R. Shanthini 24 Oct 2011 “Men are only as good as their technical development allows them to be”...
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R. Shanthini 24 Oct 2011
“Men are only as good as their technical development
allows them to be”- George Orwell
CP551 Sustainable Development
R. Shanthini 24 Oct 2011
Module 6:
Energy and Transport for economic and human
development, and their impact on
Sustainable Development.
R. Shanthini 24 Oct 2011
Global primary energy consumption in 2006
≈ 15.8 TW = 15.8 x 1012 W
Global population in 2006 ≈ 6.56 billion
Global energy consumption per person in 2006
15.8 x 1012 W 6.56 x 109
≈ 2.4 kW
Source: International Energy Annual 2006 (posted Dec 19, 2008)http://www.eia.doe.gov/iea/
≈
R. Shanthini 24 Oct 2011
2.4 1.9
15.9
0.35
11.2
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
World China Singapore Sri Lanka US
Primary Energy Consumption per capita in 2006 (in kW)
Source: International Energy Annual 2006 (posted Dec 19, 2008)http://www.eia.doe.gov/iea/
R. Shanthini 24 Oct 2011
2.4 1.9
16% 15.9
0.4% 0.35 0.05%
11.2
21%
0
5
10
15
20
25
World China Singapore Sri Lanka US
Primary Energy Consumption per capita in 2006 (in kW)
Source: International Energy Annual 2006 (posted Dec 19, 2008)http://www.eia.doe.gov/iea/
Primary Energy Consumption in 2006 (in %)
R. Shanthini 24 Oct 2011
15.8
2.47
0.07 0.007
3.34
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
World China Singapore Sri Lanka US
Primary Energy Consumption in 2006 (in TW)
Source: International Energy Annual 2006 (posted Dec 19, 2008)http://www.eia.doe.gov/iea/
R. Shanthini 24 Oct 2011
0
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
30,000
35,000
0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
HDI2005
Ele
ctri
city
Co
nsu
mp
tion
p
er
cap
ita 2
00
4 (
kW-h
rs)
Sources: http://hdrstats.undp.org/buildtables/rc_report.cfm
HDI > 0.8
High per capita electricity consumption
is required to reach super high HDI (>0.9).
R. Shanthini 24 Oct 2011
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
HDI2005
CO
2 E
mis
sio
ns
pe
r ca
pita
20
04
(to
nn
es
of C
eq
uiv
ale
nt)
Sources: http://hdrstats.undp.org/buildtables/rc_report.cfm
Sustainable limit
HDI > 0.8
Unsustainable amount of per capita CO2 emissions
are required to reach super high HDI (> 0.9)
R. Shanthini 24 Oct 2011
Energy OptionsFossil fuels (coal, oil and natural gas)
HydropowerNuclear energy
Solar energyWind energy
Geothermal energyOcean (wave, tidal and ocean thermal) energy
Biomass energyBiofuels (bioethanol or biodiesel) energy
Hydrogen (fuel-cell) economy
R. Shanthini 24 Oct 2011
Renewable energy
are flows of energy that are regenerative or virtually inexhaustible.
- Dr. Raymond Wright
Sustainable energy
is energy which is replenishable within a human lifetime and causes no long-term
damages to the environment.
Source: http://www.jsdnp.org.jm/glossary.html
R. Shanthini 24 Oct 2011
Fossil fuels
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
1965 1975 1985 1995 2005
Year
Glo
bal C
onsu
mpt
ion
(in M
illio
n to
nnes
oil
equi
vale
nt)
Oil Hydroelectric
Coal Nuclear
Natural gas
Source: BP Statistical Review of World Energy June 2008
R. Shanthini 24 Oct 2011
Technological status mature
Average growth oil at 1.3% per year
gas at 2.3% per year
coal at 1.8% per year
Total share of global energy mix
in 2007
oil: 37%
gas: 25% of electricity
coal: 25%
in 2030 (potential)
oil: 0%
gas: 31% of electricity
coal: 25%
Fossil fuels
R. Shanthini 24 Oct 2011 Source: BP Statistical Review of World Energy June 2008
Fossil Fuel Type
Reserves–to-production (R/P) ratio gives the number of years the remaining reserves (most
optimistic estimates) would last if production were to continue at
the 2007 level
Oil 41.6 years
Natural Gas 60.3 years
Coal 133 years
Fossil fuels Peak OIL
R. Shanthini 24 Oct 2011 Source: http://www.hubbertpeak.com/mx/
Production from Mexico's largest oilfield, Cantarell, fell
from 1.99 million b/d
in Jan 2006 to
1.44 million b/d in Dec 2006.
Fossil fuels Peak OIL
R. Shanthini 24 Oct 2011
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
1750 1800 1850 1900 1950 2000Year
CO
2 e
mis
sio
ns
(in
109 k
g C
O2) from solid fuel burning
from liquid fuel burningfrom gas fuel burningfrom cement productionfrom gas flaring
Source: http://cdiac.ornl.gov/trends/emis/glo.html
Fossil fuels
R. Shanthini 24 Oct 2011
Fossil fuelsCarbon (dioxide) Capture and Storage (CCS) at Weyburn-Midale CO2 Project:
CO2 emitted from the coal gasification plant in North Dakota (USA) is captured (rather than vented to the atmosphere).
