Project title Service Contract - European Commissionec.europa.eu/environment/gpp/pdf/LCC_tool... ·...

Project title

Development of a life cycle costing (LCC) calculation tool

Service Contract

N°. 070201/2014/692192/SER/ENV.F.1

Starting date project: December 3rd, 2014

Duration: 18 months

Recipient

European Commission – Directorate-General Environment

Directorate F, Strategy Unit F1 – Resource Efficiency and Economic Analysis

(up to 30 June 2016)

Directorate B, Unit B1, Sustainable Products and Production

Joint Tenderers

Studio Fieschi & soci Srl

Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna

Deliverable reference number and title

D.3.1 Final version of the tool, user’s guide, technical documentation, additional

documentation for future tool maintenance and upscaling

Date

July 22nd 2016

EC – DG Environment Life cycle costing (LCC) tool Studio Fieschi – SSSUP

July 22nd

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Authors:

(later abbreviated as Studio Fieschi)Studio Fieschi & soci Srl

Via C. Lombroso, 25 – I-10125 – Torino – Italy

Contacts:

Phone: +39 011 6599677 – Fax: +39 011 3719330

E-mail: [email protected]

Website: www.studiofieschi.it

Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna (later abbreviated as SSSUP)

Piazza Martiri della Libertà, 33 – I-56127 – Pisa – Italy

Contacts:

Prof. Fabio Iraldo

Telephone number: +39 050 883937

E-mail: [email protected]

Website: www.sssup.it

mailto:[email protected]

http://www.studiofieschi.it/

mailto:[email protected]

http://www.sssup.it/


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LCC calculation tool

TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS

DISCLAIMER

The main feature of this tool is the evaluation of direct costs throughout the product life cycle

in support of public procurement procedures.

The tool provides, in addition to direct costs, complementary information on the evaluation of

environmental externalities (indirect costs). The tool has been developed in line with Art. 68 of

Directive 2014/24/EU.

The evaluation of environmental externalities is limited to the use phase of products;

therefore, the tool does not provide comprehensive and life-cycle based information on the

environmental profile of such products.

The information on externalities obtained with this tool shall not be used to measure and

communicate the life cycle environmental performance of products, since the tool is not

compliant with the Product Environmental Footprint (PEF) methodology in annex I to the

Commission Recommendation of 9 April 2013.


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Summary

1. INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................................... 7

2. REFERENCE FRAME ................................................................................................................................. 9

2.1. LIFE CYCLE COSTING (LCC) ........................................................................................................................ 9

2.1.1. Direct costs ................................................................................................................................... 10

2.1.2. Indirect costs ................................................................................................................................ 11

2.2. TOOL SCOPE ......................................................................................................................................... 12

2.3. TOOL STRUCTURE AND FEATURES ............................................................................................................... 14

2.3.1. Tool limitations ............................................................................................................................. 16

2.3.2. Double Counting ........................................................................................................................... 17

ANNEX I: DIRECT COSTS ................................................................................................................................. 18

ANNEX II: EXTERNALITIES .............................................................................................................................. 23

ANNEX III: PRODUCTS DEFINITIONS AND LIFE CYCLE DETAILS ......................................................................... 37

ANNEX IV: INPUT LIST.................................................................................................................................... 72

ANNEX V: DEFAULT VALUES ......................................................................................................................... 119

ANNEX VI: ALTERNATIVE INPUTS FOR ENERGY CONSUMPTION CALCULATIONS ............................................ 127

BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................................................................................................................................ 132


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List of tables

Table 1 - Product categories and products covered by the tool. .............................................. 13

Table 2 - Product cost components – LCC approach. ................................................................ 18

Table 3 – Monetization factors for Human Health impact category. ........................................ 26

Table 4 - Monetization factors for Ecosystem impact category. ............................................... 26

Table 5 – Externalities calculation pathway. ............................................................................. 27

Table 6 – Monetization factors. ................................................................................................ 33

Table 7 – Externalities calculated for 1 kWh of electricity. ....................................................... 33

Table 8 – Externality items included in the tool. ...................................................................... 34

Table 9 - Life cycle specifications for Personal Computer. ........................................................ 38

Table 10 - Life cycle specifications for Imaging Equipment. ..................................................... 40

Table 11 - Life cycle specifications for office lighting. ............................................................... 43

Table 12 - Life cycle specifications for street lighting. .............................................................. 45

Table 13 - Life cycle specifications for air conditioners. ........................................................... 49

Table 14 - Life cycle specifications for ventilation appliances. ................................................. 50

Table 15 - Life cycle specifications for electric fans. ................................................................. 52

Table 16 – Life cycle specifications for microwave ovens. ........................................................ 53

Table 17 - Life cycle specifications for electric ovens. .............................................................. 55

Table 18 - Life cycle specifications for refrigerators & freezers. ............................................... 56

Table 19 - Life cycle specifications for dishwashers. ................................................................. 58

Table 20 - Life cycle specifications for washing machines. ....................................................... 60

Table 21 - Life cycle specifications for dryers. .......................................................................... 62

Table 22 - Life cycle specifications for electric heating appliances: electric portable fan heater.

................................................................................................................................................. 63

Table 23 - Life cycle specifications for electric heating appliances: convector electric fixed. ... 64

Table 24 – Life cycle specifications for cold vending machines. ............................................... 66

Table 25 – Life cycle specifications for hot vending machines. ................................................. 68

Table 26 – Life cycle specifications for electrical medical equipment. ..................................... 70

Table 27 – Codes used for the identification of products and product categories in the tool. . 73

Table 28 - Definition of input types. ......................................................................................... 74

Table 29 – Input list. ................................................................................................................. 75

Table 30 – Default values for discount rate. ........................................................................... 119

Table 31 – Default values for expected product lifetime. ....................................................... 120

Table 32 – Default values for estimated maintenance costs .................................................. 122

Table 33 – Default values for cost of disposal. ....................................................................... 123

Table 34 – Default values for energy, water and consumables. .............................................. 124


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List of figures Figure 1 - Product categories assessed in the tool. .................................................................... 7

Figure 2 - Life Cycle Costing structure. ..................................................................................... 10

Figure 3 - Indirect costs calculation pathway............................................................................ 11

Figure 4 – Schematic tool structure. ........................................................................................ 14

Figure 5 – Steps for the calculation of direct costs. .................................................................. 22

Figure 6 – Example of a harmonized midpoint-endpoint model for climate change, linking to

human health and ecosystem damage [7]. .............................................................................. 29

Figure 7 – Relationship between LCI parameters (left), midpoint indicator (middle) and

endpoint indicator (right) in ReCiPe 2008 [7]. .......................................................................... 30

Figure 8 – Steps for the calculations of externalities. ............................................................... 31


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1. Introduction

The present document includes all the background technical specifications for the Life Cycle

Costing (LCC) calculation Tool. The tool has been designed and developed by Studio Fieschi &

Soci and Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna di Pisa within the service contract “Development of a Life

Cycle Costing (LCC) calculation tool”, commissioned by the European Commission, DG

Environment. The tool has been developed to help public authorities to green their

purchasing decisions in the light of the new Public Procurement Directive 2014/24/EU, which

is setting a new framework for LCC. LCC is considered as a useful method to deliver financial

savings as well as reductions in the environmental impact of purchases by public authorities.

The LCC tool provides public authorities (PAs) with a calculation instrument of direct and

indirect costs within the wider context of public procurement. It is focused on those goods of

which a substantial part of their overall cost derives from electricity use (Figure 1).

Figure 1 - Product categories assessed in the tool.

Further information on the goods considered in the tool is provided in chapter 2.2.

It is important to highlight that the tool does not provide the environmental profile of the

assessed products. The results provide information regarding direct costs and externalities to

support decision making during tender activities.

For reasons of transparency, if used to calculate the Life Cycle Cost for the evaluation of the

best offer in a tendering procedure, detailed explanations for how the calculations will be

done have to be communicated in the tendering documents.

The document is structured as follows:

Reference frame: this section includes the presentation of the legislative framework,

the LCC methodology and complementary information on the tool structure and

features

Annexes.

Office IT Equipment

Office & Street Lighting

White Goods Vending

Machines Electrical Medical

Equipment


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IMPORTANT NOTE: the project was developed considering the four externalities

highlighted in the EU 7th Action Programme (i.e Climate Change, Human Health,

Ecosystems and Resources Availability). The content of these technical specifications

reflects this approach, therefore including methods and models to assess all the above

externalities. The Commission decided however to include only Climate Change in this

version of the LCC Tool and User’s Guide.

EC – DG Environment Life cycle costing (LCC) tool Studio Fieschi - SSSUP

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2. Reference frame

Contents:

Definition of Life Cycle Costing according to the EU Directive 2014/24

Definition of direct costs

Definition of indirect costs

Detailed information about direct costs and direct costs modeling is included in Annex I: direct costs. Detailed information about indirect costs and indirect costs modeling is included in Annex II: externalities.

2.1. Life Cycle Costing (LCC)

The EU Directive 2014/24 in the Article 68 gives a precise definition of LCC: “Life Cycle Costing shall to the extent relevant cover parts or all the following costs over the life cycle of a product, service or works: (a) costs, borne by the contracting authority or other users, such as:

(i) costs relating to acquisition, (ii) costs of use, such as consumption of energy and other resources, (iii) maintenance costs, (iv) end of life costs, such as collection and recycling costs.

(b) costs imputed to environmental externalities linked to the product, service or works during its life cycle, provided their monetary value can be determined and verified; such costs may include the cost of emissions of greenhouse gases and of other pollutant emissions and other climate change mitigation costs”.


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Figure 2 - Life Cycle Costing structure.

Figure 2 shows LCC structure, which presents two types of costs: direct costs, those borne by the contracting authorities and indirect costs, those related to environmental externalities.

2.1.1. Direct costs

Direct costs, also called internal costs, have a precise monetary value, which means that are the

costs directly paid by the Public Administration. They represent the costs along the life cycle

phases of a product. According to EU Directive 2014/24, direct costs may be grouped into four

categories:

Costs related to acquisition concern purchasing costs. This cost equals the price of the good established by the vendor plus the taxation.

Costs of use refer to costs of functioning. They cover different cost elements (as costs of energy consumption, water consumption, consumables, etc). These costs usually depend on the product use scenario (e.g. how many hours per year) and on the price of the element that is consumed (e.g. European average price of electricity, price of water…). Such prices can vary among Member States. The cost of use can include also the costs related to cleaning the product when this activity is performed as a standard procedure during the product use.

Maintenance costs consist of all costs paid by the public administration (as final user) during the useful lifetime of the appliance. They cover all the actions having the aim of retaining or restoring an item in or to a state in which it can perform its required function. The actions include the combination of all technical and corresponding administrative,


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managerial, and supervision actions. Examples of maintenance costs are: cost of personnel for maintenance and repair of the appliance, cost of spare parts, cost of upgrading. Service contract coverage should be included in maintenance costs, while cost of functioning are not included.

End of life costs consist in costs related to the product end of life. They include costs of waste collection, costs of disposal, recycling costs, costs of disassembling. Sometimes these costs can be embedded in the purchase price, so already included in the category of purchasing cost.

Further information on direct costs are provided in Annex I: direct costs.

2.1.2. Indirect costs

Art.68 of the Directive EU/2014/24 defines indirect costs as “costs imputed to environmental

externalities linked to the product, service or works during its life cycle, provided their monetary

value can be determined and verified; such costs may include the cost of emissions of

greenhouse gases and of other pollutant emissions and other climate change mitigation costs.”.

Figure 3 shows the pathway followed for the evaluation of externalities.

Figure 3 - Indirect costs calculation pathway.

The relevant items of products life cycle (e.g. electricity consumption) are firstly characterized

regarding their resource/emission profile (using publicly available life cycle inventory data), then

converted into environmental impacts applying a life cycle impact assessment method (the

method used in this tool is ReCiPe). The environmental impacts are converted into externalities

applying monetization factors to the computed environmental impacts.

Further information on indirect costs is provided in Annex II: externalities.


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2.2. Tool Scope

Defining the tool scope is fundamental to understand its applicability within the five assessed

product categories.

Table 1 resumes the reference products for the five product categories and links them to the

available user forms in the tool. The reference products are those products used to build the

models for the calculations. The tool is furnished with a series of user forms that allow the

assessment of the various products. The forms are based on the reference products, but they are

designed to be more generic, in order to allow the user to analyze a wide range of products

belonging to the same product group. Details about user forms as well as for the others tool

features are included in chapter 2.3.

This chapter should be read together with Annex III, which includes:

A definition for each product of the five categories considered in the tool

Life cycle details of each product.


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Table 1 - Product categories and products covered by the tool.

PRODUCT CATEGORY REFERENCE PRODUCTS FORM AVAILABLE IN THE

TOOL

OFFICE IT EQUIPMENT

Personal computers Computers

Computer displays Displays

Office imaging equipment Imaging equipment

OFFICE & STREET LIGHTING Office lighing

Generic luminaire Public street lighting

WHITE GOODS

Air conditioners Air conditioner

Ventilation appliances Ventilation appliance

Electric fans Electric fan

Microwave ovens Ovens

Electric ovens

Refrigerators and freezers Refrigerating appliance

Dishwashers Dishwasher

Washing machines Washing machine

Dryers Dryer

Electric heating appliances Electric Heating appliance

VENDING MACHINES

Cold vending machines Cold vending machine

Hot beverage vending machines

Hot beverage vending machine

ELECTRICAL MEDICAL EQUIPMENT

Autoclaves and desinfectant equipment

Autoclaves and disinfectant equipment

Medical lighting Medical lighting

Medical freezers and refrigerators

Medical refrigerating appliances

Monitoring and IT

Monitoring and IT (computers)

Monitoring and IT (displays)

Monitoring and IT (imaging equipment)

Computed Tomography (CT)

Generic medical equipment

Dialysis equipment

Infusion pumps

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Ultrasound equipment

X-ray equipment


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2.3. Tool Structure and features

The figure below shows the scheme used to define the tool structure.

Figure 4 – Schematic tool structure.

The tool structure is organized as follows:

Welcome page: presenting the tool. This is the first page the user sees when launching the

tool. The page includes introductory, legends and key messages for the correct use of the

tool.

Main user interface: it allows the user to select general settings (e.g. language, currency).

Input interface: where all the data inserted and/or edited by the user are displayed. For

each assessment, data for up to ten products can be saved. Buttons allow the user to

access the forms where data can be inserted for a new product. Otherwise, data for

products already saved can be loaded and edited or cleared (for details about the forms,

see the user’s guide). The input forms allow to fill all data, or, where possible, to select

default database values (e.g. interest rates, electricity prices). For each input, a button

marked with “?” displays the help window, which includes details about the selected input


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Output interface: the outputs are organized in layouts that facilitate printing and exporting

(to excel) the results, in case the user would need to compare more than ten products,

thus having to perform more than one assessment

In order to facilitate the use of the tool, the following features are included:

Buttons: the interaction between the user and the tool takes place through buttons.

Throughout the tool the user finds:

o Navigation buttons: used to move forward when compiling the tool

o Edit buttons: used to access the user forms, the interactive windows where all data

is filled in

o Print/Export buttons: used to print and export the results

Warnings: Each time the user performs an action that modifies the tool settings (e.g. input

of a new product, editing of old data, etc.) the tool shows a message asking for

confirmation. Warnings are also included in input instructions, to warn the user about

possible problems if the current input is not filled properly

References: this section includes Commission and developers contact information.

Other features:

The tool allows the assessment of up to ten products at the same time, within the same product category and the selected reference product

Changing the product category and/or the reference product in the main control panel does not delete the previously filled data. Data is stored until the user decides to edit/delete it.

Only one set of results at a time can be displayed, the one for the product selected in the main control panel.


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2.3.1. Tool limitations

LCC complexity and the scope of the tool (i.e. the product categories) impose a number of

limitations and require particular caution. In this section are resumed the main limitations to the

tool.

LIMITATIONS ON DIRECT COSTS

In the application of LCC methodology some categories of costs are excluded, as they are not

directly linked to the direct costs of the products, but to financial and administrative issues.

These categories include:

Insurance costs (e.g.: mandatory insurances against risks of accidental damages for

buildings or insurance to cover the risk of fire or thefts for cars);

Taxes of ownership (e.g.: taxes that are due for the use of cars and other motor vehicles)

Costs of money (e.g.: interest rates that are due for credit to consumption)

LIMITATIONS ON EXTERNALITIES

Article 68 of Directive 2014/24/EU states that LCC shall cover costs imputed to environmental

externalities linked to the product “Provided their monetary value can be determined and

verified”.

In identifying relevant externalities, all the analyzed products have been assessed with a cradle-

to-grave approach. This approach guarantees a comprehensive characterization of the potential

environmental impacts over the life cycle of products, however it is not easily applicable for the

development of the tool.

