R. Matijašić-Oil and Wine Production in Istria and Dalmatia in Classical Antiquity and Early...

7/23/2019 R. Matijašić-Oil and Wine Production in Istria and Dalmatia in Classical Antiquity and Early Middle Ages

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OIL

AND

WINE

PRODUCTION

IN

ISTRIA

AND

DALMATIA

IN

CLASSICAL

ANTIQUITY

AND

THE

EARLY

MIDDLE

AGES

The

eastern

coast

of the Adriatic

comprises,

north

to

south,

the

regions

of

Istria,

Liburnia,

Dalmatia

a.nd

}lontenegro.

It

wai

populated

by

a variety

of

tribes,

most

of

which

belonged

to

the Illyrian

Jthni.

g.9r

(excludinf'the

.Ir'istri

and possibly

the

Li.burn):

Delmalae,

Ardiaei,

Daorsi,

Plaeiei,

boileari,

Lafieati.

The

first

e'ident

contacts

with

the

classical

civilizalion

occurred

after

the

ntrr

cenlurj

B.c.

with

the

Greek

coloni-

sation (lssa,

Pharos,

Korltgra,

Heraclei,

etc.).

The

Roman

c;nquest

slarted

at the

end

of

the.3rd

century

B.C.

with

lhe gradual

submission

of

single

tribes

and

the

repression

of

the

indigenous

piratical

."onotny.

Until

the

Augustan

p."rioa

fhe

whole

Eastern

Adriatic

legion

was

part

of

the

Illyrian

province

(Ittgicum).

Augustus

transferred

the frontier

of

Italy

in

Istria

to

the

river

Arsia

so that

tire greater

part

6f

I.t.i,

formed

part

of

the

Italic

Regio

X

-

Venelia

et Histria.

Almost

at

th'e

same

time

Iligricum

was

divided

into

two

provinces,

Dalmalia

and

Pannonia.

The

coast

was

later

adniinistered

by

the Byzantines,

was

conquered

by

the East

Goths

and

then

by the

Franks.

Between

the 7th

and

the

llth

century Dalmalia

was

the

cradle of

the

Croatian

stafe

(kingdom

from

g2b)but

the

coastal

towns

gradually

fell

into

the

hands

of

the

Venetian

nepiltic.

With

the

exception

of

a

few

narrow

regions,

the

whole

Eastern

Adriatjc

coast

is

mountainous,

rocky

and

unhospitable,

althoigh

its

hundreds

of

islands

and islets

with

Lhousands.of

bays

ind

coves

offered

marvelous"protection

to

ships

travelling

along

it.

At

the

same

time,

the

region

was

very

suitable

for

oliv-e

and g.ape

growing.

In

fact,

owing

to

its

meagre

soil,

these

lwo

agricultlral

items

formed

the

nicleus

of

a su-bslstence

economy

together

with

small-scale.fruit

a,nd

vegetable

growing.

olive

irees

and

vines

were

proba-

bly

in^troduced

(or

domesticated)

in laier

Prot6histort

times

with

the

colonisation

of the

first

Greek

settlers

(from

the

6lh

century

B.c,

onwards)

:

unfortunately,

tt.r.

-rr.

no

archaeological

traces

of

wine

-

and

oil

-

producing

faciiities

either

in

Greek

colonies

or

indigenous

settlements'

After

the

final

Roman

conquest

and

pacification

in

the Augustan

p:t]9d'

a

rapid

development

of production

and

trade took

place

:

it

followed

the

inclusion

of

the..most

important

ports (the

colonies

of.

Salona,

Ep'idautrum,

liarona,

Iader,

pola,

Parenlium)

in

long-distance

travel

and

commerce.

The

territories

of

the Dalmatian

colo-

nres

were

Itot

exceptionally

wide

(Sa/ona

around

100

centuriae,

Iader

:

70,

Epidaurlts

:



ROBERT

MATIJASIE

IBCH

SuPPl.

XXVI

248

b0

1)

and

the

remaining

stretches

o,f

tle

coast

ancl

Lhe

numerous

islands

were

noL

densel-v

populated.

The

westein

coast

of

Istria

prlse'ts

a

wholly

different

picture :

it

is

a low-

lying

region

with

a

well-inde't*d

"oa.t.

it,e

Romans

fou*ded

two

colonies

(Pola

and

Parenlium)

ancl

divided

Lheir

territories

into

somelhing

like

1700

cettturiaez:this

facl

alone

would

be

enough

to

prove the

densiLy

of

population

and

lhe

agricultural.character

of the

region.

euout*ibo"rilr"i

,ti".

"..

r.no*n

along

the

western coast and

in its

hi'ter-

lancl

(some

10

km

from

the

coastB)'

I.

