos o rop o of he onsiosnof hie US soialiss. Before he lae 19espie a groing milian an raplearning ani imperialis moemen in he

Ne ef aiiss ere remarkably ignoranAfrian liberaion srggles. he early 19prisings in he Porgese olonies pasirally nnoie in his onry an reeino eaional sppor een he grea asrggle in Soh Afria a ha ime as mginal o US lefiss. oay he hieominaef is again relaiely inaie regarAfrian eens an srggles. he orl siion oay is ompl an here are so m

aniimperialis moemens ha raking hall is iffil. Sill his blinness oAfria is par of a passie raism on he parhe Amerian ef ha is ebiliaing.

hs one ery imporan reason for raeaion abo Afria is is imporane Afomerians. AfroAmerian onernAfria reins s ha ha e hae o labo is no merely anoher arena of aimperialis srggle b oher lres animporane of lral ransformaion ge

ally. Afria is imporan also (as Pomigh beome as he sie of imporan aemo break ih a omoel ersion omism an apialism of he alernaiessoial organizaion Afrian soialis


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Ireeuz Pierzgaki, ro e er, The ead


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I

I V

An Interview with Daniel Snger andMarta Petrusewicz

ow would you ompare the strike movement in uly and ugust of 1980 with the upings in 190 and 19DS When I went to Poand y ppose was to see as any peope as possibe who wee pticipants in the events of the se I wanted to eet with both the wokes eadevaios paces and the "expets who wee heping the wokes in negotiations so thacod get as ch infoation as I cod abot the stikes

What was ost stiking was the qiet sefassance of the wokes and what I wod the ipening of the oveent copaed to 1970 and 1976 In the eaie pisings peoesponded to inceased food pices by bning Paty headqates o in 1976 stopping iways In 1980 peope stayed in thei factoies and avoided a povocation

ne eveaing exape is the nondinking Now Poand is not the ost sobe of coties Since the events y fiends te e that they dink ess now that they have a

hopef pespective Wheeas in the past ding genea stikes thee was dnkenness tie aond the stike coittees banned the sae of acoho not jst in the factoies

thoghot the townAnothe exape In Poand disike of the Rssians is by now soething phenoena. in Jy and Agst thee wee no antiSoviet speeches in pbic. Thee was no scibbingthe was no "Rssians go hoe

A thid exape is what happened in Gdansk itsef between the fist and second week

his inteiew was conucte March , , the eitorsioraphica notes on the interviewees are on p


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ment; and since then, 1976 and 1980, the

workers were convinced that they would win

and that the government couldn't do anything

to them.

On other social levels, the initial demands

were not very political. The universities hadbeen purged in 1968 and 1969 and it will take

some time to reach the level of political tension

that existed in the 1960s

DS: The 1970 strike, despite the dea

wounded became a conscious symbol

the Polish nobility had a veto power ov

king this time and this was more impothe workers had conquered veto poweauthorities were conscious of this, and


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that pic incass w somthing that colbing th woking class into th stts Facwith th iots that follow th pic incassof 1976 th gonmnt sn at onc.Is th factory th xclusv cntr f organza-ton for th worng class or ar hr communty or nghborhoobas organzatons aswll? An ar othr worrs nvolv n th

str movmnt n aton to nustralworrs?

: In an conomy lik an astn opanconomy only th woks ha th stngth toact. W col go on to say that in 1970 thw spcific asons why th stik bgan in

ansk an at th shipyas. Th wchangs in poction stanas intoc inshipbiling. Th athoitis ci that thconomy n to b stamlin, an sincth woks w gtting qit a lot of thiwags on th basis of otim, ty w goingto liminat som of this otim Ths yoha th combination of a ct in nominal wagsfo popl woking in th shipyas, at thsam tim that th gonmnt ma its mamo to ha shap pic incass jst bfoChistmas, as if th ls libatly wantto pook th woks. No on knw at thtim tat th action by th woks wolha sch an immiat impact: th athoitisact by shooting, an yt th political la-ship collaps within a wk.

Soliaity toay has bcom th biggst in nnt nion in th wol in popotion to th wokfoc. Noboy knows th act fig, bt

it mst b that nin ot of tn who a

mploy fo wags a in Soliaity Thoghoth gops in socity a bginning to cystal-liz thi own mans, th instial wksw an still a psnting th intsts ofsocity as a whol Fom th bginning, Soli

aity has cat its own oganiz mcacy. Th w iffnt ways of lctcommitts at this tim, bt ach shop haown psntati o lgat to th gncommitt at th ansk shipya, wh

incasingly psnt factois thoghoth aa At fist th w th lgats factoy, bt whn thy isco how fa stik ha spa, th was oom fo only oach. Th woks y apily innt mcatic ogans with only a istant taition gi thm.

MP I wol say that in Polan w ont hacommnity o nighbohoo oganizatoBt what is y intsting is that fom

bginning th stik committs an Soliachapts w psnting not only th issaising immiatly at th wokplac, bt athos aising lswh. In many factois thw iscssions of th conitions of wokhospitals, fo ampl, o abot isss concing family lif, cation, matnity las, ath poblms confont by womn.

f cos th a ict connctibtwn "factoy an "commnity issBt th main impotant iffncs btwmn an womn in this ga. Fo ampaft th gonmnt aliz its mistakaising foo pics in 1970 ight at Chistmabcam wis in 1976 it ti to incas piin n, ight bfo popl w abot toaway on acation. Fo woking mn incas in pics affcts th family bgt, ll of sbsistnc. hy col b pacifiik with pomiss of going back to piwok, of not changing thos of pocti

an so foth. Most woks w willing to gin on th immiat pobl of pics, bt stik bcam a symbolic qstion of fianthy in't want to tak it anymo. womn it was mch mo of an immi


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oce agai, he said, have the opportuity ofhoosig professors at the uiversity, of haviga certai autoomy there It's ot egigibe;but we shoud remember that we aready had

hese privieges oce ad were deprived of

them hy we were deprived of them was as a resut of chages i the baace of socia forces,ad therefore our positio shoud be that weshoud ever do aythig that decreases thepower of the socia movemet, because it's oyby the power of that movemet that we arewhere we are today

Gie ha Solidariy represes a broad soialmoeme oaiig may dere ieressha id o srais is his oaliio der adho log a is iy las

hatever the strais ad divisios may beiside oidarity, they do't come to the surfaceow simpy because of the govermet, whichha ee the uifyig factor i the workersovemt Let us imagie a situatio o the3st of August, at the ed of the strike orcedto accept this fatastic historica compromise,the govermet coud have tured to oidarity

ad said, "Look, we've grated you poiticathigs, wage icreases, ad a reductio iworkig hours ow we must sit dow togetherad see what we ca do about it ou woudthe have had a situatio where a ot of heathystrais ad differeces woud have appeared ioidarity ut the ruers did just the oppositeThey woud provoke the workers ad whe the

workers threateed to strike, the govermetwoud yied That's the story of the ast simoths, ecept for the period sice the ew

govermet was chose The effect of this hasbee to uite oidarity o the most radicapositios Amog the workers there are thosewho say, "ou ca't tak to those bastards,because they oy uderstad whe we threate

them, whie others were sayig, "Let'swary, maybe this is too dagerous, ad theaways the dager of a ussia ivasio time the day was carried by those with a mradica view e you combie this with

fact that o the whoe the rak ad fie is mradica tha the eadership, the the cracks shades of differeces which eist wi oy coto the surface whe the govermet triecompromise

MP thik that peope i the eadershipoidarity, ike aesa, who are cose to

wn

\JRZBR,

w __

)Joe Mozczak e Ico Poad ad I auo 1967


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gr bau h argag , ra ha b h h ur , r u d rggb ru aa r Tha

arh r g h gr, harg r,a w ar r g r rk r h u g urhr r h r hrkr' ogaao, u d rkg r a u b g a rgrk

Th drh a hrk ar dagru rg u w

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: h u k a oo , u g a h r w d a h rk d a

ow h a' r, bu k ha h ' g Th' a ha r, u r w r g A , h hr h, a h g rg I u do h, - A , h u w r h I Ga dr , u hr r ua

a Gda I' u r' g h Cr C rwI' o gh h I ' u; 'hg b Cra C a ...

