R. Shanthini 15 Aug 2010 “Men are only as good as their technical development allows them to be”...
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![Page 1: R. Shanthini 15 Aug 2010 “Men are only as good as their technical development allows them to be” - George Orwell.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062321/56649e655503460f94b600c0/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
R. Shanthini 15 Aug 2010
“Men are only as good as their technical development
allows them to be”- George Orwell
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R. Shanthini 15 Aug 2010
Energy and the EnvironmentPart III (final part)
CES August 2010
Prof. R. ShanthiniDept of Chemical & Process Engineering
Faculty of EngineeringUniversity of Peradeniya
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R. Shanthini 15 Aug 2010
• Describe the major energy technologies
• Assess the impact of the use of energy from the environmental (ecological) point of view
• Demonstrate a comprehensive understanding of
- energy sufficiency (conservation)
- energy efficiency
- energy security and
- sustainability issues
Learning Objectives
√
√
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R. Shanthini 15 Aug 2010
UNDP defined Human Development Index (HDI)
HDI = LI3
+ EI3
+ GDPI3
LI (Life Index) = Life Expectancy - 25
85 - 25
GDPI (GDP Index) =ln(GDP per capita) - ln(100)
ln(40000) - ln(100)
EI (Education Index) = 2 Adult Literacy
3 100
2 School Enrollment
3 100+
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R. Shanthini 15 Aug 2010
• EF measures how much land and water area a human population requires to produce the resource it consumes and to absorb its wastes, using prevailing technology.
• Biocapacity is shorthand for biological capacity, which is the ability of an ecosystem to produce useful biological materials and to absorb wastes generated by humans.
Source: http://www.footprintnetwork.org
Sustainable global EF per capita
= Total Biocapacity per capita
= 13.4/6.8 ≈ 2 gha
Ecological Footprint (EF)
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R. Shanthini 15 Aug 2010
0
2
4
6
8
10
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1HDI2005
EF
20
05
(g
ha
pe
r ca
pita
)
Source: http://www.footprintnetwork.org and http://hdr.undp.org/en/statistics/data/hdi2008
EF < 2 gha per capita
HDI > 0.8
High HDI (>0.8) is accompanied by
unsustainable levels of Ecological Footprint.
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R. Shanthini 15 Aug 2010
0
2
4
6
8
10
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1HDI2005
EF
20
05
(g
ha
pe
r ca
pita
)
Source: http://www.footprintnetwork.org and http://hdr.undp.org/en/statistics/data/hdi2008
good
OK
medium
poor
Sri
Lank
a to
US
A
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R. Shanthini 15 Aug 2010
How can we all live well and live within the means of one planet?
The challenge ahead of us is to assist development to attain HDI > 0.8 while
maintaining a healthy Ecological Footprint per capita
HDI = LI3
+ EI3
+ GDPI3
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R. Shanthini 15 Aug 2010
Ideas from the class ARE DISCUSSED
on the following points.
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R. Shanthini 15 Aug 2010
Energy Supply in Sri Lanka in 2005 (in percentage)
Biomass56.5%
Electricity9.7%
Petroleum33.8%
Source: http://www.energy.gov.lk/
Who use the biomass?Who use the electricity?Who use the petroleum?
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R. Shanthini 15 Aug 2010
Energy Supply in Sri Lanka in 2005 (in percentage)
Biomass56.5%
Electricity9.7%
Petroleum33.8%
Source: http://www.energy.gov.lk/
How would development alter the above chart and
what are the implications?
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R. Shanthini 15 Aug 2010
Wind and sunlight are used for drying instead of fuel or electricity.
Solar Energy - Thermal
The 'right to dry' is specifically protected by the Florida legislation
and similar solar rights legislation has been passed in Utah and Hawaii.
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R. Shanthini 15 Aug 2010
Solar Energy – Photovoltaic Cells
Photovoltaic Power for
Rural HomesIn Sri Lanka
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R. Shanthini 15 Aug 2010
Solar Energy – Photovoltaic Cells
Solar lanternAbout Rs 2500/=
7W CFL, 12V Electronics, 10Wp Panel7Ah MF Battery Backup: 3 to 4 hoursSolar Panel Warrantee: 10 yearsLantern Warrantee: 1 year
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R. Shanthini 15 Aug 2010
William Kamkwamba of Malawi
http://williamkamkwamba.typepad.com
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R. Shanthini 15 Aug 2010
Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) in Curitiba (in Brazil) which pioneered BRT technology in the 1970s
- BRT system is different from conventional bus service.- BRT run in dedicated lanes. - BRT have signal priority so they spend less time stopped at red lights.- Space for the busway is often re-allocated from existing traffic or parking lanes.