ISTRIA

The

quality

of

olive

oil

from

Istria

is

attested

to by

more

[han

one

ancient

wriler

:

the

most

famoiis

quotation

is

pliny

^l

H.15,9

(Principatum

in

hoc

quoquebono

oblinuit

Italia

e

loto

orbe

^tr\;;-;;;o-Vr,oirono

..",,it'qui^

cerlimen

inter

Hislriae

terrae

et

Belicae

par

est)(See

also

u*.ti"'r,

12,

6i,

p""niti'

l0'

32'

19'

Cass'

Var'

12'

22-26)'

This'

together

witn

arcnaeJlofi"trl.*ri.r,

ittu.it"t"s

the

importance

of

olive

oil

production

in

Isiria,

and

its trade

in

the

surrounding

regtons'

A

recent

partial

revision

of

topog"rifii."r

a"t,

has,

shown

that

in

the

territory

of

Colottia

Iulia

Pola(the

southern

tip

of

tt

e'tstrian

peninsula)

there

are

50

sites

with

known

or

possible

remains;i;tl:;;;;;;.iitg

t".liities'

Abbut

30

sites

are

registered

in

the

remai-

ning

part

of

the

*..i.*

ioast.

of"these,

only

some

15

o/o.are

known

in

their

entirety'

having

been

completely

excavated

a.t

"n.

ti*.

or

another

during

the

last

100

years'

The

graphic

and

descripliJ.

"pp"r"tus

is

not

always

up

to

one's

expectations

so

that

this

survey

lacks

a

rot

oi-a.i"irlr'*r,l"r,

*orli

otherwise

be

quite

usefuj'

The

first

excavations

date

back

to

the

beginning

of

the

..nturyi

*t,.n

"

gtoup of

-ten

sites

were

explored'

Some

of

Lhem

were

rural

palaces,

luxurious

.ltrtats

of

ihe

nobility'

built

on

the

nicest

spots

along

Lhe

coast'

.

,

,- ^:-- r^r-:- r^lt inln oo.rp.ql

cnt,eEories

accor-

Topographicaldataonoilandwineplarrtsirrlstria'fallintoseveralcategorie

ding

to

the

degree

oi

r.,ro*ruage

of

the

*f,;l;

building.

A

lot

of

sites

are

known

only

from

the

remains

of

tfru-rton" p"tt"t

of

Lhe.

*r.ttintt

u'ui

in

the

processsing'

Since

the

main

elements

of

the

oil

and

wine-presse,

lrnrrrn"ttud

bases

of

press-beds

s[antions

of' arbores

and

sliplles)

were

made

of

stone,

these

blocks

were

often

iemoved

to

be

reused

in

other

constructions

or

enclosures

(walls

without

mortar

(a

seccorr)'

The

same

applies

to mill-

stones

and

mill-beds

that

belonged

to

oiipt.ttts'

These

Jinds

are

only

surface

signs

of

an

oil

or

wine

pt"nt

oii.n

associatel

*ith

;tfr;;

ttpical

surface

fincls

(pottery,

parts

of walls

and

cisterns)'

ln

a

few

instances,

the

stone

parts

of

presses

are.

visible.

today

on

the

surface

in silu

:

this

is

mostly

lrue

of

sites

along

tt-te

coait

where

the

erosion

pioves

to

be

an

efficient'

often

much

too

ernciunt,

means"of

clearing.the

surrounding

soil.

The

next

group

of

finds

co'sists

oi

?lements

of

oil

6r

wine

producLion

facilities

excavaled

during

small-scale

rescue

work

so

that

the

whole

building

cannot

be

(l)

Surc

(1976), l0l-102.

(?)

Bunr.ono

(1957).

(3)

Msrr.rrsrt

(1988).

(4)

Gnrns

(1908).



lee3l

OIL

AND

WINE

PRODUCTION

IN

ISTRIA

AND

DALMATIA

249

reconstructed.

This

may

be

due

to

fragmentary

excavaLion

or to

fragmentary

conserva-

tion

of the

siLe

(destruction due

to

a

variety

of

reasons)'

The last

group of

sites

comprises

those

buildings

which

have

beeu

excavated

comple-

tely

or nearly"so.'ihis

includ",

thorc

in

which

the

productive

section

has been

explored

as

"

*hol",

indlpenclently of the

residential

section

of

the

building.

l. l.

Villae

on Brioni

Island.

Of these, the

two

most

remarkable

examples

are

on

lhe

island

of

Brijuni

(Brioni)

:

one

on

a

hill

named

Kolcis,

the

other

in

Dobrika

Bay6'

Both

were built

according

to

the

same

plan

:

three

wings with

oil-presse

magazines

and

other

rooms

used

in

fhe

production

process

around

a

quadrangular

yard.

.

'

The

building

bn

Itolc-i hill

-(fig.