In particular, in order to consistently model the production phase, the user should always know

the material composition of the assessed products (i.e. Bills of materials), purchasers should ask

information about the materials used for the production of the goods to bidders, who may not

have such information available. Moreover, this information would be very difficult to verify in a

tendering procedure.

The considerable efforts expected to get good data on manufacturing would negatively affect the

robustness of such information.

In this version of the tool, the calculations of externalities related to manufacturing are disabled.

The step of monetization of environmental impacts is quite sensitive. As expressed in Annex II:

externalities, there is still little consensus over the matter, especially for the impact categories

(Human Health, Ecosystems, Resources availability), for which it is hard to find widely

acknowledged and consistent values for conversion.

In this version of the tool, the calculations of externalities related to endpoint impact categories

are therefore disabled. For details, see Annex II: externalities.


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2.3.2. Double Counting

A key aspect to be addressed when developing an LCC tool is double counting. This issue occurs

when the same item is counted more than once during the calculations. If this happens, the

results of the evaluation lose reliability. Therefore it is important to identify where the potential

sources of double counting may arise.

Double counting may originate during input phase. For example, delivery and installation costs

may be already included in the purchasing cost. For the same reason, maintenance costs need to

be excluded during the period covered by assistance service and warranty.

The tool includes internal routines and instructions to prevent double counting during input

phase.

When using an LCC tool when awarding a contract, attention must be given to avoid double

counting, i.e. that you are not considering one element in the evaluation of tenders twice.

Therefore, if you include the electricity costs or external costs from CO2 emissions in the LCC

calculations, you should not in addition, give points, in another award criterion, to the offers

with the lowest electricity consumption or CO2 emissions.


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Annex I: direct costs

DEFINITION

Direct costs, also called internal costs, are the costs directly paid by the Public Administration

along the life cycle of a product. Direct costs can vary for different product categories, for this

reason a comprehensive list of direct costs is discussed in this section and then, in the following

chapters, only the relevant direct costs for each product category is identified and used for the

subsequent assessment.

Although a distinction between “pre-acquisition cost components” and “post-acquisition cost

components” can be made, for the purpose of this document only the “post-acquisition cost

components” are discussed in detail, differentiating the different cost items. All the “pre-

acquisition cost components”, that usually include all the costs incurred during the production of

a certain good, can be expected to be incorporated in the purchasing cost of the good bought by

the PA.

Nevertheless, a resume table with the distinction between pre-acquisition and post-acquisition

cost components is reported below.

Table 2 - Product cost components – LCC approach.

Pre-acquisition by PA (cost accounting

approach) Post-acquisition by PA

Raw materials procurement costs

Manufacturing costs

Labor costs

Energy costs

Water use

Capital goods

Maintenance costs (in pre-production and

production phase)

Management costs (in pre-production and

production phase)

Disposal/recycling costs (of pre-production

and production scrap and waste)

Share of administrative and general costs

Distribution costs (e.g.: costs of transport,

wholesale, etc.), if not included in the

purchase price

Installation costs (if needed), if not included

in the purchase price

Costs of functioning during the use phase

(e.g.: energy, water, consumables, etc.)

Repair and maintenance costs

Costs of regulating (fees or tariffs to be paid

to use the product, e.g.: taxes for a motor

vehicle)

Management costs

Substitution costs

Disposal / recycling costs (e.g.: costs of waste


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Share of commercial costs (e.g.: marketing)

Share of logistic costs (e.g.: in-bound logistic)

collection, costs of disassembling, etc.)

In the application of LCC methodology in this work some categories of costs are excluded, as

they are not directly linked to the direct costs of the products, but to financial and administrative

issues.

These categories of costs are:

Insurance costs (e.g.: mandatory insurances against risks of accidental damages for

buildings or insurance to cover the risk of fire or thefts for cars);

Taxes of ownership (e.g.: taxes that are due for the use of cars and other motor vehicles)

Costs of money (e.g.: interest rates that are due for credit to consumption)

DIRECT COSTS CALCULATION MODELING

The LCC approach identifies all future costs and benefits and reduces them to their present value by the use of discounting techniques through which the economic worth of a project or series of project options can be assessed. The fundamental steps in the calculation of LCC can be identified in:

Establishing the operating profile of the product good and the utilization factors

Identifying and calculating the cost items

Discounting all costs to the baseline period

Summing up discounted costs to establish the present value

For the calculation of LCC, all costs incurred in the life cycle of a product must be accounted. The

main cost categories to be included in the calculation are:

Purchasing cost, installation and transportation

Cost of functioning (electricity, water, natural gas…)

Cost of maintenance

Cost of disposal

While the first and the last cost classes (purchasing cost, installation, transportation and cost of

disposal) can be usually included in the tool as input items, the cost of functioning and the cost

of maintenance need algorithms in order to obtain the annual cost.

Below, the most relevant expressions used for the cost assessment are listed referring to washing

machines.


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The cost of functioning is a composite item, made up of different contributions depending on the

nature of the appliance. For a washing machine, the yearly cost of functioning is structured as:

𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 [€

𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟]

= 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 [€

𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟]

+ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 [€

𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟] + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 [

€

𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟]

+ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑡\𝑠𝑜𝑓𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟\𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑡 [€

𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟]

Where, for example, the annual cost of electricity is calculated as:

𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 [€

𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟]

= 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 [€

𝑘𝑊ℎ] ∗ 𝑎𝑛𝑛𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 [

𝑘𝑊ℎ

𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟]

The annual consumption of electricity can be calculated in different ways, according to the

available input data.

The same formulas apply for natural gas, water and detergent.

Maintenance costs include the cost of personnel for maintenance operations and the cost of

spare parts that can be substituted. If maintenance costs are not available as €/year, they are

calculated as a percentage of the purchase price for each year of use, such as:

𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 [€

𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟] = 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 [

%

𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟] ∗ 𝑃𝑢𝑟𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒 [€]

In order to perform the calculation, every cost item can be summed up for each year. Supposing

that the purchase, installation and transportation costs occurred at y=0 and that the cost of

disposal is in y=n, the calculations are performed as follow:

𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟 0 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑐𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔, (𝑦 = 0)

+ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒, (𝑦 = 0)

𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟 1 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔, (𝑦 = 1) + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒, (𝑦 = 1)

𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟 2 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔, (𝑦 = 2) + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒, (𝑦 = 2)

….

𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑛 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔, (𝑦 = 𝑛) + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒, (𝑦 = 𝑛) + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑙

When comparing products, it is possible that they have different lifetimes. Therefore it is

necessary to establish an algorithm that allows to compare the products over the same time

horizon:


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a) The product with the longest life set the time horizon b) For the other products, substitution occurs in the year corresponding to the end of their

life cycle. Substitution means that purchasing cost, delivery and installation are added to the overall life cycle cost (discounted to the year of substitution)

c) When the final year of the assessment is reached, the residual value of the substituted products is computed and subtracted to the overall life cycle cost.

The residual value is calculated according to the following equation:

𝑟𝑒𝑠. 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 = (𝑝𝑢𝑟𝑐ℎ. 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 + 𝑑𝑒𝑙𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑦 + 𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑙. )

∗(

1𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑧𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓.

− 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑠 𝑎𝑓𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛)

1𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑧𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓.

The residual value might result as a negative number, if the amortization period is smaller than

the years of use of the product after substitution. In such case, the tool automatically put this

value as 0.

Once the annual costs are calculated, they must be discounted to their present value. In this

tool, inflation is not included in the calculation. In order to discount to the present value every

cost incurred in the future the following formula should be used for every cost item:

𝑃𝑉𝑖,𝑡=0 = 𝐹𝑉𝑖,𝑡

(1 + 𝑟)𝑡

𝑃𝑉𝑖,𝑡=0: Present value of cost item i

𝐹𝑉𝑖,𝑡: Future value of cost item i at year t

r: discount rate

t: year in which the cost i is incurred (t=0 for the first year)

In the economic sciences, future costs and benefits are usually discounted to a present value in

order to make them comparable to current costs and benefits. The way the valuation changes in

time is generally known as the discount rate. In economics, the choice of the discount rate is

controversially discussed. This discussion involves the question whether the private or the social

discount rate should be taken. The private discount rate can be observed on the financial

markets; for instance, a typical value would be between 5 and 7% per year in the European

Union. Many companies, however, calculate with private discount rates greater than 10%. The

social discount rate can be defined as the interest rate at which society is willing to lend money

for public projects [1].


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The following diagram illustrates how LCC is calculated:

Figure 5 – Steps for the calculation of direct costs.

The sum of all discounted costs along the life cycle gives the Life Cycle Cost of the product.

It is important to underline that some assumptions are necessary to conduct the LCC

calculations. The main assumptions and the possible influence on the results are listed below:

1) Inflation is disregarded in the tool. The introduction of inflation rates would need more

assumptions on the value for the inflation rates to be used in the calculations

2) [relevant only when using the tool in the use mode “Other than tender evaluation”] The

tool imposes that the economic period considered cannot be shorter than the longest

product lifetime for the same assessment. This limitation is introduced in order to have

consistency with LCC methodology. In fact, if the assessment is stopped before all products

reach their end of life, the results can be incomplete and misleading.


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Annex II: externalities

The annex provide detailed information about the methodological approach and the calculations

for the assessment of externalities in the tool.

Contents:

Definition and methodological approach: includes general definitions as well as details regarding all the externalities considered in developing the tool

Externalities calculation modeling: includes the details regarding externality calculation modeling

Externality items included in the tool: list of the externality items and externality factors included in the tool

DEFINITION AND METHODOLOGICAL APPROACH

In welfare economics, an externality is an “external effect that occurs when the production or

consumption decisions of one agent have an impact on the utility or profit of another agent in an

unintended way, and when no compensation or payment is made by the generator of the impact

to the affected party [2]”.

According to this definition, externalities arise from economic activities and generate

unaccounted costs and benefits that impact on a third party, who did not choose to incur those

costs or benefits [3]. Moreover, the agent that creates the externality has no incentive to take

into account the costs or benefits that derive from the external effect.

Externalities can be divided into positive (benefits) and negative (costs) when they represent,

respectively, a gain or a loss of welfare. Positive externalities are those externalities that increase

the human wellbeing, such as education, knowledge and technological spill over, whereas

negative externalities are those that decrease human wellbeing, such as increase of global

warming, antibiotic resistance and toxicity.

Externalities are a typical example of market failure. Markets can function efficiently when the

property rights on goods and services exchanged are well defined. Where these do not exist,

markets cannot allocate them efficiently. Natural resources, in particular the renewable

resources, and the amenity services that the environment provides (e.g. the global atmosphere,

the carbon cycle and the climate system) are not subject to private property rights. Furthermore,

some of the services that the natural environment provides to economic activity have the

characteristics of public goods1, and cannot be handled by a market system. This means that for

many natural resources (e.g. oceans, forests and atmosphere), it is difficult to define property

rights and economic value (prices). Therefore, with no individual or common property-rights and

in the absence of government intervention, users of these resources consider them as “free-

access goods” and, consequently, their exploitation is uncontrolled.

1 Public goods are composed by two characteristic: non-rivarly and non-excludability [2].


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To correct market failures, externalities must be internalized. A key issue is the quantification of

externalities, and a monetary valuation becomes relevant.

EXTERNALITIES ASSESSED IN THE TOOL

For the purposes of this project, in line with the recommendations of the EU’s 7th Environment

Action Programme (http://ec.europa.eu/environment/newprg/), four environmental

externalities are assessed:

Human health

Ecosystem

Resource availability

Climate change

These environmental externalities are mentioned in the EU’s 7th Environment Action Programme

as key priorities to be addressed in EU and Member States policies.

For this reason the attention must be focused on those methods which allow calculation of

impacts for the abovementioned areas of protection and impact indicators. Moreover, the

chosen method must be accompanied by the possibility of translating environmental impacts in

monetary terms, which represent the actual externalities.

LIFE CYCLE IMPACT ASSESSMENT METHODS

The first step in assessing externalities is to evaluate the environmental impacts associated to

the items of interest. In this case, the items of interest are the environmental externalities listed

in the previous chapter.

The available methods for assessing environmental impacts have been developed in the context

of Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA). The impacts are characterized into categories and

expressed through impact indicators.

The environmental impacts assessed in the tool can be distinguished in midpoint end endpoint

categories, depending on their position across the cause-effect pathway. Midpoint categories are

used to focus on specific environmental problems (such as climate change and ozone depletion),

while endpoint categories provide a broader overview of the effects on certain areas of

protection (e.g. human health, resource availability, ecosystems).

All LCIA methods evaluate potential impacts on climate change with the same model, based on

IPCC2 factors. In such respect, climate change is not a discriminating factor in the choice of the

LCIA method.

The other impact categories, on the other hand, may be addressed using different LCIA methods.

2 IPCC = Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (www.ipcc.ch).

http://ec.europa.eu/environment/newprg/


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The final choice falls on Recipe for a series of reasons. ReCiPe allows calculating potential

environmental impacts for all four environmental externalities. Within the International

Reference Life Cycle Data System (ILCD) Handbook, which provides a background analysis of

existing methods for LCIA, ReCiPe has been acknowledged by the European Commission as a

valid and reliable method [4]. Moreover, the method has been referenced in the ILCD Handbook

as a recommended method for LCIA, rated in the majority of the accounted categories, proving

itself as being largely applicable under several circumstances, including the recently launched

methodology on Product Environmental Footprint [5].

Furthermore, ReCiPe can be considered one of the newest methods built on the experience of

the first methods for the evaluations of environmental impacts. The European Commission

suggests giving priority to these up-to-date methods, thanks to the rapid development towards

better and more complete techniques.

For details about ReCiPe see below.

MONETIZATION OF EXTERNALITIES

The second step for the evaluation of externalities is the conversion of the environmental

impacts into monetary values. In this chapter this process is explained for the chosen impact

assessment method, ReCiPe.

Monetary valuation can be defined as “the practice of converting measures of social and

biophysical impacts into monetary units [6]”. This practice is useful to determine the economic

value for those products and goods for which no market exists, like human wellbeing and

biodiversity.

The scope of monetary valuation is limited to estimating the value of changes in the availability

of non-market goods. Changes in availability concern both changes in the amount and in the

quality of a good and the service that the good provides to society. The key point to consider in

monetary evaluation is that the main aim is assessing the changes in utility as a result of a given

cause and effect relation and this can be done quantifying the marginal utility or damage. From

this point of view, monetary value can be used as a measure of utility.

The task of converting externalities into monetary values is quite complex, especially for some

impact categories.

This is a focal point for the development of the LCC Tool, because the Directive 2014/24/EU

states that only the environmental externalities that can be monetized should be considered as

external costs.

Impacts related to climate change can be monetized using approaches acknowledged by the

Commission such as the one proposed in the Clean Vehicles Directive (DIRECTIVE 2009/33/EC),

also considering the availability of updated values for CO2 and other emissions. The directive is

based on the method developed within NEEDS/ExternE project. Since the characterization of

climate change impacts is based on the factors from IPCC for both ReCiPe and NEEDS/ExternE,

using the values proposed in EU Directive 2009/33 is perfectly coherent with the choice made for


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the calculation of the environmental impacts.

Each endpoint category in ReCiPe has an indicator to assess damages to: Human Health

(Disability-adjusted loss of life years), Ecosystem (Loss of species during a year) and Resource

availability (dollars).

Damages to resources are converted directly in monetary value. Damages to Human Health and

to Ecosystem can be monetized.

In the description of the Resource availability impact category, the damage is defined as the

additional net present costs that society has to pay as a result of an extraction. This cost can be

calculated by multiplying the marginal cost increase of a resource by an amount that is extracted

during a certain period. This could be the annual production of a resource on a global basis, or

the apparent consumption of a resource in a region. The cost is corrected for the present value

by a discount rate factor [7].The following tables show some values provided by different

methods to assess Human health and Ecosystems externalities. As can be noticed, whereas the

values for the endpoint “Human Health” are quite similar (Table 3), the values for the endpoint

“Ecosystem” differ a lot (Table 4). In addition, there is an issue related to inconsistent units of

measure. The unit of the endpoint calculated by the ReCiPe method is used only by one of the

references listed in the table. The set of monetization factors suggested by Heijungs (member of

the team that developed ReCiPe) [8] is used for the monetization of both endpoint categories,

being directly applicable to the coefficients obtained from ReCiPe.

Table 3 – Monetization factors for Human Health impact category.