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R. Shanthini 15 Aug 2010
BRT buses move quickly through the city transporting 2 million people daily, which is 70% of the cities population.
GDP per capita of Curitiba increased from 10% to 65% above the national average during 1980 to 1996.
BRT board passengers through all doors after paying fares at station platforms.
Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) in Curitiba (in Brazil) which pioneered BRT technology in the 1970s
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R. Shanthini 15 Aug 2010
$120 million
Paris created an individualized mass transit
system called Vélib (“Freedom Bikes”).
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R. Shanthini 15 Aug 2010
Study nature,
observe its ingenious
designs and processes,
and then
Imitates these designs and processes
to solve human problems.
Biomimicry (or Bionics)
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R. Shanthini 15 Aug 2010
Janine Benyus
Author of ‘Biomimicry: Innovation Inspired by Nature’, a book that has galvanized scientists, architects, designers and engineers into exploring new ways in which nature's successes can inspire humanity.
http://www.ted.com/index.php/talks/ janine_benyus_shares_nature_s_designs.html
Biomimicry (or Bionics)
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R. Shanthini 15 Aug 2010
Biomimicry (or Bionics)
Termite mounds include flues which vent through the top and sides, and the mound itself is designed to catch the breeze.
As the wind blows, hot air from the main chambers below ground is drawn out of the structure, helped by termites opening or blocking tunnels to control air flow.
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R. Shanthini 15 Aug 2010
Biomimicry (or Bionics)
Eastgate centre(shopping centre and office block) at central Harare, Zimbabwe ismodelled on local termite mounds and is ventilated and cooled entirely by natural means.
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R. Shanthini 15 Aug 2010
Biomimicry (or Bionics)Trapped air on the rough surface of the lotus leaf reduces liquid-to-solid contact area.
Due to self-attraction, water forms a sphere.
Due to natural adhesion between water and solids, dirt particles on a leaf's surface stick to the water.
The slightest angle in the surface of the leaf causes balls of water to roll off the leaf surface, carrying away the attached dirt particles.
Source: http://biomimicryinstitute.org/case-studies/
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R. Shanthini 15 Aug 2010
Biomimicry (or Bionics)
GreenShield™ coats textile fibres with liquid repelling nano particles in order to create water and stain repellency on textiles, and results in a 10-fold decrease in the use of environmentally harmful fluorocarbons (the conventional means of achieving repellency).
Other products inspired by the Lotus Effect include Lotusan paint and Signapur glass finish.
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R. Shanthini 15 Aug 2010
Fiber that can stop bullets is made from petroleum-derived molecules at high-pressure and high temperature with concentrated sulfuric acid. The energy input is extreme and the toxic byproducts are horrible.
Biomimicry (or Bionics)
Spider makes equally strong and much tougher fiber at body temperature, without high pressures, heat, or corrosive acids. If we could act like the spider, we could take a soluble, renewable raw material and make a super-strong water-insoluble fiber with negligible energy inputs and no toxic outputs.
Janine Benyus, 1997
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R. Shanthini 15 Aug 2010
Nature runs on sunlight Nature uses only the energy it needs Nature fits form to function Nature recycles everything Nature rewards cooperation Nature banks on diversity Nature demands local expertise Nature curbs excesses from within Nature taps the power of limits
Janine Benyus, 1997
Biomimicry (or Bionics)
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R. Shanthini 15 Aug 2010
We flew like a bird for the first time in 1903, and by 1914, we were dropping bombs
from the sky.
Perhaps in the end, it will not be a change in technology that will bring us to the
biomimetic future, but a change of heart, a humbling that allows us to be attentive to
nature's lessons.
- Janine Benyus, 1997
Biomimicry (or Bionics)
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R. Shanthini 15 Aug 2010
Power required to drive an electric car:Heat energy in coal (or oil) to
Generation of steam to Mechanical power of the turbine to
Generation of AC electricity to Transmission of AC electricity to
DC electricity in battery to Mechanical power needed to drive the car
Power required to drive a IC engine car: Heat energy in oil to
Mechanical power needed to drive the car
Which one would be more efficient when considering the heat energy of fuel needed to provide 1 unit of power to drive the car?
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R. Shanthini 15 Aug 2010
But to answer your question Shanthini...
I believe Electric Vehicles would be more efficient in the long run and
definitely environmentally friendly, if the technology is explored
and further researched.
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R. Shanthini 15 Aug 2010
A way of life
Gliricidia Sepium
End of Lectures