1)

has

a

room

with

the

remains

of

four

presses'

a

channel

for the

draining

of

oil

(oi

r-ather

wine

as

no

traces

of

mills

for

crushing

the

olives

were found)

to

a

masoiry-buili

quadrangular

basin

and a

huge

store-room

which,

could

have contained

about

gti

ao a.

tt.

ptu.-t-leds

(areae)

are circular,

made

of

small

tiles

(spicae:11

x9x2cm)astherestofihefloor.Eachpresshadastonewithtwoquadran-

gular

recesses

for

the piacing

of

wooden

uprighls

(arbores).ou

which

Lhe

lever was

fixed'

The

extant

documentation

is silent

about

the

system

used

in

the

mounting

of the

win-

dlass.

There

is

no trace

either

of

counterweights

or

a

floor mounted

winch'

We

can

then

assume

that

in

Istria,

as

in

Dalmatia,

there

is

no

existing

proof

of

the

use

of

counter-

weights.

The producLive

uillaexplored

in

Dobrika

nav

(fig.2)is

the

first

phase.in.. 1u

develop-

ment of the

site,

upon

which

an Early

Medieval

Lort

(castrunr/

was

later

builtT'

It

is also

slightly

more

complicated

because

some

parts-_seem

lo

hav.e

been

added

and

adapted

neir"een

the

original

building

and

the

Castium,

We

recognize

two

sets

of

rooms

with

lhree

presses

each : oie

has

a

serie"s

of

quadrangular

basins

on..both

sides'

There

are

Lhree

store

,oo-,

recognizable

for

the

single

line

of

columns

or

pillars

that

divided

them

into

two

parts. As

tfris

site

has

not

yet been

properly

published,.we

cannol

preseuL

"d:ti]:

regar-

hing

rhe

technology

usecl

in

the processof

producing

oil

and

wine.

As

on

Kolci

Hill'

the

.ooir.

between

the

press-beas

ana

the

corridor

of

the

yard

had

floors

below

the

level

of

the

surrounding

rooms

:

again

no

trace

of

a

windlass

or

counlerweight

mounting

is

visible.

The

constructiol

in"side

the

yard

must

be

the

water

reservoir

(cislern)

as

it

was

placed

in

a

position

to

collec[

the

gieatest

possible

amount

of rain-water

from

the sur-

rounding

l"oof.

,

nearly

every

Romr'n

nuitaing

in

the

countryside

in

Istria

and

Dalmatia

had

to

resolve

the

dri'nking-water

problem

in

ttris

way

as

flowing

waters

in

these

Karst

regions

are

quite rare.

Moreover,

we must

mention

here

the

Lhree

rather

well-preserved

examples

of

presses'

scattered

on the

same

site,

which

were

in

use

in

the

post-Classical

period

(4th-7th

cen-

tury).

They,

as

well as a

fourth

partl.v

destroyed

press,

belong

to

the

Late

Roman

fortified

(b)

(6)

(7)

Collisi

:

GNrns

(1908),

134-136.

Val

Madonna :

Mr.rxrn

(1975-1976).

Mrex*n

(1975-1976).



Fig.

t.

-

Itolci

IIill.

IBCH

Suppl.

XX\/I

Fig.

:1.

-

(lervar

Porat

?.

-

Dobrika

Bar'

Oast.r'um.

I

a

a

I

a

a

a

A

o

l0

20

#



le93l

OIL

AND WINE

PRODUCTION

IN

ISTRIA

AND DALMATI.{

25I

settlement

(castrum) which

encompassed

the

Classical

villae. The

presses

were

built

in

houses

which were

erected

inside Lhe

uitta

courtyard

:all

three are

near the

parapet that

separated

the

settlement

from

Lhe

sea

(the

strongly

built

wall

protected

the

settlement

from the

land

side).

The

presses,

not

connected

one

to

another,

are

of

the

same

type,

each

in

a

different

room,

but ihey

differ

in

construction

details.

All

three

have

a

quadrangular

press-bed

made

of

a monoliihic

slab,

with

a small

basin

for

decantation

of

the

fluid.

The

windlass

was

supported

by two

stone

blocks

(stipites)

anchored

in a

recess

in

the

ground,

a hole

with

masbnry-buili

sides.

The distance

between

the

support

of

the

arbores

(lapides

pedicini)

and the slone

slipi

les

(rvhich

is

practicaly

the

length

of

the beam)

is

between

8

and

l0

m.

One

monolithic-base

of

Lhe

trapetum

(diam.

more

than

2 m)was

found

near

one

of the

presses. It

is

impossible

to

elaborate

further

on

the subject

of

these

presses

as

the

essential

details

have not

yet

been

published.

Another site

on

the

isiands of

Brijuni

(Brioni)

with

remains

of

pressing

facilities,

is

that

of

Lhe

uilla

of

Val

Calena

(VerigJ Bay)

:

it

rvas

excavated

at the

beginning

of

the

cenfury

e.

In

its eastern

half the

large

cella

is

easily

recognizable

:

it

had a

basin

into

which

Lhe

fluid

was

drained

from the

adjacent

press-room

by

means

of

a

channel. The

presses

were

not

preserved.