It is then liquefied by compression and pipelined 320 km north to the depleted oilfields in Saskatchewan (Canada).
CO2 so transported is used to enhance oil recovery (225 m3 of CO2 to get an extra barrel of oil) from depleted oil fields.
It is then separated and re-injected into the depleted oilfields for long time storage.
The project was launched in 2000, and the 1st phase has been completed successfully.
R. Shanthini 24 Oct 2011
CCS is controversial since permanent storage of CO2 underground is not guaranteed
Fossil fuels
depleted oil and gas reservoirenhanced
recoverysaline formation
Unminable coal beds
terrestrial sequestration
power station CO2 capture and separation
ocean sequestration
R. Shanthini 24 Oct 2011
Fossil fuels
CCS in the oceans: inject CO2 by ship or pipeline into the water column at
depths of 1 km or more, and the CO2 subsequently dissolves.
deposit CO2 directly onto the sea floor at depths greater than 3 km, where CO2 is denser than water and is expected to form a 'lake' that would delay dissolution of CO2 into the environment.
convert the CO2 to bicarbonates (using limestone)
store the CO2 in solid clathrate hydrates already existing on the ocean floor, or grow more solid clathrate.
R. Shanthini 24 Oct 2011
Fossil fuels
Controversial since the impacts on marine ecosystem (which is very fragile) are not known
Capture
Dissolution type
Dissolution type
Lake type
Fixed pipelines Moving ships Platform
3 km
R. Shanthini 24 Oct 2011
For energy (electricity and heat), we depend heavily on the combustion of fossil fuels like coal, oil and natural gas.
Fossil fuels burning is responsible for about 85% of the anthropogenic CO2 emissions produced annually, and therefore the major cause for global warming. It also create NOx and SOx pollution.
Fossil fuels are non-renewable sources of energy and is expected to be used up within a century from now.
Fossil fuel is not a sustainable energy source.
Fossil fuels
R. Shanthini 24 Oct 2011
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
1965 1975 1985 1995 2005
Year
Glo
bal C
onsu
mpt
ion
(in M
illio
n to
nnes
oil
equi
vale
nt)
Oil Hydroelectric
Coal Nuclear
Natural gas
Source: BP Statistical Review of World Energy June 2008
Hydroelectric power
R. Shanthini 24 Oct 2011
0
200
400
600
800
1965 1975 1985 1995 2005
Year
Glo
ba
l Co
nsu
mp
tion
(in
Mill
ion
to
nn
es
oil
eq
uiv
ale
nt) Hydroelectric
Source: BP Statistical Review of World Energy June 2008
Hydroelectric power
R. Shanthini 24 Oct 2011
Technological status mature
Average growth 2% per year
Total share of global energy mix
16% of electricity in 2007
16% of electricity in 2030 (potential)
Hydroelectric power
R. Shanthini 24 Oct 2011
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005Year
Glo
bal C
onsu
mpt
ion
(in 1
015 k
J)Hydroelectric Power
Net Geothermal, Solar, Wind, & Woodand Waste Electric Power
Hydroelectric power
Source: International Energy Annual 2005 (Sept 13, 2007)
R. Shanthini 24 Oct 2011
Why hydroelectric power? Once the dam is built, the energy is virtually free.
No waste or pollution produced.
Much more reliable than wind, solar or wave power.
Water can be stored above the dam ready to cope with peaks in demand.
Hydro-electric power stations can increase to full power very quickly, unlike other power stations.
Electricity can be generated constantly.
Hydroelectric power
R. Shanthini 24 Oct 2011
Hydroelectric power
The Elwha Dam, a 33 m high dam on the Olympic Peninsula in Washington state, is one of two huge dams built in the early 1900s and set to be removed in 2012.
Removal of dam will restore
the fish habitats, will create an
additional 715 acres of
terrestrial vegetation, and
improve elk habitats. estimated cost
$308 million ± 15%
R. Shanthini 24 Oct 2011
Hydroelectric power
The Three Gorges Dam project in China, when completed by 2011, has a total electric generating capacity of 22,500 MW. The project cost is 39 billion US$.
The project used 27,200,000 m3 of concrete, 463,000 tonnes of steel and moved about 102,600,000 m3 of earth.
When the water level is maximum at 175 m over sea level (110 m above the river level down stream), the reservoir created is about 660 km in length and 1.12 km in width on average, and contains 39.3 km3 of water.
It has flooded a total of 632 km² area, displaced 1.24 million people, washed away 13 major cities, submerged cultural and archaeological sites, and is causing dramatic ecological changes.
R. Shanthini 24 Oct 2011
Hydroelectric power
The twin Aswan Dams of Nile river have plugged the flooding of the river, and much of the flood and its load of rich fertilizing silt are now deposited in reservoirs instead of the delta.
This lack of natural fertilizer has resulted in an increase in erosion of the river and Nile Delta, and an increase in the use of chemical fertilizers.