Ho has he adializaion poess aeeames and ha onneion does hei mmen hae ih ha o he indsial o

u , r , ,

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T g h gr G, ha k u u, d r Th , u h a, ar r wr, ha ahr g! a a h a a u, u"aa u h ra qu ,

r d h ha o maur ad rgaTha r, o h am I wuurr h x w h a u ' or h o ura Sodar, aruar b


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Th qsto of how ch th Part ca gp to th Chrch s a absoltl dologcaqsto At ths pot th Chrch s ot co-crd wth MarsLs or wth d-olog or wth th workrs Th Chrch

hrarch wats to ha sothg to sa abotdcato ad oralt Th wat to bassrd so frdo of pbcato Thwat th scrt of th Posh bordrs Adth thr ar rors of a Chrsta Do-cratc Part

What th Chrch s dfdg s obdccotrol of fal f ad th dfs of rgdsocal strctrs bcas th sr th orof obdc Th Chrch hrarch dost kth Wstr od of rgo ad fars th

rblo of oth ad th dstgrato of thfa thk th stat wold rathr wlglg p a th probs of dcato or aborto to th Chrch

th ss of aborto th fact s that thPolsh coo caot afford arg fasErwhr bt partclar tows thr sa ack of hosg al pag s d part to th fact that fas dot ha a pacto og copls wat t ars for a

apartt lg wth thr parts Dspt aof th Chrchs ataborto propagadathrfor pop caot afford to ha a chdr ar A scod probl s that th workof both parts s cssar for th sbsstcof th fa so wo cat afford to hachldr Aothr probl s th ack of kdrgarts Thr s o pac to sd chldrp to th ag of thr Wh thr is dacarwo ot ha to tak a chld r far awatrag p to two hors to a ctr Th atr-

at to ths s sots prodd b oldrpop gradothrs bt ths s a ltdrsorc

Wha ae he implicaions o he Polish e o he es o Ease Euope and he Union?

DS: I dot thk wl s Warsaw Pact

cog t or portat sooatr slar thgs w tak plac thEastr Eropa cotrs Whatpartcarts of th Polsh stato thof th Chrch th cotd stclarg pasatr ad so forth th rasos for what has happd ar coThs rasos wl ars aga ad aga cog ars as cooc crss affct Eastr Erop as wl as th rst of th wTh cooc asrs th potca athw tr wl ha potca cosqcth Posh apl w bco hstocotagos

opo th log r th o cor sra o th Posh abor oth o chac to aod coct w bPosh apl sprads to th Sot slf Ths wl b th bgg of th fat for th whole of Erop Wst as East

DAIEL SGE is a eeance wie Poand and cuenl in in Pais. HeT oa to Gdask Moth w 1981

MAA PETSEWIC is a Poishhisoian cuenl lin in he niedShe was aci in he Poish suden moo


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Documents of the Revolt

The Soldarity Strike Bulletin carried out a number of interviews with workers at the Gdanshipyards regarding the start of the strike in August 1980 Here are two of the interviewreprinted from Bulletin No. 11, August 9, 1980 The "Bogdan referred to in the fiinterview is Bogdan Borusewucz, editor ofRobotnik and activist in the Gdansk chapterthe Committee of the Free Trade Unions of the Gdansk Region, which had drawn up

signicant "Charter of Workers' Rights in 19I INI

H g?We agreed with Bogdan that on 14 August we would arrive at work an hour early. W

wanted to hang up a number of posters in the cloakrooms about the sacking of AnWalentynowicz and demanding a wage increase of 1,zlotys, together with a cost-oflivi

'pplement The posters with this information were made by the Movement of YouPoland. In total we had seven of them. I arrived first Kajik arrived a little while later, wwhom I had arranged the day before ajik works in Department W3. We went there firstal, where we hung the posters under the clockingin clock, following which ajik andnumber of his mates stood around guarding the poster, so that no one would tear it downthe meantime I went back to my department, where I waited for Bogdan. Because he wlate I decided to begin on my own. I pasted up the posters and hung them on the doors o


22/84

cloaroom ad h w io otr cloarooms were aso u m hile I washagig t posters up pop sard cograulati me.

Did the people feel that there was likely to be a

strike?o, but previously wd iformed a smal

group of trusd popl. Bu i t morigthere was a i th shipyards of a strieHow did the people take this?

Very wl. Thy asd us dtaid uestiosSmall groups of pople sartd o form me-igs wit th form sard o iform hemtha the strie had bgu i e whoe shipyardad w wre metig ouside i te suar.

Did the foremen see the posters?es, carly. vrybody could se tem vethe maagmDid the management attempt to act againstthem in some way?

o, becaus aroud the posrs groups ofworers stood aroud so maagmet wasfrighted to itrv. Despite tha te firstfiftee miutes wer ratr tse. Te formedid atempt to iv. So w to oe of hebrigades whre w som of the peope adstarted to explai what w wre fihtig about.The majority agrd wit me. t h rust ofthe foreme wo had sartd to f hat som-tig was about o happe, w moved away adstarted to group by t cloaroom. Soo agroup of aroud thirty people formd up witha similar sizd group ext to i by he cloaroom. earig at his group mih disperse Iwet up to them ad started to xplai aboutthe srie expaid tha t whoe sipyard

was beiig the strie ad hat t ustiowas a icrease i pay ad he matter of rs.aeyowicz who had be throw out ofwor ujustly s aled pope bea o gaii selfcofidece

0

"Let's go, said to them. The a graroud fifty peope movd out. baer, ad just th the Director ad asd wa h ll was oi"Dircor, rplid "wr o "hy stri? y? ats oi owhich rplid, "a you rad? ad him the posr. I lf him wih a umworers who ad a dcaraio o h of a. I w off ryig to grouppople. e rured h ary Scrh deparmt, azuriwicz ad arrivwas attemptig o a away e bat lads wre uicr tha him ad prim Th Scretary shoud "haaig of this? o which hy rplid

of your busiss Sombody sovd a of leaflts io is ad ad vesurrouded him ad sarted o lauh beooed as if h arty Secrtary was hout leafles. But souted at them o aaway because didt wa he laffoud i suc uworthy hads. Scretary eft piced up the baer adads ouside ito the suare. ll toccurred o the terrai of our departm

eop were sitig aroud he Suddey the Deputy Director of the met, Bryczowsi arrived. This mopope. They stood up ad stared aroud i the ctr of he suar. joied them. h a arge group haformed a siga was give from a craea smal sire put o for a jo. The Dsared to get agry "hat's goi obac to work! he shouted But wated to iste to him. Somebody s

"Hav a look at he baer ad te yow what is goig o! locomoiv t stopped beside us ad te driver stacap ih those formed up o e sumovd toward the ha of th prfab


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depre. e ied ere for fie ie,e ddely eorge d i grop rriedore d ore people red o lee e ll.Afer ile e foree rried d red o people b iide b e ole of ell d opped or. eople d lef eirer d ere pig y eir ool djoiig .

SECOND INTERVIEW

How dd he srke ben?I rried e ipyrd 4: 1 . Up il e

dy of e rie I d old ybody i de o begi. I y depre ere joriy of ry eber d I orriedi e oebody ifored e oriie de rie old fil. I ied, erefore, ill el oe. O e dy of e rie Irrged o ee Ldig. I e oly oefro e depre. I g p ee poerd ge fie o Ldig. Afer doig Irrged e lefle, of i I d bo fiedred, ge oe o eerybody o eered,yig, Te oe d red i. Tody e oleipyrd i riig.Dd the leaflet menon hat oday here was

gong o be a srke?o, b I d ed e people I red e

dy before ey od do i e ee of rie. y of e idied ey oldrie, d i o oe people I ge e lefe, yig, Hd e o o oer peope.A 4 e grop fored p by e lo-roo, bo iry people. Soe of e ere

orried d red yig e rie oldfil; y doe rger depre begi

e rie?, o i I replied depre K3 d K4 ere redy o rie. Teoeoe id, ere o dig ere yoger. Le go b o e l. I ried oop i, b old o y o. B I re if ey ere o rer o e l

Wlodzimierz Zakrzewski

ere e foree ood, ere e Fir Sery d eber of e erl oiee Lbedzi , eeryig old fil. eored o rer o e ie d r o. I e p o e yig, Le go o


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Tadeusz Trepkowski, 1950

and K4. Theyve both stopped. It was a shot

in the dark because I wasnt certain that any-

thing had happened yet but I only wanted to

get them to follow me.

At last the workers decided. "Okay, lets

go ! But even though they stopped the

machines, they still hesitated. Finally, the urge

to get out won the day. Thirty or so people

gathered together and we left. I took the posterswith me. We reached the canteen and then

continued on our way throughout the shipyard.