Near this

set

of

rooms,

there

is another

group of

two

rooms'

Ine

with

two,

thl

other

with

three

pillars.

It

cannot

be excluded

that

this

be

another

pressing

facility : if

the

first

was for

wine

(see

the

analogotts

cella

in Kolci

Hill

and

bobriki

Bay),

ihis

could

be

used

for olive

oil

: the

two

small

rooms

near

the

possible

press-room could

have

been

a

kitchen

with

a

stove

for hot

waterl0. Unfortunately'

no

remains

of

presses

are

recorded,

but

it seems

obvious

that

the uilla

had

all that

was

needed

lor

both

oil

-

and

wine

production'

l.

2.

Villae

in

Istria.

A

remarkable example

of

an

oil-producing

plant

of the

Classical

period

in

Istria

is

the building

in

Barbarig"

tt

'

it

has

not

been

completely

explored

but

excavations

in

the

bOs

have uncovered

r

io.rg

line of

presses

in

pairs

on

both

sides

of

the

stone

bases

for

arbores

(fig.4). There were-probabli

20

presses

(in

l0

pairs) in

the

period

of

maximum

activity

o-i

th.

plant

but two

different

draining

channels

can

clearly

be

distinguished

leading

to two sets

of

magazines

:

one

(G)

in

the

form

of simple

reservoirs,

the

olher

(D)

with

Jariously

built

basins

(two

groups

of

quadrangular,

stone

builL

receptacles

of

an

earlier

period

jfour

superposed

moiolitiric

stone

circular

vessels). Because

a base

for

a mill

has

been

found

in ,'.oorn

near

the

presses

there

can

be

no

doubt

that

olive

oil

was

produced in

Barbariga.

Unfortunately

the

store-rooms

have

not

yet been

discovered:

given the number

of

presses,

we

can

expect

their

dimensions

to

be

considerable

and

this

building

really

illustrates

the

importance

of

olive

oil

production

in

Istria'

Th-ere

is

yet

another

example

of

an

almost

completely

excavated

oil-processing

buil-

ding,

in

Cervar

Porat

near

Porec

12.

The

economic

section

is fairly

well

preserved

(fig.

3)

(8)

Mrlxrn

(1975-1976).

(9)

Gnras

(1908).

(10)

GNrns

(1908),

I37-139.

(ll)

Mrrr.r.rsri

(1982),

58-59.

(12)

Juaxrc

(1981),

84-88.



252

ROBERT

MATIJASIC

Fig.

1.

-

Barbariga.

IBCH

Suppl.

XX\/l

/

and is

composed

of

three

groups

of

rooms

:

two

with

presses,

one

with

draining

channels

and basins. In the

first

press-room

(E),

the

circular

press-beds

are

made

of

ceramic

tiles

(spicae)

as

is

the

whole floor

with

the

exception

of

the

two

corresponding

monoliths

for

fixirig the

wooden

uprights

at

the

head

of the

lever

(prelum).In

a corner,

Lhere

are

clear

.u-"ins

of

an

oil-mill

(ieveral

fragmented

and

whole

mill-stones

were

found

on the

site

:

they are

all cylindrical

with

a

quadrangular

central

hole).

In Lhe

second

press-room

the

preises

are

less

rvell preserved.

It

seems,

however,

thaL

the

press-beds

(areae)

were

qua-

irangular

and

madg

of

stone.

The

space,

rvhere one

must

presume

the

position

of the

n1ountitlg

for

the

pressure

device

to

have

been,

is again belou'

the level

of the

press-room

floor.

And

there

is

no trace of

the

mechanism. The

two

pairs

of

presses are

connected

by a

single

drain

made

of

tiles

in

the

first

room, of

carved stone

blocks

in

the

second.

The

draln,

probably

led

to

the

group of

lhree

vessels,

Lhree

dolia

cut

horizontally

at

the

belly

in

ordel'to

be used

for the

settling

of

oil

:

these

adapted

dolia

rvere built

into

a

stone

base

so as to fix

their

rim

at a

normal

working

level'

1. 3.

Technology

used

in

Istria.

So

much

for

the

best

preserved oil

plant

sites

in

Istria.

There

are

many

more

sites

rvith

onl"v

fragmentary

information

on

various

details concerning

the

machinery

used

in

the

procLss.

Ot

tt",u 7O sites

with

elements

of

oil

-

or

wine-presses,

onlv

in 8

cases

do

we

have

finds of

mills or

mill-stones.

Onl.v

mills

give

us

the

certaint'y,

beyond

an.v

reasonable

doubt, of an oil-producing

plant but in

many other

cases

thel'

might

not

have survived'

AnoLher element

of

certainty,

very

rare

in

our

regions so far, is the

find of carbonized

olive

pi[s,

a

llnd

that

occurred in

the

western

press-room

of

Lhe

uilla

it"t

Dobrika

Bay

on

Brijuni

island,

Of the

9

knorvn mills,

rve have

been

able

to

record

the

measurements

of

four

of

them

:

fhev

are

of

the mola

olearia

type

(fig.

