Reviewing Medical Literature

and

Searching PubMed

Reviewing Medical Literature

and

Searching PubMed

Dr Nayyar R. KazmiEpidemiologist, KTH

To begin...

• Objectives of this Lecture– Understand concept of Literature review– Method of Conducting Online search of

published Literature– Introduction of Epi Info as a Software Tool

for entering and analysing your Research

What is Literature Review

• Review (look again) of formal academic and research publications

• Form of secondary data research whereby you are reviewing the findings of previous research done for another purpose

• Process of evaluating the data• Method of finding potential solutions to

problem

How to Conduct a Literature Review

The process of conducting a formal Lit. Review consists of a number of stages;

1. Use databases

2. Use tools to collect and record data

3. Use these tools to develop your own database of literature

4. READ - SAVE, READ – SAVE, READ –SAVE

5. Make haste slowly

6. Relate to your problem

Log on to www.pubmed.com

and

In PubMed, there are two levels in which to search:

Automatic Term MappingAutomatic Term Mapping

is accessed from the PubMed homepage.a

a

(This is like Google searching.)

When is entered…bloodblood

Author’s Name

looks for looks for blood blood in all of the following places:in all of the following places:looks for looks for blood blood in all of the following places:in all of the following places:

Article Title

Abstract

Journal Title

Subject Heading

and gives broad results:

1,540,753 articles in this example!

BloodBlood searched using the

gives more specific results:

430,142 articles versus 1,540,753 !

searchs only

the index of

because

MeSH DatabaseTerms in the database are called

Medical Subject Headings or MeSH.is a “controlled vocabulary list” of more than

19,00019,000 subject headings.

10-15 MeSH are assigned to each articlein PubMed.

The MeSH index of 10-15 subject headingsis like a keyword abstract of the article.

MeSH are updated annually in December.

D1 Inorganic ChemicalsD2 Organic ChemicalsD3 Heterocyclic CompoundsD4 Polycyclic HydrocarbonsD5 Environmental Pollutants, Noxae, & PesticidesD6 Hormones, Substitutes, Antagonists D7 Reproductive Control AgentsD8 Enzymes, Coenzymes, Enzyme InhibitorsD9 Carbohydrates & HypoglycemicsD10 Lipids and Antilipemic Agents D11 Growth Substances, Pigments, Vitamins D12 Amino Acids, Peptides, & ProteinsD13 Nucleic Acids, Nucleotides, & NucleosidesD14 Neurotransmitters &

Neurotransmitter AgentsD15 Central Nervous System AgentsD16 Peripheral Nervous System Diseases D17 Anti-Inflammatory Agents,

Antirheumatic AgentsD18 Cardiovascular Agents D19 Hematologic, Gastric, Renal AgentsD20 Anti-Infective Agents D21 Anti-Allergic & Respiratory System AgentsD22 Antineoplastics, ImmunosuppressivesD23 Dermatologic AgentsD24 Immunologic and Biologic Factors D25 Biomedical and Dental MaterialsD26 Miscellaneous Drugs and Agents

C1 Bacterial & Fungal DiseasesC2 Virus DiseasesC3 Parasitic DiseasesC4 NeoplasmsC5 Musculoskeletal DiseasesC6 Digestive System DiseasesC7 Stomatognathic DiseasesC8 Respiratory Tract DiseasesC9 Otorhinolaryngolic DiseasesC10 Nervous System DiseasesC11 Eye DiseasesC12 Urologic & Male Genital DiseasesC13 Female Genital Diseases & Pregnancy ComplicationsC14 Cardiovascular DiseasesC15 Hemic & Lymphatic DiseasesC16 Neonatal Diseases & AbnormalitiesC17 Skin & Connective Tissue DiseasesC18 Nutritional & Metabolic DiseasesC19 Endocrine DiseasesC20 Immunologic DiseasesC21 Injury, Occupational Diseases, & PoisoningC22 Animal DiseasesC23 Symptoms & General Pathology