Everywhere people were coming out to see what

was happening. We shouted to them: "Leave

your machines and come with us! A good

22

number did join us, and or now rather

group crossed he bridge People were

off the ships. hey had already stopped

and yet they hesitated to join us "e

working, they said "but we can o

yet. It was obvious tha hey were afr

reached deparmen K3 , and here we

group of people gathred together

boosted our morale we were already

success, and shouted: " Hurrah ! Hu

People working in he construction

looked a us through he windows. Awas gathered outside, and we wen wi

deparment K3

A crowd? Tha's what, about a h

people?Oh yes! I wanted someone to speak

people. That would have fired them mo

we werent in a hurry. We arrived w

banner at the far end of the shipyard, whdirector, Wocik, was already waiting. H

words were "What does this mea

answered, "Is a srike! "Whats

about? I said, "The sacking of

Walentynowicz. Anna Walentyno

the director asked "You know who she

was sacked without notice. Someone lshe has three order of merit decorations

bronze, one in silver, and one in gold Sh

thirty years work behind her, and she

got five months before she retires

director started to move back Bogdan

him, "We won alk to you for the m

sir.,

We went on and left the director

crowd. We put our men on the bridge to s

the road was not cut. A lot of people joi

demonstration. We arrived near the gatewe observed a minute's silence in mem

the victims of 1970. Then we sang the n

anthem. Then we went to the excavat

after we climbed up it was imm

surrounded by he crowd. We gave a sp


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26/84

coopatig2) T KS dclas tat it will spct t

picipls laid dow i t olis ostitutiowil catig t w idpdt ad slfgoig uios. Ts w uios a

itdd to dfd t social ad matiaitsts of t wors ad ot to pay t olof a political paty. Ty will b stabisd ot basis of t sociaizatio of t mas ofpoductio ad of t sociaist systm wicxists i olad today. Ty will rcogiz tladig ol of t U i t stat ad willot oppos t xistig systm of itatioaaliacs. Ti aim is to su fo t worst cssay mas fo t dtmiatio

xpssio ad dfs of tir itrsts. Tgovrmtal commissio wil guaat fullspct for t idpdc ad slfgovigcaact of t w uios i tiorgaizatioal stucturs ad ti fuctioigat all lvls. T govmt wil su tatt w uios av vry possibiity of carry-ig out ti fuctio of dfdig t itrstsof t wors ad of sig t satisfactioof tir matrial, socia ad cultura ds.ually it wil guarat tat t w uios

ar ot t objcts of ay discrimiatio.(3) T cratio ad fuctioig of fr ad

slfgovrig tad uios is i li witovtio 87 of t ILO ratig to traduio rigts ad ovtio 7, latig to trigts of fr associatio ad colctiv go-tiatio, both of wich covtios av bratifid by Poad T comig ito big ofmor tha o trad uio orgaiatioruirs chags i th aw T govrmt,

trfor, wi mak t cssary gal chagsas gards trad uios, wors coucis, adt labor cod( T strik committ must b ab to turtmsvs ito istitutios rprstig tworkrs at th vl of t trpris, wtr

i t fasio of wos coucils o as patoy committs o t w tad uiosppaatoy committ t KS is fadopt t form of a tad uio o associatio of t coastal gio. T p

atoy committs, wil mai i xistct w tad uios ar ab to opop lctios to ladig bodis. T gmt udrtas to crat t cocssay fo t cogitio of uios oof t xistig tal ouci of Tad

(5) T w tad uios soud b apaticipat i dcisios affctig t codof t wos i suc mattrs as t divist atioal assts btw cosumptio

accumulatio t divisio of t sociasumptio fud (ath, ducatio, cutuwags policy i particular wit rgard automatic icas of wags i i wittio t coomic pa t dictio of mt ad pics poicy T govrudrtas to su t coditios cfo t caryig out of ts fuctios

(6) T trpis committ wil stsac ct wos aim wi b to ga objctiv aaysis of t situatio

worrs ad mpoys, ad wi attmdtrmi t coct ways i wic tists ca b pstd Tis ctr wiprovid t ifomatio ad xprtis cfor dalig wit suc ustios as t idx ad wags idx ad t formcompsatio uird to dal wit pricT w uios soud av tirpubicatios.

(7) T govrmt wil foc rsp

Aticl I, paragrap 1 of t trad uio 199 wic guarats t worrs t rifry com togtr to form tad uiow trad uio wil ot joi t ouci of Trad Uios (ZZ) It is atat t w trad uio aw wil rspct


27/84

prples. The partpato of members of theKS ad of the preparatory ommttees for theew trade os the elaborato of the ewlegslato s also garateed

The Rght to StrkeO ot o whh reads "To garateethe rght to stre ad the serty of strersad those who help them t has bee agreedthat

The rght to stre wll be garateed by theew trade o law The law wll have todefe the rmstaes whh stres a bealled ad orgazed the ways whh oflts a be resolved ad the pealtes for

frgemets of the law. Artles 4 ad of the labor ode (whh otlaw stres wllease to have effet from ow tl the ew lawomes to prate. The govermet der-taes to protet the persoal serty of strersad those who have helped them ad to esreagast ay deterorato ther odtos ofwor

Freeom of Expresson

th regard to ot o.3 whh reads Torespet freedom of expresso ad pbla-to as pheld by the osttto of eoplesolad ad to tae o measres agastdepedet pblatos as well as to grataess to the mass meda to represetatves ofall relgos t has bee agreed that

( The govermet wll brg before the Sejm (arlamet wth three moths aproposal for a law o otrol of the press ofpublatos ad of other pbl mafestatos whh wll be based o the followgprples esorshp mst protet the terestsof the state Ths meas the proteto of stateserets ad of eoom serets the sesethat these wll be defed the ew legslato

Zeo auzewki Polih Worker Party 19

the proteto of state terests ad ts atoal terests the proteto of relovtos as well as the rghts of belevers as well as the sppresso of ptos whh offed agast moralty

The proposals wll lde the rght to momplat agast the pressotrol ad sstttos to a hgher admstratve trbThs law wll be orporated a amedto the admstratve ode

( The aess to the mass meda by relorgazatos the orse of ther relatvtes wll be wored ot throgh a a


28/84

met betwee the state istitutios a thereigious assoiatios o matters of otet adof orgaizatio The govermet wi esurethe trasmissio by radio of the Suday massthrough a speifi agreemet with the hurhhierarhy

(3) The radio ad teevisio as we as thepress ad pubishig houses must offer expres-sio to diferet poits of views. They must beuder the otro of soiety.

() The press as we as itizes ad theirorgaizatios must have aess to pubidoumets ad above a to admiistrativeistrutios ad soioeoomi pas ithe orm i whih they are pubished by the gov-ermet ad by the admiistrative bodies

whih draw them up xeptios to thepriipe o ope admiistratio wi be egaydefied i agreemet with oit o 3paragraph

Firigsith regard to oit o. whih reads "To

reestabish the rights of peope who were sakedafter the strikes i 1970 ad 1976 ad ofstudets who have bee exuded rom istitu-tios of higher eduatio beause of their

opiios (b) to free a poitia prisoersiudig dmud Zadroyski Ja Kozow-ski ad arek Kozowski; () to easerepressio agaist peope or their opiios; ithas bee agreed

(1) to immediatey ivestigate the reasosgive or the sakigs ater the strikes of 1970ad 1976 every ase where ijustie isreveaed the perso ivoved must be reistated takig ito aout ay ew quaifi-

atios the perso may have aquired. Thesame priiipe wi be appied i the ase ostudets.

(2) The ases of persos metioed uderpoit (b shoud be put to the iistry o

6

Roa Cieewic

Justie whih withi two weeks wi studdossiers ases where those metioaready imprisoed they must be repedig this ivestigatio ad uti deisio o their ase is reahed

(3) to auh a immediate ivestigatiothe reasos for the arrests o those me(the three amed idividuas)

() to istitute fu iberty of express

pubi ad professioa ife.

Th Mdia

O oit o whih reads "To ifopubi about the reatio of the KS a


29/84

demds troug te mss med t s beededed tt

Ts demd sll be met troug te publ-to ll te tol mss med of te fulltext of ts greemet.

Economic Reform

O ot o w reds "To mplemette mesures eessry for resolg te rssstrtg wt te publto of ll te reletformto o te sooeoom stutod to llow ll groups to prtpte dsusso o progrmme of eoomreforms te followg s bee greed

e osder t essetl to speed up tepreprto of eoom reform Teutortes wll work out d publs te bsprples of su reform te ext fewmots t s eessry to llow for wde prt-pto publ dsusso of te reform. prtulr te trde uos must tke prt teworkg out of lws reltg to te eterprsesd to workers selfmgemet. Teeoom reform must be bsed o testregteg utoomous operto d

prtpto of te workers' ouls mgemet pef regultos wll be drwup order to gurtee tt te trde uoswll be ble to rry out ter futos s setout ot o. of ts greemet.

Oly soety w s frm grsp ofrelty tke te tte reformg teeoomy. Te goermet wll sgftlyrese te res of sooeoom form-to to w soety te trde uos doter sol d eoom orgztos eess

Te K lso suggests order tt proper perspete be proded for te deelop-met of te fmly grulturl uts w rete bss of ols grulture tt te d

dul d ollete setors of grulsould e equl ess to te mesproduto ludg te ld tself d te odtos sould be reted for rereto of selfgoerg oopertes.

Stike PayO ot o 7 w reds To py l

workers wo e tke prt te strkete perod of te strkes s f tey were o oldy trougout ts perod wt pymto be mde from te fuds of te ZZfollowg deso s bee reed

orkers d employees prtptg strke wll reee o ter retur to work

peret of ter wges Te rest w wll up to full peret of te orml bwge wll be lulted s would oldy o te bss of egtour workg dyK lls o workers wo re memberwork towrds te rese of outputmproe te use of rw mterls d eed to sow greter work dsple westrke s oer d to do ts ooperto te mgemet of te ftores d eprses.