Endpoint Reference Unit Value

Human Health

Heijungs (2008) [8] $/DALYa 60 000

Weidema (2009) [9] €/QALYb 74 000

ExterneE [10] [11] €/QALY 74 627

LIME – 1 [10] [11] €/DALY 73 720

LIME - 2 [10] [11] €/DALY 111 720

EPS 2000 [10] [11] €/YOLLc 85 000 a) DALY – Disability Adjusted Life Year. b) QALY – Quality Adjusted Life Year. c) YOLL – Years of Lost Life.

Table 4 - Monetization factors for Ecosystem impact category.

Endpoint Reference Unit Value

Ecosystem

Heijungs (2008) [8] $/PDF∙Yeara 175 000 000 000

Weidema (2009) [9] €/BAHYb 1 400

€/specie 30 800 000 000

LIME – 1 [10] [11] €/BAHY 1 658

€/specie 36 480 000 000

LIME – 2 [10] [11] €/BAHY 4 905

€/specie 107 920 000 000


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EPS 2000 [10] [11] €/specie 110 000 000 000 a) PDF – Potentially Disappeared Fraction of species. b) BAHY - Biodiversity Adjusted Hectare Year

The table below summarizes the pathway for the calculation of externalities.

Table 5 – Externalities calculation pathway.

EXTERNALITIES ENVIRONMENTAL

IMPACTS MONETIZATION

Midpoint Climate change

IPCC factors (common

to the majority of

LCIA methods,

including ReCiPe)

EU Directive 2009/33

(based on

ExternE/NEEDS

method)

Endpoint

Human Health ReCiPe Heijungs (damage

cost approach) [8]

Ecosystems ReCiPe Heijungs (damage

cost approach) [8]

Resource availability ReCiPe ReCiPe

The complete list of the monetization factors to be included in the tool, along with details about

calculation procedures are presented below.

It is important to highlight that the evaluation of externalities should never be considered

exhaustive, due to the following main reasons:

It is very difficult to retrieve comprehensive information about the resource and emissions

profile throughout a product life-cycle

No matter what set of impact categories are chosen, it is not possible to consider all

environmental implications related to the life cycle of products

For these reasons it is advisable to maintain the highest level of transparency when providing the results of externality calculations.


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RECIPE METHOD

The following description of ReCiPe method is taken from the 2013 version of the report “ReCiPe

2008 - A life cycle assessment method which comprises harmonized category indicators at the

midpoint and the endpoint level” [7].

ReCiPe is an LCIA method created by RIVM, CML (University of Leiden – Netherlands), PRé

Consultants (Amersfoort, Netherlands) and RUN (Radboud University Nijmegen – Netherlands).

It has been given the name ReCiPe 2008 as it provides a recipe to calculate life cycle impact

category indicators. Further, the acronym also represents the initials of the institutes that were

the main contributors to the project and the major collaborators in its design.

ReCiPe is a harmonized LCIA method in terms of modelling principles and choices, which offers

results at both the midpoint and endpoint level. ReCiPe is a follow-up of two main LCIA methods:

The CML 2002 (Guinèe et al., 2002), it is defined as the “midpoint approach”;

The Eco-indicator 99 (Goedkoop & Spriensma, 1999), it is defined as the “endpoint

approach”.

ReCiPe uses environmental mechanisms as the basis for modeling. An environmental mechanism

can be seen as a series of effects that together can create a certain level of damage on human

health, ecosystems or contribute towards resources depletion. The end of the environmental

mechanism is called endpoint. A point positioned half way along the environmental mechanism

can be chosen as an indicator – referred to as the midpoint. The method is developed for three

areas of protection (human health, ecosystems and resources) and each of these areas has an

endpoint indicator.

The motivation to calculate both midpoint indicators and endpoint indicators is that the large

number of midpoint indicators are very difficult to interpret and because they have an abstract

meaning. Instead, the endpoint indicators are easier to interpret as there are only three of them

and they have a more understandable meaning.

Midpoint indicators are used to focus on specific environmental aspects (such as climate change

and ozone depletion), while endpoint indicators provide a broader overview of the effects on the

key areas of interest.


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Figure 6 – Example of a harmonized midpoint-endpoint model for climate change, linking to human health and ecosystem damage [7].

Figure 6 shows a simplified representation of the midpoint and endpoint approach to climate

change. The GHG gases (e.g. CO2, CH4, N2O, CFC) increase the radiative forcing. This means heat

is prevented from being radiated from the earth to space, more energy is trapped on earth and

temperature increase. Consequently, changes in habitat for living organisms and the extinction

of a certain number of species are expected.

The impact category indicator at the midpoint level is infrared radiative forcing, expressed in

CO2-equivalents, while the impact category indicator at the endpoint level is twofold: damage to

human health and damage to ecosystem diversity. The aim of the ReCiPe method is to have both

indicators positioned along the same environmental mechanism.

ReCiPe method comprises two sets of impact categories with associated sets of characterization

factors:

Eighteen impact categories, addressed at the midpoint level;

Three endpoint categories, obtained converting and aggregating midpoint impact

categories.

Figure 7 shows an overview of ReCiPe structure: in a first step, the inventory data (LCI results)

are linked to one or more midpoint impact categories. In a second step, each midpoint is linked

to one or more endpoint categories. These express a damage for each of the three areas of

protection: Human Health, Ecosystem and Resources.


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Figure 7 – Relationship between LCI parameters (left), midpoint indicator (middle) and endpoint indicator (right) in ReCiPe 2008 [7].

As mentioned in the previous chapter, four impact categories are of relevant importance for the

development of the tool, and ReCiPe allows calculating all of them. The following description of

these four impact categories, divided in midpoint and endpoint, is intended to give a few insights

that could help to understand their meaning.

At midpoint level:

Climate change: This midpoint uses as unit of measure the accepted CO2 equivalency factor

published in the IPCC report 2007, calculated using the global warming potential (GWP) of

a substance (e.g. CO2, CH4, CFC), in a time horizon. Climate change causes a number of

environmental mechanisms that affect both the endpoint human health and ecosystem.

At endpoint level:

Human health uses as unit of measure the concept of disability-adjusted life years (DALY),

which is the sum of years of life lost (YLL) and years of life disabled (YLD):

DALY = YLL + YLD

Ecosystem are very complex to monitor, therefore ReCiPe concentrates on the information

at the species level. This assumption means that the diversity of species represents the

quality of ecosystems. Therefore the damage is expressed as the potentially disappeared

fraction of species (PDF).


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Resources are assessed by the marginal increase costs due to extraction of a resource and

not the increased energy requirement in a distant future.

EXTERNALITIES CALCULATION MODELING

The following diagram illustrates the steps followed for the calculation of externalities.

Figure 8 – Steps for the calculations of externalities.

The process to calculate externalities is simple, and split in two main stages:

Combining technical inputs (i.e. energy, water, etc.) and database information (impact

assessment coefficients) the potential environmental impacts are calculated, for all the

impact categories

Then, using monetization factors, stored in the database, the potential environmental

impacts are converted into externalities

The following paragraphs provide a detailed example of how the externalities are calculated,

using climate change as reference impact category, applied to a washing machine. The first step

consists in multiplying the inputs by the characterization coefficients of the environmental

impacts. These coefficients are included in a dedicated database in the tool. The potential

environmental impacts for washing machines are calculated as follows:

𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 [𝑘𝑊ℎ] ∗ 𝑎 [𝑘𝑔𝐶𝑂2𝑒𝑞

𝑘𝑊ℎ] + 𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑔𝑎𝑠 ∗ 𝑏 [

𝑘𝑔𝐶𝑂2𝑒𝑞

𝑘𝑊ℎ] + 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 [𝑙] ∗ 𝑐 [


𝑙]

+ 𝑑𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 ∗ 𝑑 [𝑘𝑔𝐶𝑂2𝑒𝑞

𝑙] + 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑠 ∗ 𝑒 [


𝑙]

= 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑠 [𝑘𝑔𝐶𝑂2𝑒𝑞]

Where the coefficients ‘a’ to ‘e’ are the ones included in the database.

The second step consists in the conversion of the potential environmental impacts into

externalities.


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𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑠 [𝑘𝑔𝐶𝑂2𝑒𝑞] ∗ 𝑓 [€

𝑘𝑔𝐶𝑂2𝑒𝑞] = 𝑐𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑒𝑥𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑠 [€]

The same formulas apply for the other impact categories.

CHARACTERIZATION FACTORS

The coefficients that convert energy and materials flows into environmental impacts are obtained through the life cycle impact assessment method ReCiPe. In order to produce such coefficients, underlying data (inventories) for characterizing the items included in the tool database are needed. To ensure a sound development of the tool, it is necessary that the underlying data (inventories)

are retrieved from public sources. In particular, the ELCD database, developed by the European

Commission JRC in the context of the EU Platform on Life Cycle Assessment (available at

http://eplca.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ELCD3/), is used as core source.

In relation to this subject some issues may arise; since the public availability of complete and

reliable datasets is still limited, there may be problems retrieving data for some items in the tool

(e.g. certain types of consumables). In these cases, other public sources (literature information)

may be used for fulfilling the database needs, or, if deemed necessary, data should be acquired

from companies and/or commercial database.

In the first version of the tool, characterization factors are missing for the following items:

Toner/ink

Detergents

Softener

Rinsing agent

In Table 8 are listed the characterization factors for all the externality items included in the tool.

MONETIZATION FACTORS

As illustrated in Figure 8, after the conversion of input items into environmental impacts, a set of

monetization (or weighting) factors is used to compute externalities. Table 6 shows the set of

coefficients used for the example calculation. Note that there are values expressed as dollars and

not as euros. Since the tool provides monetary values expressed in euros, a conversion factor of

0.7 €/$ is applied, with reference to the year of publication of the coefficients (2008,

http://www.x-rates.com/ ).

http://eplca.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ELCD3/


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Table 6 – Monetization factors.

Impact category Monetization factor Unit Source

Climate change 40 €/tonCO2 Directive 2009-33-EC

Human Health 60000 $/DALY Heijungs, 2008 [8]

Ecosystems 1.75E+11 $/species.yr Heijungs, 2008 [8]

Resources 1 $/$ Heijungs, 2008 [8]

The step of monetization of environmental impacts is quite sensitive. There is still little

consensus over the matter, especially for the ecosystem impact category, for which it is hard to

find a widely acknowledged and consistent value for conversion. The value proposed in the table

above is one of the few available. A quick calculation, however, shows how the use of this value

leads to distorted results. For example the monetization of the potential impacts cause by the

consumption of 1kWh of electricity gives the following results:

1 𝑘𝑊ℎ ∗ 1.08E − 08 [𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑠. 𝑦𝑟

𝑘𝑊ℎ] ∗ 1.75E + 11 [

$

𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑠. 𝑦𝑟] ∗ 0.7 [

€

$] = 1890 $ ≈ 1323 €

Table 7 – Externalities calculated for 1 kWh of electricity.

Externality Monetary value for 1 kWh of electricity

(EU 27 production mix)

Climate change 0.023 €

Human Health 0.117 €

Ecosystems 1’323 €

Resources 0.016 €

As Table 7 shows, the value for Ecosystems is order of magnitudes higher than any other

externality. Despite the fact that each externality item has to be considered separately, such

results are not considered sufficiently reliable to express a meaningful measure of externalities

related to ecosystems.

After further discussions and evaluations between the Commission and the project team, it was

decided to take, at least for the first version of the tool, a cautious approach and use a

monetization only for the impact category Climate Change. The calculations for the externalities

Human Health, Ecosystems and Resources Availability are disabled.


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EXTERNALITIES ITEMS INCLUDED IN THE TOOL

Table 8 includes all the externality items included in the tool. Externality factors are obtained

multiplying the monetization factors (see Table 6) by the characterization factors.

The externality factors are calculated using average European life cycle inventory data.

Since public life cycle inventory information are not available, externality factors for the following

items are not included in this version of the tool:

Toner/ink

Detergents

Softener

Rinsing agent

Table 8 – Externality items included in the tool.

Externality

item Quantity

Impact

category

Characterization factor Externality factor

Value Unit Source Value Unit

Electricity 1 kWh

Climate

Change 0.569 kgCO2 eq/kWh ELCD

Database,

2015,

Electricity

mix, AC,

consumption

mix, at

consumer, <

1kV EU-27

0.0228 EUR/kWh

Human

Health 2.79E-06

DALY/kWh

Not included in this

version of the tool Ecosystems

1.07E-08

species.yr/kWh

Resources

availability 0.023 $/kWh

Water 1 m3

Climate

Change 0.00061 kgCO2 eq/m

3

ELCD

Database,

2015,

Drinking

water, water

purification

treatment,

production

mix, at plant,

from surface

water RER

0.0000244 EUR/m3

Human

Health 2.90E-09

DALY/m3



1.15E-11

species.yr/m3

Resources

availability 1.10E-05

$/m3


July 22nd

2016 /135

Water

discharges 1 m

3

Climate

Change 0.028 kgCO2 eq/m

3 ELCD

Database,

2015,

Waste water

treatment,

domestic

waste water

according to

the Directive

91/271/EEC

concerning

urban waste

water

treatment, at

waste water

treatment

plant EU-27

0.00112 EUR/ m3

Human

Health 1.04E-07

DALY/m3



5.23E-10

species.yr/m3

Resources

availability 0.00029 $/m

3

Thermal

energy

(natural gas)

1 MJ

Climate

Change 0.065 kgCO2 eq/MJ

ELCD

Database,

2015,

Heat, from

resid. heating

systems from

NG,

consumption

mix, at

consumer,

temperature

of 55°C EU-27

0.0026 EUR/MJ

Human

Health 2.36E-07

DALY/MJ



1.22E-09

species.yr/MJ

Resources

availability 0.0039 $/MJ

Thermal

energy

(wood

pellets)

1 MJ

Climate

Change

0.00039

kgCO2 eq/MJ

ELCD

Database,

2015,

Heat, from

resid. heating

systems from

wood,

consumption

0.0000156 EUR/MJ

Human

Health 2.74E-08

DALY/MJ Not included in this

version of the tool


July 22nd

2016 /135

Ecosystems 1.63E-11

species.yr/MJ

mix, at

consumer,

temperature

of 70°C EU-27

Resources

availability 0.00081 $/MJ

Thermal

energy (light

fuel oil)

1 MJ

Climate

Change 0.093 kgCO2 eq/MJ

ELCD

Database,

2015,

Heat, from

resid. heating

systems from

LFO,

consumption

mix, at

consumer,

temperature

of 55°C EU-27

0.00372 EUR/MJ

Human

Health

3.62E-07

DALY/MJ



1.74E-09

species.yr/MJ

Resources

availability

0.0049

$/MJ

Detergents,

rinsing

agent,

softenera

1 kg

Climate

Change - kgCO2 eq/kg

-

- -

Human

Health - DALY/kg - -

Ecosystems - species.yr/kg - -

Resources

availability - $/kg - -

Toner/inka

1 kg

Climate

Change - kgCO2 eq/kg

-

- -

Human

Health - DALY/kg - -

Ecosystems - species.yr/kg - -

Resources

availability - $/kg - -

a) Since public life cycle inventory data are not available, in this version of the tool externalities for

these items are not computed.


July 22nd

2016 /135

Annex III: products definitions and life cycle details

Additional information to detail the scope of the tool.

OFFICE IT EQUIPMENT

Office IT equipment are divided in two main groups:

Personal computers: a device which performs logical operations and processes data.

Personal computers are composed of, at a minimum: (1) a central processing unit (CPU) to

perform operations and (2) user input devices such as a keyboard mouse and digitizer. For

the purpose of this study, personal computers include both stationary and portable units,

including desktop computers, integrated computers, notebook computers and tablet PCs

[12].

Office imaging equipment: a commercially available product which was designed for the

main purpose of producing a printed image (paper document or photo) from a digital

image (provided by a network/card interface) through a marking process. Office Imaging

Equipment is also a commercially available product which was designed for the main

purpose of producing a digital image from a hardcopy through a scanning/copying process

[13].

PERSONAL COMPUTERS

DEFINITION

The list of products [12] related to the definition of Personal Computers includes:

Desktop Computer, which means a computer where the main unit is intended to be located in a permanent location, often on a desk or on the floor. Desktops are not designed for portability and utilize an external computer display, keyboard, and mouse. Desktops are designed for a broad range of home and office applications including email, web browsing, word processing, standard graphics applications, etc.

Integrated Desktop Computer, which means a desktop system in which the computer and computer display operate as a single unit which receives its AC power through a single cable. Integrated desktop computers come in one of two possible forms:

1. a system where the computer display and computer are physically combined into a single

unit

2. a system packaged as a single system where the computer display is separated but it is

connected to the main chassis by a DC power cord and both the computer and computer


July 22nd

2016 /135

display are powered from a single power supply. As a subset of desktop computers,

integrated computers are typically designed to provide similar functionality as desktop

systems.