5

:

Pula) except one

rvhich

seems

Lo belong

to



leesl

050

rgl

OIL

AND

WINE PRODUCTION

IN

ISTRIA AND DALMATIA

253

Fig. 5.

-

Pula

: molo

olearia.

E

Fig.

6.

-

)iegrin.

?nr

IlH-,

L----jI

ii

-

\

r__J

\\

Fie. 10.

-

Galizana

:

base

for arbores.

0

5o

100

#

Fig. 7.

-

Lakuza.

Fie. 9.

-

Stone vessels used as basins.

Fig. 8.

-

Vodnjan

:

Press-bed.



ROBERT

MATIJASIC

IBCH

SuPPl.

XXVI

2b4

the

class

(rouleaux

et

cuves))

(frg'7)13'

The

diameter

of

the

former

is

mainly

around

2meters(1,95m',2,24m',1,70-2'00--'.'

tiipti"tllC"'\'"'Porat)thedimensionsof

the

latter

are

l,0o

x

0,85

m

(Barbariga).

uitt-siJnes

are

all

cylindrical

in

shape

so

that

none

belongs

to

the

rroprtu^'.f5.ru

"rJttru.

h

c.rt".

Porat,

iwo

in

Magornjak'.on'

in

Fizela

near

pula,

one

near

porec

found

ln

,

r..ona-"ry

fosition..Th.[

diameter

varies

from

80

to

g0

cm

and

the

quadrangular

hole

i,

u.u*tt-i*Z"O-ltt;

wide'

The

width

varies

from

13

to

40

cm,

There

are

trvo

types

of

press-beds

in

Istriart

sites

:

circu]ar

(fig. 10

:

Galizana

te;

made

of

ceramic

tiles

Isplcoel

like

the

entrre;;;;.-too;

floo.r

(diamefer

around

l'70-1'90

m)

and

quadrangular

(fi;."6;'v;nlan'u)

*;;;;i-slone

blocks

(sides from

l'b0

to

2'20

m

long)

The

latLer

are

l-.t|",

known

U.."u..

,tone

blocks

tend

io

be

found

on

the

surface'

sometimes

reused

:

they

have

a

channel

;;;

all

around

the

four

sides

with

a

beak

for

draining

::":fflJ,:il,

0"..,

ror

rhe

arbores

(tapides

pedicin.i)

t:

o:.l9.

ll:-press-beds

(fig.8):

these

.to.t"''iiotrt'

a'e

u'uatt'

i'iO

-'z'zO

I

iottg

with

two

recesses

(normally

around

45

x

45cm,

15

in

depth)

for

fixing

Lhe

wooden

uprights

(fig'

7

:

Lakuza)'

The

distance between

the

recesse.

,orr.rponit"to

int

*iatn

of

t"n"

lever

beam

which

was

placed

between

trr.*"t".t"iil;;;fu'40';;iA;"ther

kind

of'

lapides

pedicini

has

smaller

recesses

(15

x

t5

cm)

with

a

distance

oi

,ilout

90 cm

between

them

(fig'

6

:

Negrin)

:

thesewerethebasesforthestipites.uppo,t,ofthewindlass.Sofar,theyhaveneverbeen

found

fn

silu.

.. ,,

r--.:r.

^r

^*^'

i.nporrlrr

st.ones

with

a

Thebasinsforthesettlingofoilareusuallybuilt.of.smallirregularstones

layer

of

tight

waterpr""i-*"*?r..They,are

often

placed

atone

end

of

the

storeroom

so

rhar

rheir

lengrh

;i;;;;.;;'io

tn.

*iairr

"ithe

magazine

fot

dolia'

Not

unfrequent

are

circular

vessers

,r;;;i;;;

a

single

.i"r.

ii".r.

usirally

2

meters

in

diameter

(fig'

16)'

while

the

use

of

.d;;;t;-aiio

i'

a'ttested

to

only

in

Cervar

Porat'

As

regards

Lhe

presses

in

Istria,

r"t;;;;;n[erweight

has

been

found

up

to

now

and

there

are

no

signs

oi

tr,.

use

of

direct-scriew

fr"r.r.

in

Iitria'

It

is

also

interesting

to

note

that

stone

uprigt,ts

*ere

not

,red

he.a';"d;"Al;ti;'i

fttioa

but

appear

in

Late

Anti-

quiry

in t*o

urba,i

,t;;

'^tV;;

;um

(fre"'l;i';

tna

*tt

'Cast'um

of Brijunirz'

mentioned

above.