Minimum Wage

O ot o 8 w reds "To rte mmum wge for eery worker by 2zlotys mot to ompeste for te r pres te followg s bee deded

Tese wge reses wll be trodugrdully d wll pply to ll types of word employees d prtulr to tose

reee te lowest wges Te reses wworked out troug greemets dftores d bres. Te mplemettote reses wll tke to out te sperter of prtulr professos d setTe teto wll be to rese wges tro


30/84


31/84

eerrises), o he ZL (he Peasa Pary hese hree aries make he NaioaFro), or o o ary A rogramme or heeqaizaio o he amiy aowaces o a heressioa gros wi be reseed by hegoverme beore 3 1 December 1980 The

govermea commissio saes ha oyemoyees resauras ad caees sch ashose i oher work esabishmes ad oicesare oeraed ...

mt Poi No 14, which reads "To ow

workers o reire a 50 years or wome ad 55or me or aer 30 years o work or womead 35 years or me regardess o age i has

bee agreed ha:The govermea commo decares

esios wi be icreased each year akig ioacco he rea ecoomic ossibiiies ad herise i he owes wages ewee ow ad1 December 1 98 1 , he goverme wi work ouad rese a rogramme o hese qesiosThe goverme wi work ou as or heicrease o od age ad oher esios u o hesocia miimm as esabished hrough sudies

carried o by scieiic isiios; hese wi be reseed o he bic ad sbmied o hecoro o he rade ios

The K sresses he grea urgecy o hesemaers ad wi coiue o raise he demadsor he icrease o od age ad oher esiosakig io acco he icrease i he cos oivig

Psos

Poi No 15, which reads To icreasehe odsye esios o he eve aid der heew sysem i has bee agreed:

The govermea commissio saes ha hewes o esios wi be icreased every yearas a cio o rises i he owes wages. The

ec W

goverme wi rese a rogramme o

eec bewee ow ad 1 December 1981goerme wi dra roosas or a ris iowes esios o he eve o h sociaimum as deied i sudies made by scieisies hese roosas wi be resehe bic ad sbjec o coro by he

Hth Svcs Poi No. 16, which reads "To im

workig codiios ad he heah servces

o esre beer medica roecio oworkers, i has bee agreed ha:

is ecessary o immediaey icreasresorces io he shere o he hservices o imrove medica suies hrhe imor o basic maerias where hesackig, o icrease he saaries o a hworkers, ad wih he umos rgecy oar o he goverme ad he miisrireare rogrammes or imrovig he h

o he oaio Oher meares o be i his area are orward i he ae

ChilcO Poi No. 17, which reads "To e

sicie aces i creches ad ay schoo


32/84

te cile f wking wme it has beenageed tat

e gvenmental cmmissin is fully inageement wi tis ema. he povincialautities will pesent poposals on tis

uestin befe Nvembe 980

Maternity Leave

On int N. wic eads o inceasethe lengt f mateity leave to thee yeast allw a mte t bing up he child it hasbeen decie tat

Befe ecembe 9 an aalysis of tepossibilities pe t e ational econoy willbe made in csultai wit the tade unins

on te basis f wic an incease in te onthlyallowance f women wo ae on unpaiatenity leave will be woked out.

e S ass that this analysis shouldinclude a allowance wic will povide 1pecent f pay f te fist yea afte bit and5 pecent te second yea wit a fied miniu of 2,000 zltys a onth his goal sulbe gadually eached fom the fist half of 98onwads.

HousngOn Point 19 wich eads o educe the

waiting peid fo the allocation of housingthe following ageeent has been eache

The distict authities will pesent apogae of easues fo ipving theaccoodation situation and fo educing thewaiting list fo eceipt of accoodatin befoe31 ecebe 1980 These poposals will be put

fowad fo a wideanging discussion in thedistict and copetent oganizaions such ashe olish town plannes assciation theCental ssociain of ecnicians etc. willbe conslted The poposals shuld efe bohto ways of using the pesent building entepises

30

and pefabicated housing factoies anhooughgoing developent of the indpoductive base Siila acion will behoughout the couny

Travel llowance

On oint o. 20, which eads To ithe taveling allowance fo 40 and to intoduce a costofliving bonusbeen ageed tat

n ageeent will be eached on the qof aising te taveling allowance and cosation t take effect fo Januay 19poposals fo tis to be eady by 31 198

Free Saturdays

On oint N 1 whic eads oSatuday a liday. n factoies wee cntinuous pduction whee thee is sift system Satuday wking copensated fo by a comensuate incte nube of olidays o though telishent of anote fee day in the was been ageed that

The piciple that Satuday should bday should be put into effect o amethod of poviding fee tie sodevised his should be woked outecebe 98 he easues shuld the incease in the nube of fee Safo the stat of 198. Othe posselating t this point ae enioned appendi o appea in the subissionsS

fte eaching te above ageeentsals been decided that

The Govenent undetakes to ensue pesonal secuiy and o

boh those w have aken pat in th


33/84

and th wh hav urtd it to rtrn tothir rviu rk undr th prvioscnditin;

to tak u at th initria vl tciic dand raid by th wrkr a

th ntrri rrsntd in th K

to idil pblis coplt tis rnt in prss t rdiotlvision nd in t nionl ss di

stri coitt ndrs o prot ndin o th tri fr p oAt 1980

Statement by the da k u

Sinc t r rfsin on on prtt ranotr o lt s broc probls trdpoliticl w wi to clrif o of idasbind or dnds. i s ll t orncssry o s sinc t position of tvrnnt coission in tis rspc s wls t titd of t st sincoprnsibl to s

considr t in prsn sittiontr is no probl ic i sric conoicvn wn its sion of tcnical ridit r Evrtin indd wicconcrn t ornizion nd t dvopnt

of t cono lds invitbl to a chaninof socil rlation Ec of as ony n iliid in i b in or nlitnddcatd socity nad in coon attrt consciosns of wht socia rlations ar isso rat at li and t oiin crtainstions solv nothin thrfor plin

. now t wrd pitica itation w' no t w v duti linkd to orbrhi in th ciait ca and traw Pact and that w hav t stay oyl tot

2. biv that nn r ai a anintrt in u havin a bad ranizd conoor an inctiv and bl cia frt ndyt abr tin on th conrar

tha our ali il hld r tttrstor ordr to our conoy nd incrfctivn wic is or i and n

conditions of t iprovnt of or i3 considr s a rlt tt vry al

or or lss clr o t ni of or aand to th osib consnc of or ain t intrntionl spr contittoffns to or alis nd to or wo socn or opinion c y o posin proby wtvr t intntion of tho a ths alsions rv t intrst sa rop of vilindd popl

4 h Poi worr o 1980 i a cncranabl br f or city whohoudnt try to trtn or to ca dwnh can't b rihtnd and h don't cdd Th ca th dratin and thciin th inhabitants th ct durinlat w day ar t bt r of thi Ath rt hwn for our princil in st inconvninc urtd atinty bpouatin it i th roof f th tic o

principl nd th or chon t t. Or dands r dind nithr to

stion t fondtions of socilist rin or country nor it poiion in intrnatrlations nd w spport no on o wn


34/84

explot te pesent ccmstnces t ts mon te conty e old oppose tem.

We do not demnd clpts fo te eoscommtted bt t s essentl to tke cognznceof tese eos n ode to elmnte tem nd

od tem n fte. We ll lee te pnsment of te glty to ote tbnls. m sto cete te obecte condtons c llmke t possble to od tese eos n fte,eos commtted eqlly becse of bd polcyby cdes.

6. We elze tt ll ts necessttes longtem meses, effots, s ell s te cngngof cetn pctces. We pt o confdence nte soclst mltnts nd te speclsts o n-

sst on te necessty of fndmentl efoms nte system of plnnng nd te y teeconomy s n. We kno tt t s necessy totnsfom te pce system nd te y pcese detemned. Ts s cetnly not esy, nopossble n te sot tem, bt e mst embkon te pocess of cnge by mkng o soco

K Modzeewki a Soidariy okeero. Seeve year i rio aer i 965 Lee o hePay.

3

economc e pblc, nd by cetncondtons fo te ptcpton of ll tosok nd o e te gt to eceeslts of te ctty, n te okng te destny of o conty.

. We kno tt ts s mpossble tpogmme c ncldes o ptcpdecsons. Te lck of sc pogmme complete nd genelzed system of nfton s, once moe, led to te systdegeneton of te lfe of ey lge sof o socety t s pooked ecopoblems c e been dded to c cold not be oded becse teyextenl ogn.

It s fo ts eson tt o essentl ds te ceton of fee tde nons, fo only cnce of odng mo eos fte.

8. Te socl nd geelted demnot come fom te sole dese to emoney Te essentl m of tese demto sppess te scndlos socl nstcto ge mmedte elp to lge nmpeople, not only te okes.