Notebook computers comprise devices, which have the following characteristics: a) They perform logical operations and process data and are designed specifically for

portability and to be operated for extended periods of time either with or without a direct

connection to an AC power source;

b) They utilize an integrated computer display and are capable of operation off an integrated

battery or other portable power source. If a notebook computer is delivered with an

external power supply this power supply is considered part of the notebook computer.

Computer display, which means a display screen and its associated electronics encased in a single housing, or within the computer housing (e.g. integrated desktop computer), that is capable of displaying output information from a computer via one or more inputs. Example of computer display technologies are the cathode-ray tube (CRT) and liquid crystal display (LCD).

LIFE CYCLE

The table below is collection of the most significant aspects of the life cycle of the product.

These aspects are the results of a preliminary analysis done for the tool’s development. The

information is organized in table form, and includes:

Key aspects: general information related to the life cycle, useful for the identification of

both direct and external costs

Material direct costs: identifying the major voices of cost during the whole life cycle for

each product/group of products

Expected environmental impacts: these clarify the environmental effect of the key

aspects, thus helping to select the externalities to be taken into account

Material external costs: identifying the relevant externalities that can be monetized and

integrated in the Life Cycle Cost of the product/group of products

Table 9 - Life cycle specifications for Personal Computer.

PERSONAL COMPUTERS

LIFE CYCLE PHASES KEY ASPECTS [14] MATERIAL

DIRECT COST

EXPECTED

ENVIRONMENTAL

IMPACTS [14]

MATERIAL

EXTERNAL

COSTS

Manufacturing /

Production

Resource consumption and extraction of raw materials: copper,

Purchasing cost

Heavy metals emissions (air, water)

Particulate

Not included


July 22nd

2016 /135

cobalt, gold, tin, aluminum

Use of non-renewable resources: metal and plastic materials, fossil fuels

Hazardous constituents: Brominated Flame Retardants (BFR), Mercury and Lead

matter

Volatile organic

compounds

Use Energy

consumption

Spare parts

Cost of electricity

CO2 emissions

Acidification

Externalities

related to

electricity

consumption

End of life

Treatment of waste

materials (heavy

metals, plastic

components)

No significant

costs are

identified in

this phase

Release of

hazardous

substances:

Heavy metals (mercury, cadmium, lead)

No

significant

externalities

are

identified in

this phase

OFFICE IMAGING EQUIPMENT

DEFINITION

In the Office imaging equipment set, the following list of products [14] is included:

Printer means a commercially available imaging product that serves as a hard copy output

device, and is capable of receiving information from single-user or networked computers,

or other input devices where the unit is capable of being powered from a wall outlet or

from a data or network connection.

Copier means a commercially available imaging product whose sole function is the

production of hard copy duplicates from graphic hard copy originals where the unit is

capable of being powered from a wall outlet of from a data or network connection.

Scanner is a commercially available imaging product that operates as an electro-optical

device for converting information into electronic images that can be stored, edited,

converted, or transmitted, primarily in a personal computing environment.


July 22nd

2016 /135

Multifunction device (MFD) means a commercially available imaging product, which is a

physically integrated device or a combination of functionally integrated components that

performs two or more of the core function of copying, printing, scanning, or faxing where

the unit is capable of being powered from a wall outlet or from data or network connection

and the copy functionality is distinct from single sheet convenience copying offered by fax

machines

LIFE CYCLE











integrated in the Life Cycle Cost of the product/group of products.

Table 10 - Life cycle specifications for Imaging Equipment.

Imaging Equipment

LIFE CYCLE

PHASES KEY ASPECTS [15]

MATERIAL DIRECT

COSTS

EXPECTED

ENVIRONMENTAL

IMPACTS [15]

MATERIAL

EXTERNAL

COSTS

Manufacturing

/ Production

Materials

acquisition:

Galvanized steel

Polystyrene

Chromium steel 18/8

Purchasing cost


Particulate matter

Volatile organic

compounds

No significant

externalities are

identified in this

phase

Use

Energy consumption

Consumables (paper, toner, etc.)

Cost of electricity Consumables (toner/ink)

CO2 emissions

Acidification

Externalities

related to:

electricity

consumption

Toner

consumption

End of life

Treatment of waste materials (heavy metals, plastic

No significant costs

are identified in this

phase

Release of hazardous

substances:

Heavy metals (mercury, cadmium,

No significant

externalities are

identified in this


July 22nd

2016 /135

components, hazardous materials)

Electronic waste

lead)

Additives (pentabromophenol, polybrominated diphenyl ethers, tetrabromobiphenol-A)

phase


July 22nd

2016 /135

OFFICE AND STREET LIGHTING

Lighting systems can be divided into two categories:

- Office Lighting includes lamps, ballasts, luminaires and lighting controls installed within

buildings [16];

- Public Street Lighting includes lamps and luminaires as well as the stands, poles and other

mounting fixtures [17] related to outdoor lighting and traffic lights.

OFFICE LIGHTING

DEFINITION

The list of products related to the definition of Office Lighting includes:

Lamps and ballasts

Lamp is a “source made in order to produce an optical radiation, usually visible [18]”. Different

types of lamps are [16]:

Fluorescent tubes come in a variety of diameters (T8 – 26mm diameter, T5 – 16mm

diameter). T5 tubular lamps are designed to run hotter than the T8 lamps, giving improved

efficiency in enclosed luminaries. Compared with T8 lamps they are shorter in length,

allowing them to be used in fittings that fit into smaller ceiling grids. Luminaires designed

specifically for the T5 lamp tend to be more efficient because of the reduced source size.

Compact fluorescent lamps sometimes are used for general lighting. They require a ballast

to start the lamp and to control the discharge while the lamp is running.

Tungsten halogen lamps are widely used for spotlighting. They have a higher efficacy than

ordinary tungsten filament lamps, consequently they are not recommended for most

lighting applications in public buildings.

LED lamps are now a valuable alternative in terms of energy efficiency and quality of light

to tungsten halogen lamps and some compact fluorescent lamps. They generally have a

very long life, reducing maintenance costs.

High-pressure discharge lamps (usually high-pressure sodium or metal halide) are used in

large spaces like atria and also for uplighting.

Ballast is a “device connected between the supply and one or more discharge lamps which

serves mainly to limit the current of the lamp(s) to the required value [18]”.


July 22nd

2016 /135

Luminaires

Luminaire is an “apparatus which distributes, filters or transforms the light transmitted from one

or more lamps and which includes, except the lamps themselves, all parts necessary for fixing

and protecting the lamps and, where necessary, circuit auxiliaries together with the means for

connecting the lamps to the electric supply [18]”.

Lighting controls

Lighting controls allow the building occupants to switch off or dim lighting when it is not

required. There are a number of different types of lighting control which may be used

individually or in combination. Manual control may include: rocker switches, push buttons, pull

cords, infra-red, sonic, ultrasonic and telephone handset controls [18].

LIFE CYCLE












Table 11 - Life cycle specifications for office lighting.

OFFICE LIGHTING

LIFE CYCLE


MATERIAL DIRECT

COSTS

EXPECTED

ENVIRONMENTAL

IMPACTS [19]

MATERIAL

EXTERNAL

COSTS

Manufacturing /

Production

Materials acquisition:

glass

tin

lead

copper

plastics

brass

mercury

sodium lead

Purchasing cost

heavy metals emissions (air, water)

particulate matter

volatile organic

compounds

Not included

Use Electricity consumption Cost of electricity GHG emissions

Acidification

Externalities

related to


July 22nd

2016 /135

electricity

consumption

End of life

Treatment of waste materials

Treatment of hazardous substances



phase

Release of hazardous materials and substances (mercury)

Particulate matter

Volatile organic

compounds

No

significant

externalities

are

identified in

this phase

PUBLIC STREET LIGHTING

DEFINITION

The list of products related to the definition of Street Lighting includes:

Lamps

The most predominantly used lamps in street lighting are High-Intensity Discharge lamps (HID)

[17] that are categorized as follows [17]:

High pressure sodium lamps (HPS)

Low pressure sodium lamps (LPS): they produce an orange light

Metal halide lamps with quartz arc tube

Metal halide lamps with ceramic arc tube (CMH)

High pressure mercury lamps (HPM)

Low pressure mercury (or fluorescent) lamps (CFL)

Of these the mercury and sodium variants are the most commonly used in street lighting,

although mercury lamps are generally less efficient in their energy use than sodium, or even

metal halide lamps. Both Metal Halide (MH) and High-Pressure Sodium (HPS) lamps are used in

street lighting, but for different kinds of applications: metal-halide lamps are best suited for clear

white illumination, whereas high-pressure sodium lamps have a yellow color. They have long

operational times from three to six years.

LEDs are actually rarely applied in Street Lighting because of the actual high price and lower

efficacy, but technology is changing [20]. Traffic lights use this technology because it has high

efficacy for colored light. Currently LEDs have lower luminous efficacy than HID lamps, but the

directional nature of LEDs means that LED luminaires are generally more efficient and can in

principle direct the light very precisely to where it is required. A typical luminaire includes an

array of LEDs so if one LED fails, the area still remains lit. LEDs can also be dimmed readily.


July 22nd

2016 /135

Ballasts

Ballast categories are:

Ferromagnetic or electromagnetic ballasts for discharge lamps

Electronic ballasts for discharge lamps

- Electronic ballasts non-dimmable

- Electronic ballasts dimmable

The ballast lifetime depends on service hours. Normally, magnetic ballasts last as long as the

luminaires if they are placed inside the luminaire. For electronic ballasts, lifetimes of 40.000 to

60.000 hours (10 to 15 years) are considered as realistic. The lifetime of electronic ballasts

decreases strongly if the working temperature in reality exceeds the indicated working

temperature [20].

Luminaire

The average overall lifetime for luminaires is expressed in years after placement. A lifetime of 30

years is common practice. Whereas in the centre of municipalities and in shopping streets

replacement times can be much shorter (e.g. 15 years), in rural areas (with very low traffic

density) luminaires with an age of 35 years and even more can be encountered. Regular cleaning

of the luminaire is necessary and it strongly depends on the characteristics of the luminaire [20].

LIFE CYCLE












Table 12 - Life cycle specifications for street lighting.

STREET LIGHTING

LIFE CYCLE

PHASES

KEY ASPECTS [17],

[20]

MATERIAL DIRECT

COSTS

EXPECTED

ENVIRONMENTAL

IMPACTS [17], [20]

MATERIAL

EXTERNAL

COSTS


July 22nd

2016 /135

Manufacturing

/ Production


Glass

Plastics

Metallic materials (Steel, Copper, Aluminum)

hazardous materials and substances (mercury)

Purchasing cost

PAHs emissions

Particulate Matter

Heavy metals emissions

Eutrophication

No

significant

externalities

are

identified in

this phase

Use Energy consumption

Cost of electricity

GHG emissions

Acidification

Externalities

related to

electricity

consumption

End of life

Treatment of waste materials

Treatment of hazardous substances



phase

Release of hazardous materials and substances (mercury)

Particulate matter

Volatile organic

compounds

No

significant

externalities

are

identified in

this phase


July 22nd

2016 /135

WHITE GOODS

An internationally accepted definition for white goods is not available, but Directive 2012/19/EU

on waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) provides an exhaustive list of large

household appliances that includes white goods.

LARGE HOUSEHOLD APPLIANCES

- Air conditioners

- Ventilation appliances

- Electric fans

- Microwave ovens

- Electric ovens

- Refrigerators

- Freezers

- Dish washing machines

- Washing machines

- Clothes dryers

- Electric heating appliances

AIR CONDITIONERS

DEFINITION

An air conditioner, as dealt in this document, is defined as “an appliance designed to maintain

the temperature of indoor air at a given temperature level for a given heat load to be extracted

[21]”.

In addition to the primary function of air conditioners (temperature control), a set of secondary

functions help to define the actual performance of an air conditioner. Secondary functions are:

Ability to increase or decrease (cooling) humidity in the room

To provide air renewals

To purify the air of a room

The main product performance parameter is the cooling (and/or heating) capacity. As for

technological differences, in this document the following are reported:

Reversibility (the air conditioner can deliver both heat and cooling)

Movability


July 22nd

2016 /135

Following commercial classification, a list of room air conditioners is given:

- Split-packaged units: this type of appliance comprises two packages (one indoor and one

outdoor unit) connected only by the pipe that transfers the refrigerant. The indoor unit

includes the evaporator and a fan, while the outdoor unit has a compressor and a

condenser

- Multi Split packaged units: comprise several interior units connected to one exterior unit.

These units are similar to split interior and exterior units

- Single packaged units: Single-packaged units, commonly known as ‘window’ or ‘through-

the-wall’ air conditioners. This type of equipment comprises a single package, one side of

which is in contact with the outside air heat release outside, while the other side provides

direct cooling to the air inside

- Single duct units: these are appliances whose condenser ejects hot air through a duct to

the exterior: air used to cool the condenser is taken inside the room and rejected outside.

They are generally movable

- Double duct units: similar to single duct air conditioners, there are two main types. The

first type is exactly similar to a single duct but a second hole at the condenser enables to

take the condenser air from outside thus avoiding outside air infiltration inside the room to

be cooled. The second type is similar but of a more permanent installation through the wall

and in that case, the two ducts may be concentric

- Residential chillers: mini chillers produce cold water that is circulated within the house to

feed cool ceilings, floors, panels or fan coils (water to air heat exchangers)

- Centralized air conditioners: deliver cooling on the central air system of a dwelling. Air

conditioners are either packaged air conditioners with a duct to blow cold air on the

central air system of the residence, or split system with a cooling coil placed in the air

stream of the centralized air system, that can be delivered with or without fan.

The list above is meant to represent air conditioners found in the residential sector that can also

be used in the tertiary sector.

LIFE CYCLE











July 22nd

2016 /135



Table 13 - Life cycle specifications for air conditioners.

AIR CONDITIONERS

LIFE CYCLE


MATERIAL DIRECT

COSTS

EXPECTED

ENVIRONMENTAL

IMPACTS [21]

MATERIAL

EXTERNAL

COSTS

Manufacturing

/ Production Material acquisition:

Cast iron

Copper

Aluminum Distribution

Purchasing cost

Installation

costs


Particulate matter

Volatile organic compounds

No significant

externalities

are identified

in this phase

Use Electricity consumption

Leaks of refrigerant fluid

Cost of electricity CO2 emissions

Acidification

Externalities

related to

electricity

consumption

End of life Treatment of waste

materials

No significant costs are

identified in this phase

Particulate matter

Volatile organic

compounds

No significant

externalities

are identified

in this phase

VENTILATION APPLIANCES

DEFINITION

Ventilation fans, as dealt in this documents, are “appliances which ensure air renewal in

occupied dwellings [21]”.The main reasons for which they are required are:

Comfort and hygiene (air renewal)

Durability of the building

Safety

A ventilation fan consists in a bladed rotor actioned by an electric motor, providing the required

air flow rates for the building. Ventilation can be divided into three categories:

Natural ventilation: no ventilation devices required.

Individual mechanical ventilation: decentralized fans provide the required air renewal.

Centralized mechanical ventilation: one extractor and a ducted system are used to renew

the air in the entire building.

For the purpose of this document, natural ventilation appliances are not considered.


July 22nd

2016 /135

The primary functional parameter of a ventilation fan is the air flow rate.

In light of the reported definition and classification, the following list of ventilation appliances is

identified:

Decentralized:

- Roof fans: are located on the roof of the room or may be linked to a ducted system

- Window fans: are embedded in a window glass. They can also be located in the

frame of the window

- Wall fans: can eject the air through the walls or the ceiling directly or through a

short duct

- Hood fans: are located close to pollution sources. The hood may be simply a frame

and a filter to be plugged on a centralized ventilation system or it can constitute a

decentralized system itself

Centralized:

- Extract fan: air is sucked by the extractor and evacuated by openings from the most

polluted rooms. In terms of energy using products, this kind of ventilation requires

an extractor larger than small sized fans

- Supply fan: a supply fan supplies air centrally. Because of the overpressure generate

by the air supply inside the dwelling, the air exits the dwelling through cracks,

windows, slots

- Extract and supply: combines the action of the previous two

- Extract and supply, with heat recovery: using heat recovery heat exchangers an

important part of the energy loss caused by the introduction of fresh air for

ventilation

LIFE CYCLE












Table 14 - Life cycle specifications for ventilation appliances.