A1 Body Regions A2 Musculoskeletal

System A3 Digestive System A4 Respiratory System A5 Urogenital System A6 Endocrine System A7 Cardiovascular System A8 Nervous System A9 Sense Organs A10 Tissue Types A11 Cells A12 Fluids and Secretions A13 Animal Terms A14 Stomatognathic System A15 Hemic and Immune Systems A16 Embryonic Structures B1 Invertebrates B2 Vertebrates B3 Bacteria B4 Viruses B5 Algae and Fungi B6 Plants

Frequently Used Mesh Categories

A Anatomy C Diseases

B Organisms

D Drugs

Other Categories Include:

Analytical, Diagnostic, & Therapeutic Techniques & Equipment

Psychiatry and Psychology

Biological Sciences

Physical Sciences

Technology & Food & Beverages

Anthropology, Education, Sociology & Social Phenomena

Humanities

Information Science

Persons

Health Care

Geographic Locations

Create a Search Strategy Plan

Identify the question and key concepts:

Patient education in therehabilitation of back pain or neck pain

Write the search program using MeSH.

Click

MeSH Database

Enter and click a

a

Go

(Note: If there is a Boolean ORRelationship, start with the

“OR” statement first.)

back pain

Term Choices

Term Definition

Click the underlined term to go tothe subheadings and tree structures

Scroll screen down to view…

Scroll screenback up

terms arranged in

tree structure hierarchy

MeSH

1) Click the box nextto rehabilitationa

2) Then click

and select

Send to

Search Box with AND

Sub-headings narrowthe “meaning” of a

MeSH term and producemore specific results.

abnormalities embryology psychology administrations & dosage epidemiology radiation effects adverse effects ethnology radiography agonists etiology radionuclide imaging analogs & deriviatives genetics radiotherapy analysis growth & development anatomy & histology history rehabilitation antagonists & inhibitors immunology biosynthesis injuries secondary blood innervation secretion blood supply instrumentation standards cerebrospinal fluid isolation & purification statistics & numerical data chemically induced legislation & jurisprudence supply & distribution chemical synthesis manpower surgery chemistry metabolism therapeutic use classification methods therapy complications microbiology toxicity congenital mortality transmission contraindications nursing transplantation cytology organization & administration trends deficiency parasitology ultrasonography diagnosis pathogenicity ultrastructure diagnostic use pathology urine diet therapy pharmacology utilization drug effects pharmacokinetics veterinary drug therapy physiology virology economics physiopathology education poisoning embryology prevention & control

82 SUBHEADINGS:

The first term is inthe search program “box”

MeSH

Enter

into

and click . Go

Enter

and click

neck pain

Mesh Databaseinto

A

a1) Click the box nextto rehabilitationa

a

2) Then click and select

Send to Search Box with OR

Boolean Logic - OR

neck pain/rehabilitationorback pain/

rehabilitation

Enter

into

and click .

Enter

and click Go

Mesh Databaseinto

patient education

1) Mark term choice

X

2) Then click

Search Box with ANDand select

Send to

Boolean Logic - AND

patienteducation

back pain/rehabilitationor

neck pain/rehabilitationand

The search program is complete.

Click Search PubMed

Search Results

PubMed identifies

137 articles

Click limits tab

Limiters include:

humans or animals

English language

GoClick to apply limits.

With limiters of English and human applied…

results are reducedfrom 137 to 116

Select articles from titles list.

X

X

X

Change format to Citation

MeSH Databasesearches only

the MeSH terms for:

back pain/rehabilitation

patient education

and

or

neck pain/rehabilitation

Look at subject headings in the

MeSH Terms Indexfor additional terms.

Exercise Therapy

You may want to write a new search

program using:

Click icon for full text.

Linking to

Full-Text Articles

in in Electronic JournalsElectronic Journals

Full Text Article

My NCBI

Click Register

Register

Online Tutorial

Click tutorial for hands-on learning.

http://drnraza.editboard.com

Entering and Analyzing Your Research

• Epi Info

• Available from my website drnraza.editboard.com

• Easy and User Friendly

The End