Te epesenttes of te stte sy t

doesnt sole te poblems. We kno We are often asked the following qu

wherecanwe find not only the paper m

but the material goods we demand? It is

to pl t t qt; t p ld d t t bfo solutions, we have to have people w

coge to sy to te goenment sometdoesnt nt to e.

t snce e e sked te qeston,

reply it is necessary, amongst other thielmnte stge. It s n elty dffdemand an effort from the workers w

gnteeng tt t ll not be sexploted by otes. We tnk tt te lzton of o economy ll mke t p


35/84

saisfy demads ad als t ecpeatehe lsses de t the wk stppages whichwee ecessay t make vices head.

Uftately cetai lsses de t bad-admiistati tably the ham de t atal evimet cat be made gd this sphee as well we will t lk f clpitsthgh this will be ecessay. is imptatfist f all t ceate the cditis which willgaatee that these lsses will t be epeated.This wi be pssible whe the mply fpwe is lge tasfmed by this pweit a mply f itelligece kwledgead atiality Oe cat get thee wihtdecetalizig pwe witht ceatig thecditis which will pemit he ilizati fthe pfessial kwledge f schlas ad thecllective itelligece f the wkig class

10. N e deies that the aim f scialism isthe tasfmati f scial elais bt theeslts accmplished p t w i this spheehave bee geatly edced by the appeaace fstly pivileged gps by he ieqality fights ad bligatis by the glf which existsbewee the exet f pwe ad the limitslaced its tilizati

mg the thigs we cat accep thepeset state f hma elatis ad the way iwhich speis teat thei sbdiaes Wecat tleae the attide f cetai em-plyees eve hat f shp assistas tiedt by the bad wkig cditis i badlystcked shps

We ca accept the sc which thse wh

we the psis slely he lab wkes ad the effts f he whle sfe shw twad he wkes

t is becase f this ad slely becase hat essetial demad is h ceai

tade is f

\e have stat with ll the est will be achieved thgh the e

f a wellmeaig peple hgh e kedge ad had wk. By gaateeig a dialge ad the cditis f it whe gvemet t hea the athetic vthe wkig class ad t st the echw wds. We ae he te epesetatihe castal wkes ad we thik hwkes f the whle cty shae We ae eady t discss all pblems adse all espsibiliies i detakiactis bt we ca d this ly if we hacfidece f the wkes a cfidecthe peset tade is have lst ( 28 80

These translations are reprinted with stylisti hanges from the British peLab cs Easte Epe publis

6 Kingland High St Box 2 LondoBritainTranslations of these and a numbe of

douments inluding an interiew withWalentynowiz are also aailable in th

published pamphlet The Stike i Ggst 980 $2.5 postpaid from Don'a Box New Haen CT 65


36/84

34

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Please destro this after ou've read it. Panel Phllis

J w of Mo Mjoi s bgu mpig o so Our Bodies Ourselves s o is mig upo "igous o pssu ibis d soos o b book ps fom book quod s vis poogpi i Tis p olag pi iopoig ps of is is pso spos o is PE)


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Please deso hs anel 2 Phlls

36


39/84

Please desy hs Pael 3 Phylls


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MIC CB ICIC F

CIIM

e rc J . ob

INDUIN

In the eal 1960s, Amilca abal emeged fom the national libeation stuggGuineaBissau* and ape Vede as one of the wolds foemost evolutiona theoWith espect to Afica and the stuggles aganst impeialism and neocolonialismpublished thought was anked with the woks of Fantz Fanon, Julius Neee, KwNkumah, and Patice Lumumba His wok on evolutiona oganization, on the ssad stuctues of impeialist exploitation, and on ideolog and consciousness placed hte foefont of adical thinkes in the twentieth centu

The cicumstance of abal's wok distinguished him fom ost of his Af contempoaies in the postWold Wa II peiod The stuggles in GuineaBiMozambique, and Angola wee not those of independence movements To the conta

the ealie movement in Algeia, these wee national libeation stuggles which consciousl evolutiona The sought not meel a national identit but moe impot

The Portuguee referred to the mainland area generally a Guine. GuineaBiau came to e the accdeignation among African nationalit and revolutionarie ater World War I.


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43/84

gal ad laid clai o oe par o ie ro434 o i ad bee oly a e very ed o iivedredyear perio a orgeeaoriy ad bee ecred. I ac i e

ee ad ixee cerie e ir yearo a ropea preece i e rica erevere ad bee re rica aoriy adipoed iel o orgee rader i eor o axe ad rericio o rade adravel Fro e eveee cery o aorgal og o realize acal overeigyover e people o e area rica reiacead peried. ve e year o abral cild-ood ere carred by recrre capaig opaciicaio Tere ere everal bae ori capaciy o rica o rei orgeeabiio i ie or ore a al aillei.

erap e o ipora ere oeic ad prodced o ie a lieicregio i a variey o poliical rcre adecooic ye Hiorically ay o epeople ad bee bec o e old Sdaicepire aa ro e or o e elevecery ad ali ro e iree o eeveee cery. Te rie ad declie o

ee va poliical eiie ad precipiaed arage o reacio a iclded lig adreelee i oe iace clral iegrai ad poliical adapaio i oer adreiac i ill oer. I e proce iead becoe a regio o liple lipleeic grop liple lagage ad clreliple religio liple poliical yeliple ecooic rcre. I opograpyC oo eeed o copire i i diveriy.Doiaed by ore a iereced by rivere lad ad provided rege or oe addeeible bodarie or ore ile apigcoplex paer o coicaio ad radey e ie a rade relaio i eorgee bega o develop i e lae i

ee cery ye o elee ad ad aagoi ad bee eablied beee e lad divere pee Felpe aioe a aaaco obiaa rae apel a

iago eaada ad l o e coaearierlad ad e adiga aadica i e ierior. Oly e Flaold occpy eaer ie ad ye o apy e eigee cery ey oo place parially repoplaig a erriory orgee ad Spai lave raderpreyed po ice e early 00. Te all a a rogo e log cerorgal ilece i iliary co

ad adiiraive repreeaive i coroed a aze o poliical clraocial eiie ay o e poerl eo rei aborpio io deperelaio p.

I e early cerie c o e obeee rca ad orgee a over o e lave rade. Separae ar ae orgee ere og by e iagoapei e adiga ad eribalized (gree) i e 0 y e ideigee cery oe ie a o e lave rade b coFor e ex drd ad iy yearorgee iperiali og o dicrog ar e ilia ae icexcage o lave or ar (ad oer gad doe o c o develop.

I e ape Verde ilad o icabral aily rered i e early orgee iperiali ad rie a

diere iory. Te arcipelago (e iad everal ile) ad bee occpiedir viie by age o e orgee i e 40 ad 40. Tree drede o e rica ailad ape becae a bae or e rade beee


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ad Afia ad uliaely oe he New oldwa loaed fo he iagula ade Theilad wee oloized by populaio bohfo uope (ouguee eoee ailiaad oe hey wee expelled fo Spai

Jew) ad fo Afia (lave labo daw fohe Balaa he apei ad he Bijago)Howeve he edieio of ouguee adSpaih elee o he New old hagedhe oial haae of he ilad daaiallyA ulao populaio bega o eegegowig o apidly ha by he iddle of heeveeeh euy i ueially doiaedhe ilad I ieae wa fuhe aeleaedby he aival of fugiive ad eegade.Lancados, he ouguee alled he e

ha i who ad goe i aog he egoe

4

. ,

CAP VRD

L

ther wi monydomat counes

o

o had u away Thee laado ad hei ulao dee

a (i/hos da ta), oied by a few offiiad oeial age foed he bae of aeed ouguee o uopea elee

o he oa of he ailad ad upive Thoup adig paie ofe igied waove ade ad udeied ouguee doaio of he oee i lave ad gold.

O he ilad heelve a plaaio yeaoe wih Afia ad eizo lave labobu eai aifall dough poo oil offiegle ad aladiiaio liied poduiviy. Fo o of he fi fou euie oloizaio he eooy of he ilad wdoiaed by hei ole a a eepo fo lave ade o he ee Heiphee I


45/84

t nintnth cnty th dclin of tht tdlong ith cing doght nd fminfocd mny p Vdns to migt. By th ly tntith cnty p Vdns coldb fond in sbstnti nmbs in Angol

in Mozmbiq nd th Potgs possssions in th Atlntic. Ding this piod lsomny p Vdns (spcily fom Bv)fond thi y to th Unitd Stts thoghcontct lbo.