In

both

cases,

the

stone

upright?

for

fhe

windlass

were

placed

in

a

recess

in

the

ground

so

as

to

increase

the

path

of

the

lt"t'

'

this

will

be

a

frequently

used

technological

iolution

in

Dalmatia

r^,,-ri in

q

rr

'rally

the

The

remain.

oi"

0r...

in

Ilesactium

were

found

in

a

room

which

was

ortgrl

praefurniumof

the

baihs

lthermorT,

so

ih"t

it

is

clear

that

the

pressing

activity

was

a

secondary

use

of

tlrt

roo*.

Unfortunately'

the

remains

were

only

superficially

published'

and

no

datation

can

be

established

withcertainty

:

we.can

o-nly::i'

tl.tt

th-elress

was

erected

between

d;;;;i;e

use

of

ii'"-tiu^o'

and

the

end

oi

Nisactium

urban

life

in

611

(it

was

destoyea

""a

"ir^aoned).

ii."r.i.t.

of

a

quadrangular

area

with

a

forum(in

(13)

Bnux

(1986)' 69-70'

itai

Gnt*.

(1914),

182-183'

ilSi

Mnttrn.te

(1987)'

120'

(16)

PuscHr

(1905).

itzi

M'.n*^"

(1975-1976)'



OIL

AND

WINE

PRODUCTION

IN

ISTRIA

AND

DALMATIA

Fig.

11.

-

Lakuza.

255

r9931

the

sense

of

Cato,

Agr.

18)According

to

the

ground

planls,

the

beam

pressing

mech.anism

was

supported

by

more

tian

one

v;rtical

stantion,

but

nothing

remains

in

place

today,

and

the

stone blocks

seem

to

have

disappeared.

2. DALMATIA

In

Dalmatia, the number

of

sites

with

remains

of

presses

or related finds amounts to

about

30.

In

comparison

with

Istria,

the

different

picture

stems from

a

different

approach

to

archaeological

excavations.

Rural

siLes

(uillae

rusticae),

probably.

not

so

nu*..ou,

as

along

the

istrian

coast,

have

not

been

explored

in

great

numbers'

There

are

few

rural

agricultural

buildings

with

more

than

one

pressing

machine

:

one

exception

with

five

pri....

is in

Muline

Jn

tit.

island

of

Ugljan

n€ai

Zadarts

(fi$.

l4),

another

with

two

presses

in

Sv.

petar

near

Bijacizo

(fig.

13 :Solin).

Most

agricultural

buildings

seem

to

have

been

either

centers

of

smail

land-holdings

or

installations

where

oil

and

wine

were

produced

in

small

quantities

for

local

needs

only

:

Mogorjelo

21,

Majsan

island

n-ear

Kor-

cula22,

Blato

on

Korcula2s,

Kupinovik

on

Hvar2a.

A

number

of

positions

on

Hvar

and

(18)

Pus*rr

(1905),

Pl.

lll, l.

(19)

Surc

(1960

and

I976).

(20)

Jerrc

(1896-1897).

(21)

Bonxovsxr

(1969).

(22)

Frsxovrd

(1984).

(23)

Onee

(1988-1989).

(24)

ZrnrNovre

(1982);

Snnrc

(1978).

rr



256

ROBERT

NIATIJASIC

IBCH

Suppl.

XXVI

Fig.

13.

-

Sv.

Petar

Fig.

15.

-

I(astel

Gonrilila'

Fig.

l?.

-

Nesactiunt

Fig.

l,{.

-

N'luline

in

Ugljan.

o_

[[\

^l

ooou..'

o0u

ol

ol



19931

OIL AND

WINE

PRODUCTION

IN

ISTRIA

AND

DALMATIA

257

Brac.areonly

presumed

sites

of

oil

and

wine

plants25.

Many

of

these

sites

have

not

been

published

in a

definitive

manner

so

that

in

many

cases, we

do

not have

the

ground

plans

at

our

disposal.

Similarlv,

the

descriplions

are usually

very

superficial,

wlthout

much

detail.

The

best

known

example

of

an oil-producing

villa

in

Dalmatia

is

certainly

Muline

26.

The

ground-plan

(fig.

14),

iately

published

ry

sirie

2?,

shows

a.group

of

rooms

around

a

courtyard.

Among

th.--,

Suic

recognizes

all

the

necessarv

elements

for

an oil

plant

:

store-rooms

for

olives,

basins

for

washing,

an

olive-mitl,

small

basins

near

the

press-beds,

a

storeroom

for

oil,

wiLh

dolia

and

amphorae. ln

the

available

ground-plan,

tire form

or

t^VRe

of

presses

is

not

recognizable

:

the

press-beds

are

drawn

as *e.r

quadrangles.

Of

the

five

presses,

two

might

have

had the

windlass

anchored

with

stone

uprigh"ts inside

a

reoess

in

the ground.

I

have

not

been

able

to

verify the plan

in silu,

because

recent war

activities

against

Croatia

in

late

l99l have

made parts

of

Dalmatia

inaccessible.