VENTILATION APPLIANCES


July 22nd

2016 /135

LIFE CYCLE


MATERIAL DIRECT

COSTS

EXPECTED

ENVIRONMENTAL

IMPACTS [21]

MATERIAL

EXTERNAL

COSTS

Manufacturing /

Production Material acquisition:

Steel

Aluminum

Plastics Distribution

Purchasing cost

Installation

costs


Particulate matter


No

significant

externalities

are

identified in

this phase

Use Electricity

consumption

Cost of electricity

CO2 emissions

Acidification

Externalities

related to

electricity

consumption

End of life

Treatment of waste

materials



Particulate matter

Volatile organic

compounds

No

significant

externalities

are

identified in

this phase

ELECTRIC FANS

DEFINITION

Comfort fans, as dealt in this document, “by generating air movement close to the body, they

increase convection and evaporation and by this way the feeling of comfort [21]”. Electric fans

improve summer comfort without lowering room temperature.

Primary functional parameter for electric fans is “to increase air speed in such a manner the end

user may feel more comfortable [21]”.

A list of this kind of appliances may include:

- Table/desk fan

- Pedestal fan

- Floor standing fan

- Wall mounted fan

- Ceiling fan

- Tower fan

- Box fan

LIFE CYCLE



July 22nd

2016 /135











Table 15 - Life cycle specifications for electric fans.

ELECTRIC FANS

LIFE CYCLE

PHASES

KEY ASPECTS

[21]

MATERIAL DIRECT

COSTS

EXPECTED

ENVIRONMENTAL

IMPACTS [21]

MATERIAL

EXTERNAL

COSTS

Manufacturing /

Production

Material

acquisition:

Cast iron

Steel


Purchasing cost


Particulate matter


eutrophication

No significant

externalities

are identified

in this phase

Use Electricity

consumption Cost of electricity

CO2 emissions

Acidification

Externalities

related to

electricity

consumption


materials



phase

Particulate matter

Volatile organic

compounds

No significant

externalities

are identified

in this phase

MICROWAVE OVENS

DEFINITION

Microwave ovens, as dealt in this document, can be ascribed to the general definition of oven, as

“enclosed compartment where the power/temperature can be adjusted for heating, baking and

drying food and used for cooking [22]”. Microwave ovens use electricity as source of power, and

their operation mode is based on the so-called dielectric heating. By means of microwave

radiation, friction between molecules is triggered, which causes the heating of the food [23].

They are generally available as free-standing units, and they are available in a wide range of

designs with different features.


July 22nd

2016 /135

Some of these features are:

- Rotating plates

- Digital timers

- Auto-programming capabilities

LIFE CYCLE












Table 16 – Life cycle specifications for microwave ovens.

MICROWAVE OVENS

LIFE CYCLE


MATERIAL DIRECT

COSTS

EXPECTED

ENVIRONMENTAL

IMPACTS [22]

MATERIAL

EXTERNAL

COSTS

Manufacturing

/ Production

Material acquisition:

Copper

Steel

Ferrite

Electronic components

Distribution

Purchasing cost

Persistent Organic Pollution


Eutrophication

Particulate matter


Not included

Use Electricity consumption Cost of electricity CO2 emissions

Acidification

Externalities

related to

electricity

consumption


materials (metals,

plastic components)



phase

Particulate matter

Volatile organic

compounds

No

significant

externalities

are

identified in


July 22nd

2016 /135

this phase

ELECTRIC OVENS

DEFINITION

Electric ovens, as dealt in this document, can be ascribed to the general definition of oven, as

“enclosed compartment where the power/temperature can be adjusted for heating, baking and

drying food and used for cooking [22]”. Electric ovens use electricity as source of power. These

ovens can be classified based on their operation mode:

- Fan forced (convection) mode: a fan activates air movement in the oven. This feature

enables the food to cook faster. Furthermore, convection ovens guarantee more even

temperature distribution, allowing lower temperature setting, thus reducing energy

consumption.

- Conventional mode: top or bottom elements activate without fan.

- Grill mode: this mode involves dry heat from top or bottom of the oven. Heat transfer is

provided primarily via thermal radiation.

- Steam mode: high temperature steam is injected in the oven, providing heat transfer to

the food. This mode keeps food moisture at high temperature, helping to retain vitamins

and nutrients.

LIFE CYCLE













July 22nd

2016 /135

Table 17 - Life cycle specifications for electric ovens.

ELECTRIC OVENS

LIFE CYCLE


MATERIAL DIRECT

COSTS

EXPECTED

ENVIRONMENTAL

IMPACTS [22]

MATERIAL

EXTERNAL

COSTS

Manufacturing

/ Production


Galvanized steel

Copper

Steel

Ferrite


Distribution

Purchasing cost

Persistent Organic Pollution


Eutrophication

Particulate matter


Not included

Use Electricity consumption Cost of electricity CO2 emissions

Acidification

Externalities

related to

electricity

consumption


materials (little

contribution)



phase

Particulate matter

Volatile organic

compounds

No significant

externalities

are identified

in this phase

REFRIGERATORS AND FREEZERS

DEFINITION

For the purposes of this document, it is relevant to distinguish between household and

commercial refrigerators and freezers. According to the EN ISO 15502:2005, the definition of

household refrigerating appliance is “factory-assembled insulated cabinet with one or more

compartments and of suitable and equipment for household use, cooled by natural convection

or a frost-free system whereby the cooling is obtained by one or more energy-consuming means

[24]”. On the other hand, the United States Department of Energy describes commercial

refrigeration equipment as following: “The term commercial refrigerator, freezer and

refrigerator-freezer mean refrigeration equipment that:

1) Is not a consumer product

2) Is not designed and marketed exclusively for medical, scientific, or research purposes

3) Operates at a chilled, frozen, combination chilled and frozen, or variable temperature

4) Displays or stores merchandise and other perishable materials horizontally, semi-vertically,

or vertically


July 22nd

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5) Has transparent or solid doors, sliding or hinged doors, a combination of hinged, sliding,

transparent, or solid doors, or no doors

6) Is designed for pull-down temperature applications or holding temperature applications

7) Is connected to a self-contained condensing unit or to a remote condensing unit [25]”.

The range of products in which PAs may be interested in spreads across both the definitions

given. However, it is understood that most of the products fall under household appliances

category Moreover, PAs in general do not intend to use such appliances for commercial

purposes.

Therefore it is chosen to continue the characterization of this group of products referring to

household appliances.

Among household refrigerating equipment, it is possible to distinguish the following categories:

- Refrigerator: appliance intended for the storage of food, with at least one compartment

suitable for fresh food storage

- Refrigerator-freezer: appliance with at least one compartment suitable for fresh food

storage and one for freezing fresh food

- Frozen-food storage cabinet: appliance having one or more compartments for the storage

of frozen food

- Food freezer: appliance suitable for freezing foodstuffs at a temperature down to -18°C

LIFE CYCLE












Table 18 - Life cycle specifications for refrigerators & freezers.

REFRIGERATORS & FREEZERS

LIFE CYCLE PHASES KEY ASPECTS [24] MATERIAL

DIRECT COSTS

EXPECTED

ENVIRONMENTAL

IMPACTS [24]

MATERIAL

EXTERNAL

COSTS


July 22nd

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Manufacturing /

Production


Galvanized steel

Copper

Steel


Distribution

Purchasing cost


Particulate matter


Not included

Use Electricity consumption Cost of electricity

CO2 emissions

Acidification

Externalities

related to

electricity

consumption


materials

No significant

costs are

identified in this

phase

Particulate matter

Volatile organic

compounds

No

significant

externalities

are

identified in

this phase

DISHWASHERS

DEFINITION

Dishwashers, as dealt in this document, can be defined as “machines which clean, rinse and dries

wash dishware, glassware, cutlery and other utensils connected to the preparation, cooking,

arrangement or serving of food (including drinks) by chemical, mechanical, thermal and electric

means; which is connected to electric mains and which is designed to be used principally for

commercial and industrial purposes as stated by the manufacturer in the Declaration of

Conformity (DoC) [26]”.

Dishwashers can be classified according to their functional performance and technical

differences. Parameters that define the functional performance of a dishwasher are for example

time employed per cycle and type of dishware cleaned. Technical differences, on the other hand,

refer for example to water management (water-change systems versus tank systems) or heat

source (electricity, natural gas) for the production of hot water/steam, size (volume).

For the purposes of this document, these categories of dishwashers are identified:

Dishwashers with fresh-water system: water is changed at each cycle. These are used

where the amount of dishware to be cleaned is small (e.g. pre-schools, kindergartens)

Dishwashers with tank system, further divided into:

- One-tank: water and detergent are filtered and reused for a number of cycles.

These are employed where the number of dishware to be cleaned is higher. The


July 22nd

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programmes for these machines are in general quicker, and the appliances could be

designed for cleaning a specific type of dishware (e.g. glasses for bars and taverns)

- Multi-tank: these are used where large amounts of dishware have to be cleaned

(canteens, catering establishments, hospitals, etc.). They are designed to work in

continuous mode, transporting dishware through conveyors. In respect to the other

listed dishwashers, they are more complex systems, hence having different

technical characteristics, such as source of heat and maintenance requirements

LIFE CYCLE












Table 19 - Life cycle specifications for dishwashers.

DISHWASHERS

LIFE CYCLE


MATERIAL DIRECT

COSTS

EXPECTED

ENVIRONMENTAL

IMPACTS [26]

MATERIAL

EXTERNAL

COSTS

Manufacturin

g / Production


General metal content

Stainless steel

Aluminum Distribution

Purchasing cost


Particulate matter


No

significant

externalities

are identified

in this phase

Use

Electricity consumption

Natural gas consumption

Use of detergents

Water consumption

Cost of energy (electricity, gas)

Cost of water

Consumables (detergents)

CO2 emissions

Acidification

Eutrophication

Externalities

related to:

Electricit

y

consump

tion

Water

consump

tion


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Use of

detergen

t

Water

discharg

es


materials



Particulate matter

Volatile organic

compounds

No

significant

externalities

are identified

in this phase

WASHING MACHINES

DEFINITION

A professional washing machine, as dealt in this document, can be defined as “a machine which

cleans and rinses laundry like clothes, tablecloths, towels, and other textiles or items by using

water, chemical mechanical, and thermal means; which may also have a spin extraction or drying

function and which is designed to be used principally for commercial and industrial purposes as

stated by the manufacturer [26]”.

With regard to the functional performance and technological differences, washing machines can

be classified based on their use in household or professional appliances. Among the parameters

that distinguish the two categories there are: load capacity, frequency of use, time required for

each cycle, types of laundry washed. To the extent of this analysis, washing machines are

considered as professional appliances. This assumption is made imagining that, where PAs would

be equipped with these items, their use would be aligned with the use described in the

definition of professional washing machines.

For the purposes of this document, these categories of washing machines are identified:

Machines combining the functions of textile washing and moisture extraction by

centrifugal action:

- Semi-professional washer extractor: load up to 7kg. Water heating through electricity.

Manual loading

- Professional washer extractor: load up to 40kg. Water heating through electricity or

steam or gas (for the production of steam). Manual loading

Machines designed to wash items in successive loads as a continuous process:

- Washing tunnel machine: load capacity 250-4000kg/h. Water heating with steam or

gas. Automatic loading, through conveyor.


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LIFE CYCLE












Table 20 - Life cycle specifications for washing machines.

WASHING MACHINES

LIFE CYCLE


MATRIAL DIRECT

COSTS

EXPECTED

ENVIRONMENTAL

ASPECTS [26]

MATERIAL

EXTERNAL

COSTS

Manufacturin

g / Production


Stainless steel

Aluminum

Plastics

Copper Distribution

Purchasing cost


Particulate matter


No

significant

externalities

are identified

in this phase

Use

Electricity consumption

Use of detergents

Water consumption

Cost of electricity

Maintenance

Consumables (detergent)

Cost of water

CO2 emissions

Acidification

Eutrophication

Externalities

related to:

electricit

y

consump

tion

water

consump

tion

use of

detergen

t

water

discharg

es


materials

Cost of

disposal/recycling

Particulate matter

Volatile organic

compounds

No

significant

externalities


July 22nd

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are identified

in this phase

DRYERS

DEFINITION

A professional dryer, as dealt in this document, can be defined as “a machine which dries laundry

like clothes, tablecloths, bedclothes, towels, and other textiles items by thermally removing the

moisture (evaporation) and which is designed to be used principally for commercial and

industrial purposes as stated by the manufacturer [26]”.

With regard to functional performance and technological differences, the same considerations

made for washing machines can be made for dryers.

For the purposes of this document, these categories of dryers are identified:

- Direct dryers: heat transfer is accomplished by direct contact between the wet solid and

hot gases

- Indirect dryers: heat for drying is transferred by conduction through solid retaining wall,

usually metallic. The vaporized liquid independently of the heating medium

- Cabinet dryers: heated cabinets in which clothes are suspended on hangers

- Tumble dryers: machines for moisture extraction by tumbling in a rotating cage in an

atmosphere of hot air

Furthermore, load capacity proves to be a dominating parameter influencing the categorization

of dryers, hence the following categorization is proposed:

Semi-professional dryer, condenser: load capacity <8kg

Professional tumble dryer: load capacity 15-40kg

Pass-through (transfer) tumble dryer: load capacity 40-240kg

LIFE CYCLE











July 22nd

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Table 21 - Life cycle specifications for dryers.

DRYERS

LIFE CYCLE


MATERIAL DIRECT

COSTS

EXPECTED

ENVIRONMENTAL

IMPACTS [26]

MATERIAL

EXTERNAL

COSTS

Manufacturing /

Production Material acquisition:

Stainless steel


Purchasing cost


Particulate matter


No significant

externalities

are identified

in this phase

Use Electricity

consumption

Cost of electricity

CO2 emissions

Acidification

Externalities

related to

electricity

consumption


materials



phase

Particulate matter

Volatile organic

compounds

No significant

externalities

are identified

in this phase

ELECTRIC HEATING APPLIANCES

DEFINITION

In the context of heating appliances, it is given the broad definition: “local heating products are

defined as decentralized space heating stand-alone devices that convert electricity, gaseous or

liquid fuels directly into heat and then distribute it to provide heat indoors. These devices can be

portable or installed in the building [27]”.

Electric heaters work by passing an electric current through a resistive element, which generates

heat. The heat is then delivered via radiation or convection or a combination of the two.

Electric heaters can be categorized in the following main types:

- Convector heaters: they use natural convection to heat the ambient air. An electric

resistive element inside the convector produces the heat

- Fan heaters: using an electric fan forced convection is achieved, allowing the heat to be

transferred more quickly

- Oil-filled column heaters: use radiation (infrared waves) to heat. The electric resistive

element is immersed in oil. They resemble hydronic radiators


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- Glowing radiant heaters: use radiation (infrared waves) to heat. They use electric elements

packed inside a quartz glass tube or a halogen lamp and are best at spot heating

- Storage heaters: store heat when base load electricity is available at a low price (e.g. during

the night), and releases it during the day. Heat is stored in clay bricks or other ceramic

material

- Thin film or cable heating systems: are thin electric heating cables or mats. They can be

installed under floor surfaces.

LIFE CYCLE












Table 22 - Life cycle specifications for electric heating appliances: electric portable fan heater.

ELECTRIC HEATING APPLIANCES:

ELECTRIC PORTABLE FAN HEATER

LIFE CYCLE


MATERIAL DIRECT

COSTS

EXPECTED

ENVIRONMENTAL

IMPACTS [27]

MATERIAL

EXTERNAL

COSTS

Manufacturing

/ Production


Production of Ni-Cr alloy

Powder coatings

Distribution

Purchasing cost


Eutrophication

No significant

externalities

are identified

in this phase

Use

Electricity consumption Cost of electricity CO2 emissions

Acidification

Externalities

related to

electricity

consumption


materials



phase

Particulate matter

Volatile organic

compounds

No significant

externalities

are identified

in this phase


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Table 23 - Life cycle specifications for electric heating appliances: convector electric fixed.

ELECTRIC HEATING APPLIANCES:

CONVECTOR ELECTRIC FIXED

LIFE CYCLE PHASES KEY ASPECTS [27] DIRECT COSTS

EXPECTED

ENVIRONMENTAL

IMPACTS [27]

EXTERNAL

COSTS

Manufacturing /

Production


Production of Ni-Cr alloy

Powder coatings Distribution

Purchasing cost Heavy metals

emissions (air, water)

Eutrophication

No significant

externalities

are identified

in this phase

Use Electricity

consumption Cost of electricity

CO2 emissions

Acidification

Externalities

related to

electricity

consumption


materials



phase

Particulate matter

Volatile organic

compounds

No significant

externalities

are identified

in this phase


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VENDING MACHINES

COLD VENDING MACHINES

DEFINITION

Cold vending machines, as dealt with in this document, are defined as: “commercial refrigerated

cabinets designed to accept consumer payments or tokens to dispense chilled or frozen products

without on-site labour intervention” [28]. Vending machines are constructed with a metallic

structure, insulated from the outside. A front opening is required to dispense the purchased

items. A payment system is incorporated, including the selection panel for the purchase. The

refrigeration equipment is located on the base frame, and includes: evaporator, condenser,

expansion valve and compressor. Lighting is a relevant aspect of vending machines, both from a

marketing point of view and for operation costs. In fact, energy consumption for lighting covers a

significant share of the total demand, up to 30/40% [29]. However, the use of different, more

efficient lighting systems (LED) can reduce this share, making lighting a less relevant aspect3.