ONE CONTRADCTON:

BOURGEOSE/PETT BOURGEOSEFo most of th nintnth cnty th

Potgs bogoisi hich gdlly cmto constitt th ling clss s mbivlnt

bot th Aficn colonis. Bt this ttitdchngd. Spd by th Eopn scmbfo Afic in th s nd th mgnc ofn indstil nd mcntil bogois fctionhich tid its o dvlopmnt to potctionism th dm of vst Potgs mpis sctd in th t nintnth cnty.Bsi Dvidson smmizs th piod thtfolod:

8882 r wr cig gi

f I 883 Porgck for fir i Orcig foow gi P 8869)gi b 893) Oik 897) igo 92) Mk of Cro96) Mik of g 978) gigi Oik 93) gi gi Mik of Cro 94) gi gi P 9 )

Aft bif intption fo Potglspticiption in Wod W th pcific

tion pogm in in contind. Fom 917to 1936 th Bigos Ppis nd Mndings both bnt of ttcks fom Potgs impifocs. Amd sistnc did don ft thtfo th nxt to dcds Aficn insgncy

took oth foms Fo xmpl spoting oiztions nd th ony lbo ogniztionSidicto cionl dos EmpgdosComcio d ndsti convtdpotontionlist instmnts ding

ys.ot lthy nogh in hmn o m

socs to dminist nd dvlop itscolonis in Mozmbiq Ango th islnds (So Tom Pincip) in np Vds Potgl concdd pivilgFnch nd Bitish cpitists s l s itsTo dminst th colonis Potgl bofom th Fnch th policy of indict th s of ntiv thoitis to mng

contol th poplc nd th fomtion ssimildo clss to stff th civil dsttion sv s noncommissiond offnd pfom th clic dtis ssocitdstt nd civilin ntpiss.

Th p Vdns fomd th gst poo of ssimildos (lso fd to s izdos). And hil immigtion tocolonis fom Potgl s sight bfo WW p Vdns cod b fthoghot th coonis dominting th

stt of civilizd ntivs. b s oths ssimidos. His ly dctioSntigo nd Sn Vincnt s typicl. hn h scd nivsity schoship tLisbon High nstitt of Agonomy in it only mkd him s on fo hom dvncd ol in colbotion nd coopts intndd. ndd on th sfc smd ong in th pocss of ntiv bogois* dvlopmnt

* is ss I wi i Cbs us of mbugoisi o ii Wsiz Afi swos oigi ws i ooi s s fuio fiios of ooi u


46/84

here were howeer certin historicl ieo-logicl n socil conflicts which both brln his genertion were to confront Ultimtely they were to help trnsform t lestsome of the chilren of the colonil petit bor

geoisie from collbortors to ntionlists hepe Verens in prticlr h to fce theestrctie chrcter of ortgese colonilismstrkly ring the yers of brls schoolinghe islns were strck by roght n thenfmine ring the yers 194-48. Somethinglike fifty thosn pe Verens ie nthosns more h to emigrte ring thisifficlt perio Amilcr lerne from hisfther who h long estione the entire

gricltrl system of the islns tht thectstrophe col be trce irectly to cshcrop proction lrge bsentee lnholingsn lck of plnning in irrigtion n soilconsertion brls fther blme theislns corrpt n incompetent colonilministrtion for these filres t ws itppers lrgely e to his fthers inflencetht brl left for isbon in 945 etermineto be trine in gricltrl hyrlicengineering

isbon too h been momentrily shkenby eents of those yers he wr hstimlte the eelopment of ntifscistmoements especilly mong niersitystents Mrio e Anre n Angoln whofirst worke with brl in this perio inisbon reclle the significnce of these moe-ments for brl For while [the ortgese people emonstrte openly Repressionspeeily reestblishe orer t ws in thisclimte tht brl becme fmilir with

ortgese resistnce to Fscism From hisentry to the [nstitte he took prt in thestrggles for stent emns

A thir fctor which ws to he n imme-ite impct on the heirs of the ntie elite ws

the intensifiction of ortgese coloniproper Following the en of the wr ogese emigrtion to the colonies prticlAngol increse gretly o some etentnew coloniztion followe irectly f

ortgls wrtime mobiliztion n milioccption of the colonies Bt emigrtionlso prt of the pln for ortgls posteconomic reconstrction hese colonilscorse isplce the Africn petit borgeomking it n incresingly rennt clsslonger comfortbly istinct from the msthe Africn poplce n the colonies prent genertion of the petit borgeoisie cono longer reily stify itself nor oi

conclsion tht its sittion wol soonntenble t ws being betrye by its ogese msters n ws obiosly liente fthose it h mge coerce n coently espise brl wol write in

ooi iio wi o o io o i obogoiii wi o o o g o oii oiobo o oo o iibio o bogoii i

i ooi o ig gg goig oiio i b o i obi bi oiio ig iig o o qo wi g o ooii o o big ii ig io oii w i i wi o i bo w o o i o oig oiio ioi oibii i b o bogoii wi i ooo b reolutionary wi o

o i ob ii o

he precision of brls nlysis reflecteonly his nerstning of history bt lseperience


47/84

THE PETIT BOURGEOISIE

AND NATIONAL LIBERATION

ologl or o rvoluonror o bourgo o orugu

r oul b r bk qu rl o

on l o nnn nur Fro870 o n 1 890, ngoln Joo Fon rr n wrng llng ounon o orugu rl lvr, or o vlngon, r, nrv orruonn non, n rnl, r-non gn l, on o olon. r ollow Fon n r o wn nur In ngol,

obqu, n C Vr, -

bourgo nonl onnu r ror-l onv gn orugu n

nrun, olon o o

ror nonl wn o r o orgoll r, u Lg r

( 1919) n ro onl Ar( 1921 ) n Angol

ronuon o orugu R

l no Eo ovo n 1926 b lou u n n o u orgnonowr Lbon, Lun, Lorno rqn u, owvr, nonl long bourgo on rg, nourg b rvl o n orugl l norl vn n l 190 A r, rr w ow gu b logl won r ol VrCru, or nn, orgn n 1948 uljournl, Mensagem (g), w ubloonll nonl or n l llngng vlu o W


48/84

In sbon three Afrcan stdents resdng ate C do Ente o Iero Cabra Agosnho Neto and Maro deAndrade were aowed b stae offca oorganze a Center of Afrcan Stdes Neto an

Angon was n sbon stdng edne Hewod soon become a eader of the MoenoPopr de bertacao de Angoa (MPLA) Cbra was cofonder and tate heade frt goernent of an ndependent Angon 1975 Andrade teratre sent at thenerst of Lsbon (and ater he Sorbonne nPars) was aso acte n the anfst oeen n Portga Later e wod hed heMPLA we Neo was n ron and reresen

he Porgese Afran nona beraonoeen n ther attets to sere ortfro the West (on Sweden resonded).

rng he ear 1950s hese ree werejoned n ther work n Lsbon b EdaroMondane and Marno do Sntos ofMozabqe Lo r nd eondaodrge de Aea of Angoa and oers

Together zng the shorted Cener ofAfran Sde and sbeqent organzaonhe se abo estbhng the pota and

deooga harcter of the naona beronoeen(s) of Porgee Afra

This kernel o students in Portugal was engaged ineverish activity on two complementary levelsFist came ideological and political training,extended into the absorption o knowledge in allields and the training was acuired in thecrucible o more or less clandestine meetings,through reading Marxist works or throughpersonal contacts . . . . The second level o activitylay around the saeguarding o identit or to useabrals phrase the struggle or the "reAricanization o minds At the sae time asthis group o ude became acutely consciouso their specic situation as assimilated andcolonized persons rationalized their eelings and

searched or anchorage points in Arican cuto revive it, they were receptive to analoexperiences worked out in the unverse o oppsion . . . the American ew egrnegritude . .

So h wrten one of te Maro de AndrI he wo has ad stres o e oenare of ther deeopen

Cabra ke the oer rre rosona trnng n Lsbon trg to oon In 195 he retrne to Gne He corades hd one Portgpera had o be ened bt tt Marxs e ad enonere n Portg nadeqte to e tak Te reqre fr

reparon frr deeoen frtd Te poiia n er nwrtes e soca grond of e rgs hd to be noered

Cbr ad been n otnng enagrono n Portg He rerne o Gnder contr to e Pron erfor Agrra and orer SerePorgee Gne and drng e nex er he anned an exee e frs tra ens of e oon Te rebed n 1956 rean e r oon Gnean agrre Moreoer proCabr wh an e ndersandng of and's ota eono no on dtorb oona (e fond oneeghth ofrfae are ner on and saw grond n sh cro were ransforGne no onero econo) b ooex en organaton of an es o rose he doered

I an herr organw her ne aore nte nkee oon dnsrtn were e ke ere be for te srgge we ne Ized ant he a


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hem, "who ny soc srfcon hemos lkely er he wold recl

ee gro wio y efie orgiio c ore reice gi e Porgee e oer ey ve iie

c er riio of reice o cololeerio i e gro we fo orey o cce e ie of ol liberio.

or he momen, however, ws o ohergrops h Cbrl rned

In he owns of Gne, Cbrl, ke hsconemporry rn non wrng of ger,reogned wo dsnc grops he frcn ndhe Eropen, he nve nd he colonermong he frcns, Cbrl srmsed hreesses he pe borgeose (cv servns,

ehncl professons, conrc empoyees, rmers, he ke); wge erersconrc workers, domes servns, ndry, shop, rnspor, por, nd frmrers); nd fnlly, he de/asses whom heve no wo cegores obess onryyuhs who hd reenly moved o he ownsnd ere lvng off her reves, nd moreeren grop of beggrs, proses, ndhe hrny nemployed . pokserves, rm Cbr's nyss of socrure, e oe h wo csses, on whchs nyss n modern pol hogheres, he boeoisie nd he prole-, re mssng more of hs momeny. In hs pocl work, Cbrl frs rned hs own ss, he pe borgeose "Theory ook frgh, ndrde els s, b

"hose rre few who responded posvely wereweny yers er o beome he eders ofGness nd Cpe Verde

Wh hs dre, Cbr nex sogh for hsrevoonry bse mong he wge erners,orkng mos cosely wh hose workers heexpermen grcre n of PessbeGrnge he ws so rng off

enon

Alrey i 19 kg gi Porgrle beg o ce roble woriie e goveror ie co be of lberl icio. e cll

Cbrl o ore or e i wor Look ever i bo y oiioyo r kg roble for e I l ilS or leve e cory.