-

There

is a group

of

finds

of

presses

(probably

oil-presses)

associaled

with

some

of the

famous

PaleochrisLian

and

Byzantine

sacred monuments

in

and

around

Salona28.

First

there

is

the

press

belonging

to

the archibishop's

quarter

in

fown

near

the Lwin

basilicae

in

the north-western

corner

of

the

(Jrbs

noua

oiienlatis2e

:

its

shape

cannot

be

established,

b-ut

it probably

was

of

the

lever

type.

The lorcular

just

outside

ihe

cemeterial

complex

at

Manastirine

is shown

without

any detail

of

the

general

ground

plan

s0

:

the

orea

and

<forum)

was

on

a raised

platform

with

two

stone

uprighbs for

the windlass

below

it. The

best

documented

press

is

that

outside

the cemetery

af Kapljucsr

: it

is of the

same

type

as

thaL

in

ManasLirine.

Another

oil

press

of

the

same type was

found

near the

Forumsz

and it

must

also

be

dated

from

the Early

Middle Ages.-Only

a

few years

ago,

another

press was

found

outsi

de

a

horreun west

of

the theatress.

In

Diocletian's

palace

in

Split,

an

oil press

was

installed

in

one

of the

cellar

rooms

in the western

wingse (hg.

f6).

Finally

traces

of

a press

exist

inside

the

fortified monastical complex

of

Crikvine

on-a

hill

outsidl

Salona

36'

Most

of

these

oil presses

were

part of the

eccleliastical

economy

in the bth-6th

century

as

the

Church was

the owner

of

lands with

olive

trees

and vines

and both

liquids

were_noL

only

part,

of the

normal

diet

but

were

used

in

the

liturgy

as wells6.

,

.

Regarding those

presses

in

Dalmatia

whose

technological

details

are

easily

recogni-

zable,

most

seem

to

belong

to

the lever

and winch

type

with

slightly recessed

stone

uprights.

This

is

true

of

the

Classical

and

Early

l\{edieval

period.

Becauie

the

press-beds

were

on

a

higher

level,

they

are

often

badly

damaged and

it

is

difficult

to

estatlish their

shape

(sv.

Petar,

Mogorjelo)

: in

two cases,

they

seem

to

be

circular

(fig.

15

:

Kastel

(25)

ZexrNovre (t966

and

lg67),

(26)

Surc

(1960.

1976

and l98l).

(27)

Surc

(t981),

ZSB.

(28)

CEcr

(t9BJ),

227

-284.

(29)

Dvccvr

(l9bl),

B0;

Gsnsrn

(1917),

t0g-104.

(30)

Eccrn

(t926).

(31) Bnorvosrno (t928),

a0-al.

(32)

RnNorc

Mrocrvre

(l9bB).

(33)

Krnrcrn

et

atii

(1987).

tb.

(34)

Mrn,rsovrc

(1984).

(35)

Dvccvr

(l9bl),

fig.

III-20.

(36)

Dvccvn

(l9bl).

30: Nrxor,r.rer.rc

(t979).



258

ROBERT

MATIJASIC

IBCH

Suppl.

XXVI

b1

Fig.

16.

-

Split

Diocletian's

palace'

Gomilica

near

Split,

Manastirine).

Mills

are not

known

with

the

exception

of

a

possible

(rouleaux

et

cuvesrr

type

(Sv.

Peiar),

where

an

elongated

base

was found

along

a

wall

in

the

press-room

togethe.

*itt

two

cylindrical

mill-stones.

Other

mill-stones

are

sometimes

meniioned

but on"ly

incidentally

"na

in

superficial

contexts,

Basins

for

the

deposition

of

oil

are mostly

buiit

as

watertight

,.r"rlroirr,

sometimes

made

of

stone

in

the

shape

of

circular or

quadrangular

vessels-.

They

are

almost

always

situated

near

the

elevaLed

areae

(Manastirine,

Kaste"l

Gomilica,

Sv.

Petar)'

so

that

the

draining

channels are

very

short'

No

storerooms

with

dolia

are

known

in

Dalmatia'

3.

CONCLUSION

The

archaeological

evidence

of

oil

production

in

Dalmatia

is

meagre

in

comparison

wibh

the

size

of

the

Lerritory

suitable

for

grape

and

olive

growing.

The

obvious

conclusion

is:olive

oil

and

wine *ere"not

produceJon

an

industrial

scale

for

export.

On

the

other

hand,

they

were an

important

agricultural

product

of Istria

w.hose

proximity

to

northern

Italy andio

the commercial

towi

of.

Aquilela

(land

routes

to

the

Danube

provinces)

made

it

a lucrative

activity.