The functional performance of vending machines can be defined as “to cool or freeze food and

store it at the proper temperatures”. In addition to the functionality, it is underlined that this

category of products only includes products designed for commercial use.

According to the preparatory studies for eco-design directive [25], the following types of cold

vending machines can be identified:

- Spiral machines: cans, bottles and/or food are lined up on shelves, and separated by

spirals. This kind of vending machine has a glass door to present products to the customer

- Cans & bottles machines: there are two doors. An inner door, insulated, gives access to the refrigerated space where cans or bottles are stored, and an outer door, generally in acrylic. The latter, also contains the electronic controls that allow customers to purchase and receive goods.

- Drum machines: these vending machines also have a glass door to present products. Drums are stacked up on shelves and products are set in each compartment

LIFE CYCLE




3 Expert communication.


July 22nd

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Table 24 – Life cycle specifications for cold vending machines.

COLD VENDING MACHINES

LIFE CYCLE

PHASES

KEY ASPECTS

[25]

MATERIAL DIRECT

COSTS

EXPECTED

ENVIRONMENTAL

IMPACTS [25]

MATERIAL

EXTERNAL

COSTS

Manufacturing /

Production

Materials

acquisition:

Pre-coating coil

Steel

Electric assembly module

Distribution

Purchasing cost

heavy metals emissions (air, water)

particulate matter

volatile organic

compounds

Not included

Use Energy

consumption (CO2

Emissions)

Cost of electricity

Operating cost

CO2 emissions

acidification

Externalities

related to

electricity

consumption

End of life Treatment of

waste materials

(metals, plastic

components)



Particulate matter

Volatile organic

compounds

No significant

externalities

are identified

in this phase

HOT BEVERAGE VENDING MACHINE

DEFINITION

The name “Hot beverage vending machine” indicates a fully automatic self-service device

suitable to be operated by the end-user by coin, token, banknote, debit card or other payment

system/command, that mainly delivers cups of coffee prepared in different ways and/or cups of

hot and cold drinks.

Different ways to prepare coffee:


July 22nd

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- “Instant”: the coffee is prepared mixing hot water with coffee powder, soluble or

freeze dried, in special mixing bowls, or directly in the cup.

- “Freshbrew”: the coffee is prepared in a special brewer, where hot water passes

through the ground fresh coffee with a pressure close to 0 bar (with the same

system tea can obtained from leaf tea).

- “Espresso”: the coffee is prepared in a special brewer, where a pump pushes hot

water through the ground fresh coffee with a pressure between 4 and 10 bars.

- All the other hot drinks are prepared starting from soluble or freeze dried

powders4.

Based on confidential information, it is possible to distinguish two main groups of hot beverage

vending machines:

Table vending machines

Free standing vending machines

The main difference existing between the two categories is related to their size, hence to their

water capacity, being the table vending machines smaller than the free standing vending

machines. In contrast to cold vending machines, the performance of these machines is strictly

related to their use, therefore being influenced from the number and types of beverages served.

In order to provide a good performance, the vending machine ought to be able to provide an

adequate number of beverages, calculated over the number of served people, avoiding both

situations of underuse (machine dispensing few beverages in respect to the rated capacity) and

overuse (leading to excessive operative5 interventions).

LIFE CYCLE












4 Expert communication.

5 Intended as standard not technical activities such as: machine cleaning , products filling, cash retrieval, etc.


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Table 25 – Life cycle specifications for hot vending machines.

HOT BEVERAGE VENDING MACHINES

LIFE CYCLE

PHASES KEY ASPECTS

MATERIAL DIRECT

COSTS

EXPECTED

ENVIRONMENTAL

IMPACTS

MATERIAL

EXTERNAL

COSTS

Manufacturing /

Production

Materials

acquisition:

Pre-coating coil

Steel

Alloy

Electric assembly module

Distribution

Purchasing cost


Particulate matter

Volatile organic

compounds

Not included

Use Energy consumption (CO2 Emissions) Water

consumption

Cost of electricity Maintenance cost Operating cost

CO2 emissions

Acidification

Waste (product waste)

Externalities

related to

electricity

consumption

End of life Treatment of

waste materials

(metals, plastic

components)



Particulate matter

Volatile organic

compounds

No significant

externalities

are identified

in this phase


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ELECTRICAL MEDICAL EQUIPMENT

DEFINITION

Starting with a generic definition, a medical device is defined as “any instrument, apparatus,

material or other article, whether used alone or in combination, including software necessary for

its proper application intended by the manufacturer to be used for human beings for the

purpose of:

Diagnosis, prevention, monitoring, treatment or alleviation of disease

Diagnosis, monitoring, treatment, alleviation of or compensation for any injury or handicap

Investigation, replacement or modification of the anatomy or of a physiological process

Control of conception

and which may be assisted in its function by pharmacological, immunological or metabolic

means [30]”.

Considering electrical equipment used in health care as a subset of the larger group of medical

devices, it is possible to categorize and define it in:

Medical electrical equipment: intended to diagnose, treat or monitor the patient under

medical supervision. The equipment makes physical or electrical contact with the patient

and/or transfers energy to or from the patient and/or detects such energy transfer to or

from the patient. The equipment includes those accessories as defined by the

manufacturer which are necessary to enable the normal use of the equipment [31]

Mobile equipment: intended to be moved from one location to another between periods

of use while supported by its own wheels or equivalent means [31]

INCLUDED PRODUCTS

The following list includes only the products for which information (even incomplete) was

available for the successive characterization of the life cycle of products.

For the purpose of this document, medical electrical equipment include [32]:

Anesthesia equipment

Autoclaves and disinfectant equipment

Computed Tomography (CT)

Dialysis equipment

Infusion pumps

Medical lighting


July 22nd

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Medical freezers and refrigerators

Monitoring equipment and IT

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Ultrasound equipment

X-ray equipment

However, from [32], some products within this category are very similar to other products

included in other product categories. In particular:

Autoclaves and disinfectant equipment can be assimilated to washing machines

Medical freezer and refrigerators can be assimilated to refrigerators and freezers

Medical lighting can be assimilated to office lighting

Monitoring equipment and IT can be assimilated to office IT equipment

LIFE CYCLE







each product/group of products.





Table 26 – Life cycle specifications for electrical medical equipment.

MEDICAL ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT

LIFE CYCLE


MATERIAL

DIRECT COSTS

EXPECTED

ENVIRONMENTAL

IMPACTS

MATERIAL

EXTERNAL

COSTS

Manufacturing

/ Production Materials acquisition Purchasing cost


Particulate matter


No significant

externalities

are identified

in this phase

Use Energy

consumption

Water

Cost of electricity

Cost of water

CO2 emissions

Acidification

Externalities

related to

electricity


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consumption consumption

End of life

Treatment of waste materials (glass, metals and plastics)

Treatment of hazardous substances (mercury)

Cost of

disposal/recycling

Particulate matter

Volatile organic

compounds

No significant

externalities

are identified

in this phase


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Annex IV: input list

HOW TO READ THE LIST

The following list (Table 29) contains detailed information on all inputs included in the tool. The

information is organized as follows (from left to right):

Input name: the input names follow the sequence of the life cycle phase’s structure

Product code(s): links the input to the product/s. Codes are shown in Table 27

Definition: contains the input definition. Definitions are also available in the tool by

clicking the “?” aside each input

Source: details the source for the definition and/or for the default value(s)

Default unit: the unit of each input when the selected language is English and the currency

Euro

Input type: the definition of the three types of input are given in Table 28

Data from tender: specify if the input shall be collected by the PA through the tender

procedure

Default value: specify if the input is provided with a default value or not (lists of default

values in Annex V: default values)

The inputs are listed in alphabetical order.


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Table 27 includes all codes used in the tool to identify the sheet containing the appropriate

calculation model to perform the assessment of the selected product during the evaluation stage

(see User’s Guide, chapter 2.2).

Table 27 – Codes used for the identification of products and product categories in the tool.

PRODUCT CATEGORY PRODUCT CODE

Office IT equipment

Computer IT_PC

Computer Display IT_DS

Imaging equipment IT_IE

Office & street lighting Generic luminaire LT_GL

White goods

Ovens WG_OV

Refrigerating appliance WG_RA

Dishwasher WG_DW

Washing machine WG_WM

Dryer WG_DR

Electric Heating appliance WG_EH

Air conditioner WG_AC

Ventilation appliance WG_VE

Electric fan WG_EF

Vending machines Cold vending machine VM_CV

Hot beverage vending machine VM_HV

Electrical medical equipment

Generic medical equipment ME_GM

Medical refrigerating appliances ME_RA

Medical lighting ME_GL

Autoclaves and disinfectant equipment ME_WM

Monitoring and IT (computers) ME_PC

Monitoring and IT (displays) ME_DS

Monitoring and IT (imaging equipment) ME_IE


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Table 28 includes the description of the three types of input available in the tool.

Table 28 - Definition of input types.

INPUT TYPE REFERENCE

LETTER DESCRIPTION

Mandatory input

“M” Mandatory input is an essential input to perform the assessment.

Alternative input

“A”

Alternative input is an input that can provide an equivalent information as the related mandatory input. To a mandatory input there may correspond more than one alternative input. For example, the energy consumption of a computer display can be filled in as annual energy consumption (mandatory input) or as the power consumption and the operating hours in the different modes (on, sleep, off).

Optional input

“O” Optional input is an input used to obtain a “per function” result. The information is used to provide an additional output. There inputs are not essential for the assessment.


July 22nd

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Table 29 – Input list.

INPUT NAME PRODUCT(S)

CODE DEFINITION SOURCE(S)

DEFAULT UNIT

INPUT TYPE

DATA FROM

TENDER

DEFAULT VALUE

Amortization coefficient

-

The amortization coefficient allows the value (cost) of a product to be distributed over different time periods on the basis of its useful life and deterioration. EXAMPLE: if the purchase cost is distributed over 5 years, the amortization coefficient is 1/5=0.2 => 20%. WARNING: the inverse of this value (i.e. the amortization period, expressed in years) cannot be higher than the product lifetime. If a non-valid value is inserted, the tool will automatically set input to default value (calculated as the inverse of the minimum lifetime filled in).

- % M No No

Annual detergent consumption

WG_DW/WM ME_WM

Total amount of detergent consumed in one year. WARNING: in this version of the tool, externalities related to this item are not computed, because public life cycle inventory information are not available.

- kg/year M No No

Annual electricity consumption

WG_AC/VE/EF/OV/DW/W

M/DR IT_DS

VM_CV/HV

Total electrical energy consumed by the product in one year.

- kWh/year M Yes No


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ME_GM/WM/DS

Annual operating days

VM_HV Total number of operating days in one year. - days/year M No No

Annual operating hours

LT_GL ME_GL

Total number of operating hours of the product in one year.

- hours/year M No No

Annual rinsing agent

consumption

WG_DW/WM ME_WM

Total amount of rinsing agent consumed in one year. WARNING: in this version of the tool, externalities related to this item are not computed, because public life cycle inventory information are not available.

- kg/year M No No

Annual softener consumption

WG_WM ME_WM

Total amount of softener consumed in one year. WARNING: in this version of the tool, externalities related to this item are not computed, because public life cycle inventory information are not available.

- kg/year M No No


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Annual thermal energy

consumption

WG_DW/WM/DR

ME_WM

The total thermal energy consumed by the product in one year. This value must be computed as primary energy consumption related to the source selected in the input "Thermal energy source". Examples on how to calculate this input can be found in the User Guide, Annex II. WARNING: If the product does not consume energy from any of the sources included, this input must be set at 0.

- MJ/year M Yes No

Annual water consumption

WG_DW/WM VM_HV

ME_WM Total amount of water consumed in one year. - liters/year M Yes No

Average daily heated water

VM_HV

The average amount of heated water per day over one year. WARNING: this input is optional, so it may be left empty. If so, the output 'per function result' will not be computed.

- liters/day O No No

Average daily beverages served

VM_HV The average number of beverages served per day over one year.

- n°/day M No No

Average monthly printed pages

IT_IE ME_IE

The average number of printed pages per month over one year.

- n°/month M No No

Cost of toner/ink unit

IT_IE ME_IE

The price of one cartridge of toner/ink. WARNING: if the service contract already includes ink/toner replacement, this value

- EUR/unit M Yes No


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should be set to zero and the service contract costs should be included in maintenance costs.

Cost of detergent WG_DW/WM

ME_WM

The price in euro per kg of detergent. DEFAULT VALUE: concentrated 3.31 EUR/kg; non-concentrated 2.78 EUR/kg

European Commission, Eurostat. Directorate C: National Accounts,

Prices and Key Indicators Unit C-4: Price statistics.

Purchasing Power Parities. Housing statistics. Detailed

average prices report, October 2014 (data referred to 2013)

EUR/kg M No Yes

Cost of disposal WG_OV

This refers to the product end of life costs and includes cost of waste collection, costs of disassembling, etc. WARNING: in some cases these costs may be embedded in the purchase price. In this case this input must be set at 0. DEFAULT VALUE: microwave oven 2.51 EUR/unit; electric oven 4.84 EUR/unit

Ramboll, Fichtner, Study on Costs Related to the Implementation of

the WEEE Directive. October 2007. Technical assistance for

Waste from Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE)

Directive Implementation. Europe Aid/121479/D/SER/RO

RO 2004/016-772.03.03/04.03. Project performance period:

January 4, 2007 - February 29, 2008.

EUR M Yes Yes


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Cost of disposal WG_RA ME_RA

This refers to the product end of life costs and includes cost of waste collection, costs of disassembling, etc. WARNING: in some cases these costs may be embedded in the purchase price. In this case this input must be set at 0. DEFAULT VALUE: refrigerators 11.86 EUR/unit; freezers 10.92 EUR/unit







EUR M Yes Yes

Cost of disposal WG_DW

This refers to the product end of life costs and includes cost of waste collection, costs of disassembling, etc. WARNING: in some cases these costs may be embedded in the purchase price. In this case this input must be set at 0. DEFAULT VALUE: 5.09 EUR/unit




Directive Implementation. Europe Aid/121479/D/SER/RORO

2004/016-772.03.03/04.03. Project performance period:


EUR M Yes Yes


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Cost of disposal WG_WM ME_WM








EUR M Yes Yes

Cost of disposal WG_DR








EUR M Yes Yes


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Cost of disposal WG_EH








EUR M Yes Yes

Cost of disposal WG_AC








EUR M Yes Yes


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Cost of disposal WG_VE








EUR M Yes Yes

Cost of disposal WG_EF








EUR M Yes Yes


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Cost of disposal IT_PC/DS

ME_PC/DS








EUR M Yes Yes

Cost of disposal IT_IE

ME_IE

This refers to the product end of life costs and includes cost of waste collection, costs of disassembling, etc. WARNING: in some cases these costs may be embedded in the purchase price. In this case this input must be set at 0. DEFAULT VALUE: printer 1.21 EUR/unit; copying equipment 1.5 EUR/unit







EUR M Yes Yes


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Cost of disposal LT_GL ME_GL








EUR M Yes Yes

Cost of disposal VM_CV








EUR M Yes Yes


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Cost of disposal VM_HV








EUR M Yes Yes

Cost of disposal ME_GM

This refers to the product end of life costs and includes cost of waste collection, costs of disassembling, etc. WARNING: in some cases these costs may be embedded in the purchase price. In this case this input must be set at 0.

- EUR M Yes Yes

Cost of rinsing agent

WG_DW/WM ME_WM

The price in euro per kg of rinsing agent. DEFAULT VALUE: 2.4 EUR/kg

European Commission, "EuP Preparatory Study "Professional Washing Machines, Dryers and

Dishwashers" Lot 24," 2011.

EUR/kg M No Yes

Cost of softener WG_WM ME_WM

The price in euro per kg of softener. DEFAULT VALUE: 0.6 EUR/kg



EUR/kg M No Yes


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Cost of toner/ink per printed page

IT_IE ME_IE

The price for printing one page. DEFAULT VALUE: Referred to laser printer black toner cartridge. Printing cost: 0.014 EUR/sheet.

1) National Audit Office. A review of collaborative procurement across the public sector. Audit

Commission, May 2010; 2) National Audit Office. Price

Analysis, Audit Commission, May 2010

EUR/sheet A Yes Yes

Country -

Selecting the country allows the regionalization for the calculation of externalities (e.g. data for national electricity mixes). In the first version of the tool this input is disabled since the database includes values only referring to average EU data.