Cbr cceped rnsfer bck o sbo94 The nex yer he ws resgnedfrc, hs me o ngol, where he woon sgr rrgon nd sol sdes. or hehree yers he dvded hs me nd enbeween orgnng nd engneerng, prsech n ngol, Porg, nd Gne (wher

ws lowed o rern once yer o vsfmy)

The cdre s n Gne ncldng rsPerer (now presden of Cpe Verdes), Cbr (mlcr's broher nd scessor),bo Dre conned o work, focon wge erners nd orgng mrde non, he cndesne no cdes Trblhdores d Gne (TG) on Sepember 9 196, drng one of Cbhored vss o Gne, he Cbr broPerer, Jlo de med, Esee Trpn,ernndo ores me serely o formfrcn Pry of Independence, or P. (Tyers er, he P wold ke s prenme, PIGC, ddng he nls of GneCpe Verdes o s cronym) Three moer, bck n ngol, Cbrl ook pr smr meeng whh he MPL ook fThe P pressed on wh s rdenc, eveny orgnng sccessfl s

mong semenn gs 3, 199, he coon dmnon src bck I ordered s soders oon he workers srkng he Pdg ner ss fy were repored kled C


50/84

would later write: In the beginning, wethought it would be possible to fight in the

towns, using the experienes of other countries,

but that was a mistake We tried strikes and

demonstrations, but realized this would not

work" 1 9 Cabral returned the next month to

Guine, and during the next several days the PA

cadre, traumatized by the violence of the

authorities, reviewed its entire political

program

48

Having reviewed these ree past years of

clandestine politcal work and analysed the

politcal situation, the enlarged meeting of 19

September concluded, n he light of the Pdji

guii experience and the naure of Portuguese

colonialism tha the only way to liberate the

Cabral (right) vits PAIGC childcare

country s through struggle by all posible meincluding war. 2

Further, and just as momentous in its sig

cance, the party decided to without d

mobilize and organize the peasant masses

will be, as experience shows, the main forc

the struggle for national liberation" U

would be sought among Africans of all etgroups, origins, and social strata" Org

zation in the towns would remain undergrou

while recruiters would work among emigre

well as in Guine itself, and the party's gensecretariat would be transferred outside

country Cabral moved to Conakry with o

members of the party secretariat. There

trained, recruited, organized, and prepared


51/84


52/84

eoluion [ws] e definiie implnion ofsocilism on one six of e worldssurfce. n occsion, in e erl sixies,Crl could e jus s clier wi e isorof e people of uine: A les once edeclred "e pesnr of Cin d isor of reol, u is ws no e cse inuine.

Howeer, e s efore im nd iscomrdes compelled eir furer deelopmenAs icrd Hndside s osered:

Guinea had none of he elemen on whichrevoluion in Europe and Aia had been baed.There wa no large prolearia, no developedworking cla, no large peaan ma deprived of

land A ucceful revoluionar raeg forGuinea could no be baed on an wholealeadopion of oher revoluionar experience wha wa needed wa a raeg baed on Africancondiion, on he condiion wihin Guineaielf.

Te isoricl nd socil merils immedielille o uine's reoluionr inelligensicondiioned e formulion of eor ndprogrm. Crl would comine e deelop-

men of reoluionr sreg nd eor in isoug on e pesnr, on e culure ofresisnce, nd on e nionl lierionmoemen.

In is er erlies wriings, cerin gi forcriicism nd for reordering e presumpionsof reoluionr eor o conform o e needsof is sruggle could e osered in Crl In1961 , for exmple, e declred:

There can be no doub ha, even more han hecla ruggle in h capiali counrie and heanagonim beween hee counrie and heociali world, he liberaion ruggle of hecolonial people i he eenial characeriic, andwe would a he prime moive force, o headvance of hior in our ime

And regrding is own presumpions, eno less criicl. Following e erl defepr wor in e owns of uine, Cris collegues cme o recognize lmos exclusie relince on e inelligend urn wge erners ws misen ndpesns were e socil se, e psicl of e reoluion. u e pesnrelieed, ws no reoluionr forcFnon d surmised. Te pesns' exploiws idden from em e mediion of ionl insiuions of rde nd soci u

Among he Fula and Manjaco he broadwho uffer in fac are a he boom, iller ooil (he peaan) Bu here are manbeween hem and he Poruguee The areo uffering, o uffering a he hand of hefolk, from he behaviour of heir own folk

Te moilizion of e pesnr ndeoluion ino reoluionr rm woulo occur in ree successie sges: pocion, rmed sruggle, nd nionl srucion. And for wo ers efore e field of rmed sruggle, Crl n

collegues engged in prepror poecing in e counrside, rininreoluionr cdre wic in is prcice elp discoer wi e pesns e moe"own formul for moilizing for e sruCrl reclled "we oidegenerlizions nd p prses Aime, e pesns "cme o undersnd remendous moun of exploiion exis i is e emseles wo p for

ing, een for e prois of e people lie ciCrls enion o e less immedi

sill profound specs of reoluionr ws jus s consn, jus s imginiperps jus s correc. Indeed, one of


53/84

ip ibis evliyey eed e ipe f isy dle i e pes f dii d

libei. le e ged is sedisil eies e seed f ppsii

wi i is ipeive f e seiy f lilis desy. ll ppessi edeil f fi le is seely bei il ge b eessiy. e f he liliss he Biish ee e e e Spis e Belgie D e gese d ie ie e s f iilig e iveppli. ll ei s f dii

PAIG Member

wee i si fi he ew pelled e ep sppess e les.

Bu [aral wro ulural rian ofAfrian popl wa no drod Rprprud rad o oa group wr in agu w ooniai Afrulur urid a or aing rfug illag n for and n pr ognraon wo wr o oloniai

I e pess f is file pe e legies eed f is ed d esive pei bgeisie deied lly lieed d eseied elie.


54/84

neress of hs ellgens nd he rulng

clss however were no dencl. ndeed he

neress of he wo clsses were opposed ech

presumng for self nurl rgh o explo

he msses. When nevbly he wo clsses

clshed s hey dd n he Poruguese colonesfer World Wr rebellous elemens of he

pe bourgeose hd nowhere o urn excep o

he people nd no deologcl rllyng ponexcep h provded by he nve culure. The

more dffcul he suon of he whole pe

bourgeose he more lkely ws h non

ls nd revoluonry nonls elemens

would emerge fro . Ths merls under-

sndng of he pe bourgeose kep Cbrl

from overesmng he honesy of clss s

wholeFor Cbrl nio lberon requred he

complee desrucon of foregn domnon.

Naonl lbero ws he non reclmngs producve forces nd s brhrgh "he

nalenble rgh of every people o hve

hsory of s own. Hvng recqured her

freedom o choose he ph of her develop

men he people of he non were lso

responsble for he furher developmen of herculture negrng wh even he "posve

accreon from e oppressor nd oher

culures. "No culre s perfec fnshed

whole Cbral wDed. "Culure lke hsorys an expndng n developng phenomenon.

"Tell no les clm no esy vcores he hd

old hs PAGC cdres n 196.