Chemical fertilizers have to be imported and thus cost money for the farmers that grow their crops, and it also causes pollution of the surrounding environment due to runoff.
The chemical fertilizers contain high levels of Nitrogen and Phosphorous which are harmful because they flow from the cropland to the water.
R. Shanthini 24 Oct 2011
What are the problems with hydroelectric power? barriers in the natural flow of a river prevents fish from
migration, alters ecosystems, and threatens the livelihoods of local communities
the world's 52,000 largest dams release 104 million metric tons of methane (a greenhouse gas) annually
hydropower is not renewable, because reservoirs fill up with sediment and cost billions to dredge
failure of a dam will have catastrophic consequences
loss of land as well as flooding of areas such as natural habitats and existing settlements
The future generations must pay for destroying dams
Hydroelectric power
Is it a sustainable form of energy?
R. Shanthini 24 Oct 2011
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
1965 1975 1985 1995 2005
Year
Glo
bal C
onsu
mpt
ion
(in M
illio
n to
nnes
oil
equi
vale
nt)
Oil Hydroelectric
Coal Nuclear
Natural gas
Source: BP Statistical Review of World Energy June 2008
Nuclear Energy
R. Shanthini 24 Oct 2011
0
200
400
600
800
1965 1975 1985 1995 2005
Year
Glo
ba
l Co
nsu
mp
tion
(in
Mill
ion
to
nn
es
oil
eq
uiv
ale
nt) Nuclear
Source: BP Statistical Review of World Energy June 2008
Nuclear Energy
R. Shanthini 24 Oct 2011
Technological status mature
Average growth 0.7% per year
Total share of global energy mix
16% of electricity in 2007
10% of electricity in 2030 (potential)
Nuclear Energy
R. Shanthini 24 Oct 2011
Nuclear Energy
An isotope of Uranium, 235U, is used as the reactor fuel.
A neutron striking a 235U nucleus gets absorbed into it and 236U is created.
236U is unstable and this causes the atom to fission.
The fissioning of 236U can produce over twenty different products.
Eg: 235U + 1 neutron 3 neutrons + 89Kr + 144Ba + ENERGY
Examples of fission products: 90Sr and 137Cs (halflife 30 years) 126Sn (halflife of 230,000 years, but low yield)
R. Shanthini 24 Oct 2011
Source: http://www.cameco.com/uranium_101/uranium_science/nuclear_reactors/
Nuclear Energy
Heat to Work paradigm
R. Shanthini 24 Oct 2011
Direct CO2 emissions from burning
(in grams CO2 equivalent / kWh)
1017
575
362
790
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
Coal Gas Hydro Solar PV Wind Nuclear
Upper rangeLower range
IAEA2000
Direct CO2 emissions from burning
(in grams CO2 equivalent / kWh)
1017
575
362
790
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
Coal Gas Hydro Solar PV Wind Nuclear
Upper rangeLower range
IAEA2000
R. Shanthini 24 Oct 2011
Indirect CO2 emissions from life cycle
(in grams CO2 equivalent / kWh)
4 2148
236 280
1306
688
439
910
966
100
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
Coal Gas Hydro Solar PV Wind Nuclear
Upper rangeLower range
Nuclear fission energy is the best CO2 emissions-
free energy source so far.
IAEA2000
R. Shanthini 24 Oct 2011
Nuclear Energy
Nuclear fission provides 16% of the world electricity production and 7% of the total energy consumption.
Current usage of uranium is about 65,000 t/yr.
The world's present measured resources of uranium in the cost category somewhat below present spot prices is about 5.5 Mt.
They could last for over 80 years at the current usage rate.
Nuclear energy is therefore not a renewable energy source.
Source: http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf75.html
R. Shanthini 24 Oct 2011
Nuclear Energy
Nuclear waste and the retired nuclear plants could remain radioactive for hundreds of future generations.
Uranium is available on earth only in limited quantities. Uranium is being converted during the operation of the nuclear power plant so it won't be available any more for future generations.
Therefore nuclear power is not a sustainable source of energy.
R. Shanthini 24 Oct 2011
Fusion Energy
The D-T Fusion Reaction
Nuclei of two isotopes of hydrogen, naturally occuring deuterium (2H) and synthetically produced tritium (3H) react to
produce a helium (He) nucleus and a neutron (n).
In each reaction, 17.6 MeV of energy (2.8 pJ) is liberated
2H + 3H 4He (3.5 MeV) + n (14.1 MeV)
R. Shanthini 24 Oct 2011
Fusion Energy
Sun energy comes from the fusion of
hydrogen into helium.
It happens at very high temperatures
generated owing to the massive gas
cloud shrinking under its own
gravitational force.
R. Shanthini 24 Oct 2011
Technological status research phase
Major challenge make ITER (International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor) a success
Major barrier immense investments in research and development are needed
Total share of global energy mix
0% of electricity in 2007
Possible adverse effects
worn-out reactors will be radioactive for 50-100 years, but there is no long-lived radioactive waste
Fusion Energy