- - - - -

Cycle duration WG_DW/WM

/DR ME_WM

Total time needed to complete one cycle. - min/cycle A Yes No

Delivery expenses

All

This cost refers to the delivery and transportation of the product from the vendor to the public administration. Please note, that this cost may already be included in the purchase price (in this case it should not be included again here).

- EUR M Yes No

Detergent consumption per

cycle

WG_DW/WM ME_WM

Total amount of detergent consumed in one cycle. WARNING: in this version of the tool, externalities related to this item are not computed, because public life cycle inventory information are not available.

- kg/cycle A No No


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Discount rate WG_AC/VE/OV/RA/DW/W

M/DR/EH

Costs in the future have a lower “value” than those incurred in the present, as capital is expected to accrue a certain amount of interest over time. This factor needs to be taken into account when comparing life-cycle costs and is calculated through the application of a social discount rate to all future costs. The actual rate used will depend on the country of interest, however, it is generally between 3% and 8% (adjusted to eliminate the effects of inflation). This calculation provides a net present value (NPV) for each cost which then allows a clear comparison between current and future costs. DEFAULT VALUE: "The Directorate-General for Regional and Urban Policy of the European Commission recommends using, as a general rule, a social discount rate of 5 % as a benchmark in Cohesion Member States (Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Estonia, Greece, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia) and 3 % in other Member States (Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Spain, Sweden, United Kingdom). "

See Annex V % M No Yes


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Discount rate IT_PC/DS/IE




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Discount rate LT_GL




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Discount rate VM_CV/HV




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Discount rate ME_GM/RA/GL/WM/PC/DS/

IE



Economic period -

This value is automatically computed as the highest of the expected product lifetimes, thus allowing the comparison of two or more products.

- Years M No No


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Expected product lifetime data are filled in the next pages, in the section dedicated to product specific data.

Electricity consumption per

cycle

WG_DW/WM/DR

ME_WM Total electricity consumed during one cycle. - kWh/cycle A Yes No

Electricity price -

This cost refers to the price of electricity for domestic consumers in EUR/kWh. DEFAULT VALUES: the following figures refer to average prices for the 28 EU nations based on bi-annual data for 2014 (All taxes and levies included). Price should be selected in reference to different consumption levels: 0.3165 (Consumption <= 1000 kWh) 0.2214 (1000 kWh < Consumption <= 2500 kWh) 0.2056 (2500 kWh < Consumption <= 5000 kWh) 0.1967 (5000 kWh < Consumption <= 15000 kWh) 0.1873 (Consumption > 15000 kWh)

Eurostat (http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/w

eb/energy/data/database) EUR/kWh M No Yes


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Energy price for thermal energy

production

WG_DW/WM/DR

ME_WM

Refers to the price of the energy source used to produce thermal energy, in EUR/MJ. DEFAULT VALUE (natural gas)6: the following are average prices for EU 28 nations based on bi-annual data for 2014 (All taxes and levies included) of natural gas for domestic consumers. Default value should be selected in reference to different consumption levels: 0.0244 (consumption <= 667 Sm3) 0.0164 (667 Sm3 < consumption <= 6667 sm3) 0.0147 (consumption > 6667 Sm3) DEFAULT VALUE (wood pellet)7: average European price. The price of the pellet varies strongly from year to year and also during the year, the country in which it is sold and the quality of the pellet itself (e.g. content of humidity). When available, it is strongly recommended to use primary data. Price for wood pellet, loose 0.0118 EUR/MJ Price for wood pellet, bags 0.0140 EUR/MJ DEFAULT VALUE (light fuel oil)8: average European price. Light fuel oil price 0.0272 EUR/MJ

Eurostat (http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/w

eb/energy/data/database) (natural gas)

http://pelletsatlas.info/ (wood

pellet)

International Energy Agency, Energy Prices and Taxes 4th quarter 2013 and European

Commission Doc Ref 1035 Excise Duty Tables Part II January 2014.

Prices as at 4th Quarter 2013. (light fuel oil)

EUR/MJ M No Yes

6 Default values for natural gas in EUR/MJ are calculated applying a Lower Heating Value of 35.22 MJ/m

3 (Staffell I. The energy and Fuel Data Sheet, 2011).

7 Default values for wood pellet in EUR/MJ are calculated applying a Lower Heating Value of 16.1 MJ/m

3 (Telmo C. et al., Heating values of wood pellets from different species,

2011). 8 Default values for light fuel oil in EUR/MJ are calculated applying a Lower Heating Value of 39.21 MJ/m

3 (Staffell I. The energy and Fuel Data Sheet, 2011).

http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/energy/data/database


http://pelletsatlas.info/


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Equipment cost LT_GL ME_GL

The price of any equipment required for the office or street lighting, excluding lamps and luminaires.

- EUR M Yes No

Estimated maintenance

costs

WG_OV/EH/EF

ME_GM

With this input, maintenance costs can be estimated as a percentage of the purchase costs.

- % A No No


costs

WG_RA ME_RA

With this input, maintenance costs can be estimated as a percentage of the purchase costs. DEFAULT VALUE: 1.34%

European Commission, "EuP Preparatory Study "Domestic

Refrigerators & Freezers" Lot 13," 2007.

% A No Yes


costs WG_DW




% A No Yes


costs

WG_WM ME_WM




% A No Yes


costs WG_DR




% A No Yes


costs WG_AC


European Commission, "EuP Preparatory Study "Residential room conditioning appliances"

Lot 10," 2007

% A No Yes


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costs WG_VE



Lot 10," 2007

% A No Yes


costs

IT_PC/DS ME_PC/DS


European Commission, "EuP Preparatory Study "Personal

Computers (desktops and laptops) and Computer Monitors"

Lot 3," 2007.

% A No Yes


costs

IT_IE ME_IE


European Commission, "EuP Preparatory Study "Imaging

Equipment" Lot 4," 2007. % A No Yes


costs

LT_GL ME_GL


European Commission, "EUP Preparatory Study "Office

Lighting" Lot 8," 2007. % A No Yes


costs VM_CV


European Commission, "EuP Preparatory Study "Commercial refrigerators and freezers" Lot

12," 2007

% A No Yes


costs VM_HV

With this input, maintenance costs can be estimated as a percentage of the purchase costs. DEFAULT VALUE: 3%

Average value from producers (expert communication)

% A No Yes


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Expected luminaire lifetime

LT_GL ME_GL

This input indicates the expected lifetime of the product in years. DEFAULT VALUE: office lighting 20 years; street lighting 11 years

European Commission, "EUP Preparatory Study "Office

Lighting" Lot 8," 2007.

European Commission, "EuP Preparatory Study "Public Street

Lighting" Lot 9," 2007.

Years M Yes Yes

Expected product lifetime

WG_OV

This input indicates the expected lifetime of the product in years. DEFAULT VALUE: electric ovens 19 years; microwave ovens 8 years

European Commission, "EuP Preparatory Study "Domestic and commercial ovens (electric, gas,

microwave), including when incorporated in cookers" Lot 22,"

2011.

Years M Yes Yes


WG_RA ME_RA

This input indicates the expected lifetime of the product in years. DEFAULT VALUE: 15 years



Years M Yes Yes


WG_DW




Years M Yes Yes


WG_WM ME_WM




Years M Yes Yes


WG_DR




Years M Yes Yes


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WG_EH


European Commission, "EuP Preparatory Study "Local Room

Heating Products" Lot 20," 2012. Years M Yes Yes


WG_AC



Lot 10," 2007

Years M Yes Yes


WG_VE



Lot 10," 2007

Years M Yes Yes


WG_EF



Lot 10," 2007

Years M Yes Yes


IT_PC/DS ME_PC/DS




Lot 3," 2007.

Years M Yes Yes


IT_IE ME_IE


European Commission, "EuP Preparatory Study "Imaging

Equipment" Lot 4," 2007. Years M Yes Yes


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VM_CV



12," 2007

Years M Yes Yes


VM_HV

This input indicates the expected lifetime of the product in years. DEFAULT VALUE: table vending machines 5 years; free standing vending machines 10 years

Average value from producers (expert communication)

Years M Yes Yes


ME_GM This input indicates the expected lifetime of the product in years.

- Years M Yes No

Full load hours WG_AC/VE/E

H/EF

The number of hours per year the product would have worked if it operated continuously at full power.

- hours/year A No No

Hourly energy consumption

WG_AC/VE/EH/EF

The amount of energy consumed by the product in one hour when it operates at nominal power.

- kWh/hour A Yes No

Idle mode consumption

IT_PC ME_PC

Energy consumption related to a "state in which the operating system and other software have completed loading, a user profile has been created, the machine is not asleep, and activity is limited to those basic applications that the system starts by default”

Eurpean Commission "COMMISSION DECISION of 16

June 2009 determining the Community position for a

decision of the Management entities under the Agreement

between the Government of the United States of America and the

European Community on the coordination of energy-efficiency labelling programmes for office equipment on the revision of the computer specifications in Annex

W A Yes No


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C, part VIII, to the Agreement", 2009

Idle mode energy consumption

VM_HV Energy consumed by the product during one day when it is plugged in and ready to dispense beverages.

- kWh/day A Yes No

Installation costs

IT_PC/DS/IE WG_OV/WM/DW/DR/EH/AC/VE/EF/RA VM_CV/HV

ME_RA/WM/GM/PC/DS/IE

Includes additional installation costs that may occur. WARNING: in some cases this cost may already be included in the purchase cost. If so, it must not be included again here in order to avoid double counting.

- EUR M Yes No

Lamp installation cost

LT_GL ME_GL

Includes personnel cost for the installation or replacement of lamps in the luminaire. WARNING: In some cases, lamp installation may be included in the purchase cost. WARNING: This cost is also used to evaluate maintenance costs related to the replacement of used lamps.

- EUR M Yes No


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Lamps per luminaire

LT_GL ME_GL

Number of lamps necessary for a complete luminaire.

- n° M Yes No

Luminaire cost LT_GL ME_GL

Selling price of a luminaire. - EUR M Yes No

Luminaire installation cost

LT_GL ME_GL

Includes personnel cost for product assembly and on-site installation. WARNING: in some cases this cost may already be included in the purchase cost. If so, it must not be included again here in order to avoid double counting.

- EUR M Yes No

Luminous efficacy

LT_GL ME_GL

Luminous efficacy refers to the ratio between the power absorbed and the light emitted by the lamp. WARNING: this input is optional, so it may be left empty. If so, the output 'per function result' will not be computed.

- lm/W O Yes No


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Maintenance/service contract

costs9

WG_AC/VE/EF/OV/RA/DW/

WM/DR/EH IT_PC/DS/IE VM_CV/HV

ME_GM/RA/WM/PC/DS/IE

This cost includes all the costs sustained by the final user during the useful lifetime of the appliance that cover all the actions which have the objective of retaining or restoring an item in or to a state in which it can perform its required function. The actions include the combination of all technical and corresponding administrative, managerial, and supervision actions. Examples of included costs are: personnel for maintenance and repair of the appliance, cost of spare parts, cost of upgrading. WARNING: if the product is subject to service contract, the fee must be inputed here. Cost of functioning (e.g. energy, water..) are computed separately.

- EUR/year M Yes No

Maintenance/service contract

costs9

LT_GL ME_GL

This cost includes all the costs sustained by the final user during the useful lifetime of the appliance that cover all the actions which have the objective of retaining or restoring an item in or to a state in which it can perform its required function. The actions include the combination of all technical and corresponding administrative, managerial, and supervision actions. Examples of included costs are: personnel for maintenance and repair of the appliance, cost of spare parts, cost of upgrading.

EUR/year M Yes No

9 Examples of procedures to express maintenance costs in EUR/year in the User’s Guide, Annex I.


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WARNING: luminaire maintenance includes lamp substitutions. To estimate annual maintenance costs due to lamp substitutions it is possible to use the following formula: Annual cost for lamp substitution = ((lamp cost+lamp installation cost)*n° of lamps per luminaire)*(annual operating hours/expected lamp lifetime) Other maintenance costs must be added separately. DEFAULT VALUE: expected life (in hours) of the single lamp. Values given for three types of lamps. - Fluorescent lamp: 10'000 - 50'000 hours - LED lamp: 50'000 hours - High Pressure Sodium lamp: 25'000 hours WARNING: if the product is subject to service contract, the fee must be inputed here. Cost of functioning (e.g. energy, water..) are computed separately.

Maximum air flow rate

WG_VE The air flow rate of ventilation equipment at maximum setting.

- m3/h O Yes No


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Maximum fan flow rate

WG_EF

"The air flow rate of the comfort fan at its maximum setting [m3/min], measured at the fan outlet with the oscillating mechanism (if applicable) turned off".

European Commission, "COMMISSION REGULATION (EU)

No 206/2012 of 6 March 2012 implementing Directive

2009/125/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council

with regard to ecodesign requirements for air conditioners

and comfort fans", 2012

m3/min O Yes No

Number of cycles per year

WG_DW/WM/DR

ME_WM

Total number of cycles completed by the product in one year.

- n° A No No

Off mode consumption

IT_PC ME_PC

"The power mode in which the product is connected to a power source, and is not providing any On Mode or Sleep Mode functions. This mode may persist for an indefinite time".

European Commission, "COMMISSION DECISIONof 20 March 2014 determining the

European Union position for a decision of the Management entities under the Agreement


European Union on the coordination of energy-efficiency labelling programmes for office

equipment on adding specifications for computer servers and uninterruptible

power supplies to Annex C to the Agreement and on the revision of

specifications for displays and imaging equipment included in

Annex C to the Agreement", 2014

W A Yes No


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IT_DS ME_DS

"The power mode in which the product is connected to a power source, and is not providing any On Mode or Sleep Mode functions. This mode may persist for an indefinite time".

European Commission, "COMMISSION DECISION of 20 March 2014 determining the








W M Yes No


IT_IE ME_IE

"The power state that the product enters when it has been manually or automatically switched off but is still plugged in and connected to the mains".






W A Yes No


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On mode consumption

IT_DS ME_DS

"The power mode in which the product has been activated, and is providing one or more of its principal functions".









W M Yes No


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Other functioning costs

ME_GM The costs related to operation of the medical appliance, such as cost of water and consumables.

- EUR/year M No No

Operating hours in idle mode

IT_PC ME_PC

Number of hours per year in which the device operates in idle mode. DEFAULT VALUE: 6136 hours/year

Summary of Assumptions for EPA ENERGY STAR® Savings Estimates ENERGY STAR Preliminary Draft Computer Specification (Version

4.0)

Hours/year A No Yes

Operating hours in ready mode

IT_IE ME_IE

Number of hours per year in which the device operates in ready mode. DEFAULT VALUE: 6136 hours/year


4.0)

Hours/year A No Yes

Operating hours in on mode

IT_DS ME_DS

Number of hours per year in which the device operates in on mode. DEFAULT VALUE: 6136 hours/year


4.0)

Hours/year A No Yes

Operating hours in sleep mode

IT_PC/DS/IE ME_ PC/DS/IE

Number of hours per year in which the device operates in sleep mode. DEFAULT VALUE: 280 hours/year


4.0)

Hours/year A No Yes

Operating hours in off mode

IT_PC/DS/IE ME_ PC/DS/IE

Number of hours per year in which the device operates in off mode. DEFAULT VALUE: 2344 hours/year


4.0)

Hours/year A No Yes


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Power consumption in

left-on mode WG_WM

"The lowest power consumption mode that may persist for an indefinite time after completion of the programme without any further intervention by the end-user besides unloading".


No 1015/2010 of 10 November 2010 implementing Directive 2009/125/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council

with regard to ecodesign requirements for household washing machines", 2010

W A Yes No


left-on mode WG_DW

"The lowest power consumption mode that may persist for an indefinite time after completion of the programme and unloading of the household dishwasher without any further intervention by the end-user".

European Commission, "COMMISSION DELEGATED

REGULATION (EU) No 1059/2010 of 28 September 2010

supplementing Directive 2010/30/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council

with regard to energy labelling of household dishwashers", 2010

W A Yes No


left-on mode WG_DR

"The lowest power consumption mode that may persist for an indefinite time after completion of the programme without any further intervention by the end-user besides unloading of the household tumble drier".

European commission, "COMMISSION REGULATION (EU) No 932/2012 of 3 October 2012

implementing Directive 2009/125/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council

with regard to ecodesign requirements for household

tumble driers", 2012

W A Yes No


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off-mode WG_WM

"A condition where the household washing machine is switched off using appliance controls or switches accessible to and intended for operation by the end-user during normal use to attain the lowest power consumption that may persist for an indefinite time while the household washing machine is connected to a power source and used in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions; where there is no control or switch accessible to the end-user, ‘off-mode’ means the condition reached after the household washing machine reverts to a steady-state power consumption on its own".