Amphorae

produced

in

Istria

(Dressel

68)

wereJound

throughout

the

Po

valley 87,in

froricum

(Magd^alensbergss),

in

Ostiase

and even

in

Greece

and

Africa'

(37)

Crann

(1985).

i38)

Eccnn

(t969).

(39)

Znvt

(1967).



lee3l

Dyccvs

(t9bl)

:

Dycovs

(E.)

_,4

EccBn

(1926)

:

Eccen

(R.)

-

De,

Wien

(1926).

Historg

of

Salonitan

Christianitg.

Osto

(l9bl).

altchristliche

Friedhof

Manastirine,

Forschungen

in

Salona

IL

oIL

AND

wINE

PRoDUCTIoN

IN

ISTRIA

AND

DALMATIA

25g

The

commercial

activity

of

Dalmatia

cannot

be identified

in

this

way

: its

oil

and

wine

must

have

been

intended

mainly

for

local

markets.

Anyway,

although

the

olive

oil

and

wine

producLion

in

Istria

is

fairly

well-knewn,

the

archaeological

tcienc"s

in

Dalmatia

,titt

tr"rr"

a

lot to

ao

in

orde.

to throw

more

light

n

economic

and

technological

questions

regarding

these

two

typically

Mediterranean

products.

similarly'

there

is

still

a

lot

of

research

to

do

in

the

fietd

of

medieval

and

industrial

archaeology

as

well

as

ethnography,

so

that

this

review

is

only

an

attempt

to sketch

out

he

slalas

maleriae.

(L)-

rAntidka

uljara

na

Mogorjelu

i

rekonstrukcija

njenog

d

Mogorjelo

et la

reconstitution

de

sa presse),r,

(NaSe

Starinej

Spomenika

Kulture

Bosne

i

Hercegouini

XII

(l969),

27_b2.

-

Ancienl

Landscapes,

Studies

in

Field

Archaeologg.

London

Robert

Mnrr.rasrc

*

(*)

Archaeological

Museum

of

Istria,

pula,

Croatie.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Those

titles

which

are

in

croatian

only

have

been

translated

with

(and)

for

the

benefit

of

the

eader

but

they

do

not

have

a

summary

in

a

foreign

language.

ALFdLDY

(1965)

:

Alrtilov

(G')

-

Beudlkerung

und

Gesellschafl

der

rdmischem

prouinz

Dalmatien.

Budapest

(196b).

Bo.rexowsxr

(1g69)

:

Bo.rexowsxr

torkulara (L'huiterie

antique

Godisngak

Zauoda

za

Zaititu

Bnepronp

(lgb7)

:

Bneonono

(J.)

(1e57).

BnoNpsrsp

(1928)

: BnoNosteo

(J.)

-

<La

basilique

des

cinq

Martyrs

d

Kapljucr,

Recherche

d

_

Salone

/.

Copenhague

(t92g),

84_19b.

Bnux

(1986)

:

Bnury

(J.-n.1

-

L'ol|icufture

antique

en

Prouence,

Les

huileries

du

diparremenl

du var.

RAN

Suppt.

tb

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cennrJM

u)-

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amphores

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I

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srilli

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Aquileia

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bl_6b.

Decn'c'sst

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<L'esportazione

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olio

e

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istriane

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ROBERT

MATIJASIC

IBCH

Suppt. XXVI

Eccrn

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Eccsn

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Majsanu

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Die Bauten

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GNrns

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tions

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Gradevinski

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<Preliminarni

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report

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Splil

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M,rnesovr6

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Menesovri

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<,srednjovjekovna

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Prirodoslouno-matematitkih

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Me'rr;esri

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Ageri anliikih

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Parenlium

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Muzeji

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MLAKAR

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trum

r

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n

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t>)t>,

Histria

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Blatskom

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Blata

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(The

Remains

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<Kupinovik, Dol,

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Beograd

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19931

OIL

AND WINE

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IN

ISTRIA

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<Arheoloika

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<O naseljenosti

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ment

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VAHD

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ZaNrNovrd

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ZexrNovic

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<Neki

primjeri smje$taja

antiikih

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obalno-oloikom

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Dalmacije

(Locations

of,

uillae rusticae

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the

coastal

islands area

of

Dalrnatia)

,>,

Arheoloiki

radoui i

raspraue JAZU

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<The

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ANRW

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ZeNrivovre

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<Novi

prilozi

arheolo5koj

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Hvara

(New

contributions

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the

Archaeological

Topography

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of

Hvar)'r,

Nouija

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neobjaul-

jena

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ZexlNovrd

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<Novi latinski

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(The

new

Latin

Inscription from Pharia)t,

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i

rasproue

JAZU

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Zagreb

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Zevr

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ZBvr

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isLriane

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isLriano,r,

Aili

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R. Matijašić-Oil and Wine Production in Istria and Dalmatia in Classical Antiquity and Early...

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Transcript of R. Matijašić-Oil and Wine Production in Istria and Dalmatia in Classical Antiquity and Early...