To he pe bourgeose of hs own lnd

Cabral aemped o spek wh comprblprecson. In Havn n 1966, Cbral declred:

52

In order not to betray [the objectives of the

national liberati], the petty bourgeoisie hasonly one choice . . he revolutioary petty bour-

geoisie must be capable of committing suicide as a

class in order to be rebor as revolutioary

workers completely idetified with the deepest

aspiratios o the people to hich they belo

This alterative to betray the revolution or

commit suicide as a class costitutes

dilemma o the petty bourgeoisie i the gene

frameork o the atioal liberatio strugg

The positive solutio i avour o the revolut

depeds o hat Fidel Castro recetly correc

called the development oj revolutionconsciousness. ) '

The revoluonry pe bourgeose were

be he deologcl nd polcl clyss of

nonl lberon movemen. Colonlsm h

hled he hsorcl developmen of clsses

Gune resulng n he lck of ny rue pro

r. No fcores no ceners of ndusr

producon hd rsen o expnd nd conc

re prolern clss. n he bsence of socl formon nd gven he vulnerbly

he owns o colonl volence he revoonry pe bourgeose hd o enls

peasnry n he sruggle. could n

ccomplsh hs sk whou comng o er

wh s clssspecfc endency o evolve n

bourgeose. The revoluonry pe bo

geose self emergen from he ' 'rely of n Gune now hd o choose beween cl

lluson nd nonl lberon. Only by rm

self wh he resolve h s hsorexsence ws rnsory could hope

moblze he pesnry. The pesnry hd oexperenced s exploon ndrecly nd w

no nherenly revoluonry. wo

consue he physcl force of he srug

when he revoluonry pe bourgeose hdesroyed self by becomng physclly d

logclly nd polclly negred wh .

Cbrl spoke consnly o he Porugupeople declrng h hs movemen ws

opposon no o hem bu o Porugu

colonlsm. He spoke of necessary nrelonshp beween he nonls lber

movemens n he colones and he srug


55/84

gns s n Pug s vnsv g T sugg n Gun sC x sn vunvn n Pug n 1974 n Pugus vun gns s n s s s sv n Gun n s v Cv nnng gu . unun s gu sugg nGun n sg Gn nn n

s vun gvnn ns Pg nd e Fe (1974s Pugs u

xn n Pug ssng s gvn nnn Gun T svn nn v s ung Ju 1973 n Gun

Jus s C sugns ss n Pug vn ss n Gun ng n Pugus ung ss s s vss s gssPugus s gn xus s nsns n n n s s sns ung ss ndi u s unvsn nnssn s sn s s unvsmiiin n n s su s sns s su ss

Pug n qus v gng n ngn s s ss n gs s s ( n ng


56/84

aknd by official cnsosip at om ictndd to dmoaiz a militay itotpopla sppot, and tatnd by tgoing cognition tat ti pofssionamilitay cas limitd by ti social

oigins, t jnio offics oganizd andbld otgs popl, sddnystck by t vlations of goss dcptionspptatd on tm and aady conscios ofti matial politica, and social pivations,spondd cop of t Offics ovmnt xpandd into a dmocatic votion.National libation in fica, foloingCabals sns of its dialctic, ad pcipitatdt otgs votion

Lik ot oganizations t od ov, tGC ad to fac gotism, sxism, jaosis,gional and tnic ostilitis and sspicions,and dogmatism Cabal bogt to poblmsik ts a pofond common sns, analyticainsigt, and it Wit t pblication of isfild nots, lcts and sminas in nity andStruggl av a sns of Cabals styl as apolitica tactician H tagt, cajold, discipind, and dmonstatd by isactions

t is no igt yas sinc Caba as stckdon by t blts of otgs agnts Ontat nigt, anay 2 1973 in Conaky, totgs dictatosip sogt to dstoy tmovmnt by kiing its lad Bt it asCaba, not is assassins, o old av tfina od:

Nobod ndpenable n h ruggle; we are alneeded bu nobod ndpenable. If omeoneha o go and goe awa and hen he ruggle paraled, becaue he ruggle wa worhle

The onl prde we have oda, ha I melf have, he ceran ha, afer he work we havealread done, f I were o go awa, o be opped,o de or dappear, here are hoe here n hePar who can carr on he Par ak. If h

were no o, hen wha a daer; we would acheved nohng. For a man who ha an achmen ha onl he can carr on ha no e anhng. An achevemen worh whle oexen ha an achevemen of man, anhere are man who can ake up and carr even one par of hand aken awa.

POSTSCRPTOn Novmb 14 198 i tis atic

sti in ppaation, ajo oao BnaVia, t pim minist of GinaBisffctd a cop ic movd sidnt d mida Caba, bot of mica, many ot snio mmbs of t fom t govnmnt isbonb

pots on t cop ic patmost of t Wstn pss ascibd t moof Viia and t amy to a long postggl btn t blacks of GinaBiand t mixdac popl fom t Cap Vsands and to t adoption of a n cottion a k pio to t cop iminatd t pos of t inist Not on of ts pots alto t dogt ic sinc 1977 ad dGinaBissa fom na sfsfficincy inand maiz podction to t impoting of mtan 7 tons of ic in 198 t misagmnt of t ops tos ic std in sv sotags in fabics and obasic commoditis in t sot and cntt conty t fail of Liz Cabgovnmnt to constct an appopiat tpotation infastct to intgat contys conomy o its miss of foignNo did t pots not Viias pomis

o check he accumulaon of wealh and lugood b par and governmen ocal areurn o he more paran and poldedcaed le of leaderhp whch characehe PAIG durng he war.


57/84


58/84

9 Cabral "The Weapon of Theory in his Revolution in

Guinea (Monthly Review Press 1969), pp. 180-89.

10. Davidson Eye of the Storm pp. 138-53.

I I . Ibid. pp. 151-56.

12 Andrade in Unity and Struggle, pp. xxiii-xxiv.

13 Cabral "Agricultural Census in Guine in Unity and

Struggle pp. 4-16.

14. Cabral, "A Brief Analysis of the Social Structure inGuinea in Revolution in Guinea p. 61 .

15. Opoku "Cabral and the African Revolution p 47.

16. Adrade in Unity and Struggle p. xxv. A nationalist

petit bourgeoisie opposed to the PAIGC did develop Some

chose to participate with the Portuguese military in the

struggle against the revolution; others and specifically the

nationalist exiles residing in Senegal organized into a front

which consistently collaborated with the Portuguese

authorities "In response to Cabral and the PAIGC . . . they

established their own movement based in Senegal and led

by clearly identified traditional ethnic leaders and members

of the urban elite who had broken with Cabral and his more

radical vision . . n fact, this movement began as severalparties each with a purely ethnic base These three parties

were the largely Manjacobased Movimento de Libertacao

da Guine, the Fulaed and oriented Uniao Democratica da

Guine, and the Mandinga Rassemblement Democratique de

Guinee . . There were also a number of small groups

founded by members of the commercialcivil service

elite . . . in 1962 [they came together to found a common

front . . the Frente de Luta pela Independencia Nacional

de GuineaBissau (FLING) . . . Judson Lyon "Marxism

56

and EthnoNationalism in GuineaBissau, 19

Ethnic and Racial Studies April 1980, p. 160)

article makes the case that Cabral "like almost al

tionists, was "blind . to the strength of ethnic

ments and faied to come to terms with "ethno

alism Lyon contrasts what he takes as the P

doctrinaire impotence with the "success of FLN

admits, though that "FLNG did nothing at all afexcept tend to the needs of the refugees in Senegal

17 Davidson, Liberation pp. 301

1 8 . Rafael Barbosa, a former president ofthe PAIG

earliest period is included in this group by Richard

(Afican Liberation Movements Oxford Universit

1972, p. 253) Gibson apparently basing his rep

American intelligence sources, is contradicted by A

Andrade, however may have expunged Barbosa

from those of the founders because Barbosa defecte

Portuguese in 1969 after seven years of imprisonmen

Gibson suggests torture).

19. David A. Andelman "Profile Amilcar C

Africa Report May 1970, p 19, cited by Robert B"Fanon and Cabral A Contrast in Theories of Rev

in Africa, Joual of Mode African Studies

(1974), p. 193.

20. Davidson, Liberation p. 32.

21 . The US was a major contributor to the Portugu

efforts through aid supplied by Congress and the

Kissinger administration See Roger Morris Un

Geatness Harper & Row 1 977), pp 107-1 14 "R

Kissinger: Richard Allen Wall Steet oual, O


59/84

1980; and Cabrals remarks, "The Eighth Year of ArmedStruggle for National Liberaion, in Unity and Struggle,

pp. 124-25.22. Thomas Henriksen, "People's War in Angola, Mozambique, and GuineaBissau, Joual of Mode African

eudies, Vol. 14 (Sepember 1976), pp. 39192.23 Cabral, "Guinea and Cabo Verde Against Portuguese

Coloniaism, in Revolution in Guinea, p. 13 .24. Cabral, "Brief Analysis of the Social Structure in

Guinea, ibid., p 61 .25. Handyside, "Introduction, ibid., pp. 78.26. Cabral, "Guinea and Cabo Verde, p. 14.

27. Cabral, "Uniy and Struggle, in Unity and Struggle, 3 8 .

28 . Cabral, "Towards Final Victory, in The Revolution nGuinea, p. 159. Cabra wrote: "Remember always that the

people do not fight for ideas, for things that only exist inthe heads of individuals The people fight and hey acceptthe necessary sacrifices. Bu they do it in order to gain

material advantages, to live in peace and to impro

Radical America - Vol 15 No 3 - 1982 - May June

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