W A Yes No


off-mode WG_DW

"A condition where the household dishwasher is switched off using appliance controls or switches accessible to and intended for operation by the end-user during normal use to attain the lowest power consumption that may persist for an indefinite time while the household dishwasher is connected to a power source and used in accordance with the supplier’s instructions; where there is no control or switch accessible to the end-user, ‘off-mode’ means the condition reached after the household dishwasher reverts to a steady-state power consumption on its own".





W A Yes No


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off-mode WG_DR

"A condition where the household tumble drier is switched off using appliance controls or switches accessible to and intended for operation by the end-user during normal use to attain the lowest power consumption that may persist for an indefinite time while the household tumble drier is connected to a power source and used in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions; where there is no control or switch accessible to the end-user, ‘off-mode’ means the condition reached after the household tumble drier reverts to a steady-state power consumption on its own".





W A Yes No

Purchasing cost

WG_AC/VE/EF/OV/DW/W

M/DR/EH IT_PC/DS/IE VM_CV/HV

ME_GM/WM/PC/DS/IE

This cost corresponds to the price of the product established by the vendor (plus taxation). WARNING: if the assessed product is paid with a service contract, this input must be set at 0 and the service contract fee must be inserted as a maintenance cost.

- EUR M Yes No

Rated capacity WG_AC "The cooling or heating capacity of the vapour compression cycle of the unit at standard rating conditions".


No 206/2012 of 6 March 2012 implementing Directive

2009/125/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council

with regard to ecodesign requirements for air conditioners

and comfort fans", 2012

kW O Yes No


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Rated capacity WG_WM

"The maximum mass in kilograms stated by the manufacturer at 0,5 kg intervals kg of dry textiles of a particular type, which can be treated in a household washing machine on the selected programme, when loaded in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions". WARNING: this input is optional, so it may be left empty. If so, the output 'per function result' will not be computed.




kg kg/h

O Yes No

Rated capacity WG_DW

"The maximum number of place settings together with the serving pieces, as stated by the supplier, which can be treated in a household dishwasher on the programme selected, when loaded in accordance with the supplier’s instructions". WARNING: this input is optional, so it may be left empty. If so, the output 'per function result' will not be computed.





Place settings

Place settings/h

O Yes No


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Rated capacity WG_DR

"The maximum mass in kilograms, indicated by the manufacturer in 0,5 kilogram increments of dry textiles of a particular type, which can be treated in a household tumble drier with the selected programme, when loaded in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions". WARNING: this input is optional, so it may be left empty. If so, the output 'per function result' will not be computed.





kg kg/h

O Yes No

Rated heating power

WG_EH

The heating load delivered by the appliance at maximum power. WARNING: this input is optional, so it may be left empty. If so, the output 'per function result' will not be computed.

- kW O Yes No

Ready mode consumption

IT_IE ME_IE

"The power state in which a product is not producing output, has reached operating conditions, has not yet entered into any lower-power modes, and can enter Active State with minimal delay".






W A Yes No


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Rinsing agent consumption per

cycle WG_DW/WM

The total amount of rinsing agent consumed in one cycle. WARNING: in this version of the tool, externalities related to this item are not computed, because public life cycle inventory information are not available.

- kg/cycle A No No

Single lamp cost LT_GL ME_GL

The selling price of a single lamp. - EUR M Yes No


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Sleep mode consumption

IT_PC ME_PC

"A low power state that the computer is capable of entering automatically after a period of inactivity or by manual selection."









W A Yes No


IT_DS ME_DS

"The power mode the product enters after receiving a signal from a connected device or an internal stimulus. The product may also enter this mode by virtue of a signal produced by user input. The product must wake on receiving a signal from a connected device, a network, a remote control, and/or an internal stimulus. While the product is in this mode, it is not producing a visible picture"






W M Yes No


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IT_IE ME_IE

"A reduced power state that a product enters either automatically after a period of inactivity (i.e., Default Delay Time), in response to user manual action (e.g., at a user-set time of day, in response to a user activation of a physical switch or button), or in response to external electrical stimulus (e.g., network stimulus, fax call, remote control)"









W A Yes No


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Softener consumption per

cycle

WG_WM ME_WM

The total amount of softener consumed in one cycle. WARNING: in this version of the tool, externalities related to this item are not computed, because public life cycle inventory information are not available.

- kg/cycle A No No

Storage volume VM_CV

The total storage capacity in terms of volume of drinks. WARNING: this input is optional, so it may be left empty. If so, the output 'per function result' will not be computed.

- Liters O Yes No

Storage volume of compartments

WG_RA ME_RA

The internal volume of the refrigerating appliance (in liters). WARNING: this input is optional, so it may be left empty. If so, the output 'per function result' will not be computed.

- Liters O Yes No


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Thermal energy consumption per

cycle

WG_DW/WM/DR

ME_WM

The total thermal energy consumed by the product in one cycle. This value must be computed as primary energy consumption related to the source selected in the input "Thermal energy source". Examples on how to calculate this input can be found in the User Guide, Annex II. WARNING: if the product does not consume energy from any of the sources included, this input must be set at 0.

- MJ/cycle A Yes No

Thermal energy source

WG_DW/WM/DR

ME_WM

The primary energy source used to produce heat. WARNING: if the product does not consume energy from any of the sources shown, this input must be selected as ‘-‘.

- - M No No

Toner/ink unit printing capacity

IT_IE ME_IE

The number of pages that can be printed with a unit of printer cartridge. DEFAULT VALUE: Data referring to standard and high capacity toner cartridge. Standard capacity: 1'500 pages High capacity: 8'000 pages

Data achieved by the consulation of the data available for toner

capacity in these websites: www.epson.com, xerox.com,

samsung.com

n°pages/unit

M Yes Yes

Toner/ink unit weight

IT_IE ME_IE

It is intended as the content in weight of toner/ink in the single unit.

kg/unit M Yes No


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Typical Energy Consumption

(TEC)

IT_PC/IE ME_PC/IE

"typical annual electricity use, using measurements of average operational mode power levels scaled by an assumed typical usage model (duty cycle)"









kWh/year M Yes No

Vending phase energy

consumption VM_HV

It is the energy consumed for dispensing one liter of hot beverages.

- kWh/liter A Yes No

Volume of the cavity

WG_OV

Volume of cavity is the volume in liters of the inner part of the oven. WARNING: this input is optional, so it may be left empty. If so, the output 'per function result' will not be computed.

- Liters O Yes No


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Warranty All

The duration of the Warranty represents the period of time during which failures of the appliance are repaired by the producer with no additional costs charged to the final user (public administration). Inclusion of this information avoids the double counting of maintenance activities for the warranty period as these costs are usually covered by the producer and therefore included in the purchase price. WARNING: if the product is covered by a service contract, this input must be set at 0 and the service contract fee must be inputed as a maintenance cost.

- Years M Yes No

Water consumption per

cycle

WG_DW/WM ME_WM

The total amount of water consumed in one cycle.

- liters/cycle A Yes No

Water price WG_DW/WM

VM_HV ME_WM

This cost includes the price in euro per unit of water in EUR/m3. DEFAULT VALUE: 2.7317 EUR/m3

OECD, 2010. Pricing Water Resources and water sanitation

services. EUR/m3 M No Yes

Weighted energy consumption

LT_GL ME_GL

The total power absorbed by the luminaire, corrected for any control gear losses.

CE Regulation n° 874/2012, Annex VII

kWh/1000 hours

A Yes No


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Annex V: default values

The following tables include the lists of default values available in the tool.

Table 30 – Default values for discount rate.

DISCOUNT RATE

PRODUCT CATEGORY PRODUCT DEFAULT

VALUE [%] SOURCE

White goods

Electric oven 4 European Commission, "EuP Preparatory Study "Domestic and commercial ovens (electric, gas,

microwave), including when incorporated in cookers" Lot 22,"

2011. Microwave oven 4

Refrigerators & Freezer 5



Dishwashing machines 5 European Commission, "EuP

Preparatory Study "Professional Washing Machines, Dryers and


Washing machines 5

Dryers 5

Electric heating appliances 4 European Commission, "EuP

Preparatory Study "Local Room Heating Products" Lot 20," 2012.

Air conditioners 5 European Commission, "EuP

Preparatory Study "Residential room conditioning appliances"

Lot 10," 2007

Ventilation appliances 2

Electric fans 2

Office IT equipment Personal computer 1,8



Lot 3," 2007.


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Imaging equipment 1,8 European Commission, "EuP Preparatory Study "Imaging

Equipment" Lot 4," 2007.

Office and street lighting

Office lighting 1,8 European Commission, "EUP

Preparatory Study "Office Lighting" Lot 8," 2007.

Street lighting 1,8 European Commission, "EuP

Preparatory Study "Public Street Lighting" Lot 9," 2007.

Vending machines

Cold vending machines 1,8


12," 2007

Hot beverage vending machines 1,8 Confidential source

Table 31 – Default values for expected product lifetime.

EXPECTED PRODUCT LIFETIME


VALUE [years] SOURCE

White goods

Electric oven 19

European Commission, "EuP

Preparatory Study "Domestic

and commercial ovens

(electric, gas, microwave),

including when incorporated in

cookers" Lot 22," 2011.

Microwave oven 8

Refrigerators & Freezer 15

European Commission, "EuP Preparatory Study "Domestic Refrigerators & Freezers" Lot

13," 2007.

Dishwashing machines 15 European Commission, "EuP Preparatory Study

"Professional Washing Machines, Dryers and


Washing machines 15

Dryers 13


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Electric heating appliances 12

European Commission, "EuP Preparatory Study "Local Room

Heating Products" Lot 20," 2012.

Air conditioners 12 European Commission, "EuP

Preparatory Study "Residential room conditioning appliances"

Lot 10," 2007

Ventilation appliances 9

Electric fans 10

Office IT equipment

Personal computer 7


Computers (desktops and laptops) and Computer Monitors" Lot 3," 2007.

Imaging equipment 6 European Commission, "EuP Preparatory Study "Imaging

Equipment" Lot 4," 2007.


Office lighting 20 European Commission, "EUP

Preparatory Study "Office Lighting" Lot 8," 2007.

Street lighting 11 European Commission, "EuP

Preparatory Study "Public Street Lighting" Lot 9," 2007.

Vending machines

Cold vending machines 9

European Commission, "EuP Preparatory Study

"Commercial refrigerators and freezers" Lot 12," 2007

Hot beverage vending machines

5 Confidential source

10 Confidential source


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Table 32 – Default values for estimated maintenance costs

COST OF DISPOSAL


VALUE [%] SOURCE

Refrigerators & Freezer 1.34


"Domestic Refrigerators &

Freezers" Lot 13," 2007.

Dishwashing machines 1 European

Commission, "EuP Preparatory Study

"Professional Washing Machines,

Dryers and Dishwashers" Lot

24," 2011.

Washing machines 1.24

Dryers 1.45

Air conditioners 0.82 European

Commission, "EuP Preparatory Study "Residential room

conditioning appliances" Lot 10,"

2007

Ventilation appliances 0.89

Office IT equipment

Personal computer 2.88


"Personal Computers (desktops and laptops) and

Computer Monitors" Lot 3," 2007.

Imaging equipment 11.11


"Imaging Equipment" Lot 4," 2007.

Office and street lighting Office lighting 0.77

European Commission, "EUP Preparatory Study

"Office Lighting" Lot 8," 2007.

Vending machines Cold vending machines 1.27


"Commercial


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refrigerators and freezers" Lot 12,"

2007

Hot beverage vending machines 3 Confidential source

Table 33 – Default values for cost of disposal.

COST OF DISPOSAL


VALUE [EUR/piece] SOURCE

White goods

Electric oven 2.51

Ramboll, Fichtner, Study on Costs Related to the Implementation of the WEEE Directive.

October 2007. Technical assistance

for Waste from Electrical and

Electronic Equipment (WEEE) Directive Implementation.

Europe Aid/121479/D/SER/RO

RO 2004/016-772.03.03/04.03.

Project performance period: January 4,

2007 - February 29, 2008.

Microwave oven 4.84

Refrigerators 11.86

Freezers 10.92

Dishwashing machines 5.09

Washing machines 4.88

Dryers 4.97

Electric heating appliances 0.58

Air conditioners 14.79

Ventilation appliances 4.84

Electric fans 0.38


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Office IT equipment

Personal computer 1.15

Printer 1.21

Copier 1.5


Office lighting 0.22

Street lighting 0.22

Vending machines

Cold vending machines 1.59

Hot beverage vending machines 6.94

Table 34 – Default values for energy, water and consumables.

ENERGY, WATER AND CONSUMABLES

INPUT NAME PRODUCT CODE(S)

DEFAULT VALUE

DEFAULT UNIT

SOURCE

Electricity price All

The following costs refers to average prices for EU 28 data based on bi-annual data for 2014 (All taxes and levies included). Select the price taking into account different consumption levels: 0,3165 (Consumption < 1000 kWh) 0,2214 (1000 kWh <Consumption 2500 kWh) 0,2056 (2500 kWh <Consumption 5000 kWh) 0,1967 (5000 kWh <Consumption 15000 kWh)

EUR/kWh

Eurostat (http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/energy/data/data

base)


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0,1873 (Consumption > 15000 kWh)

Water price

WG_DW/WM/DR VM_HV

ME_WM

DEFAULT VALUE: 2.7317 EUR/m3 EUR/m3 OECD, 2010. Pricing Water

Resources and water sanitation services.

Energy price for thermal energy

production

WG_DW/WM/DR ME_WM

Refers to the price of the energy source used to produce thermal energy, in EUR/MJ. DEFAULT VALUE (natural gas)10: the following are average prices for EU 28 nations based on bi-annual data for 2014 (All taxes and levies included) of natural gas for domestic consumers. Default value should be selected in reference to different consumption levels: 0.0244 (consumption <= 667 Sm3) 0.0164 (667 Sm3 < consumption <= 6667 sm3) 0.0147 (consumption > 6667 Sm3) DEFAULT VALUE (wood pellet)11: average European price. The price of the pellet varies strongly from year to year and also during the year, the country in which it is sold and the quality of the pellet itself (e.g. content of humidity). When available, it is strongly recommended to use primary data. Price for wood pellet, loose 0.0118 EUR/MJ Price for wood pellet, bags 0.0140 EUR/MJ DEFAULT VALUE (light fuel oil)12: average European price. Light fuel oil price 0.0272 EUR/MJ

EUR/MJ

Eurostat (http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/energy/data/data

base) (natural gas)

http://pelletsatlas.info (wood pellet)

International Energy

Agency, Energy Prices and Taxes 4th quarter 2013 and European Commission Doc

Ref 1035 Excise Duty Tables Part II January 2014.

Prices as at 4th Quarter 2013. (light fuel oil)

10

Default values for natural gas in EUR/MJ are calculated applying a Lower Heating Value of 35.22 MJ/m3 (Staffell I.

The energy and Fuel Data Sheet, 2011). 11

Default values for wood pellet in EUR/MJ are calculated applying a Lower Heating Value of 16.1 MJ/kg (Telmo C.

et al., Heating values of wood pellets from different species, 2011). 12

Default values for light fuel oil in EUR/MJ are calculated applying a Lower Heating Value of 39.21 MJ/kg (Staffell I.

The energy and Fuel Data Sheet, 2011).




http://pelletsatlas.info/


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Cost of detergent

WG_DW/WM

ME_WM

Concentrated 3.31 EUR/kg Non-concentrated 2.78 EUR/kg

EUR/kg

European Commission, Eurostat. Directorate C:

National Accounts, Prices and Key Indicators

Unit C-4: Price statistics. Purchasing Power Parities. Housing statistics. Detailed

average prices report, October 2014 (data

referred to 2013)

Cost of softener WG_WM ME_WM

0.6 EUR/kg EUR/kg

European Commission, "EuP Preparatory Study "Professional Washing Machines, Dryers and Dishwashers" Lot 24,"

2011.

Cost of rinsing agent

WG_DW/WM

ME_WM

2.4 EUR/kg EUR/kg

European Commission, "EuP Preparatory Study "Professional Washing Machines, Dryers and Dishwashers" Lot 24,"

2011.

Cost of toner/ink per printed page

IT_IE

Average price across existing collaborative arrangements. Referred to laser printer black toner cartridge. Printing cost: 0,014 EUR/sheet.

EUR/page

1) National Audit Office. A review of collaborative procurement across the

public sector. Audit Commission, May 2010; 2) National Audit Office.

Price Analysis, Audit Commission, May 2010

Toner/ink unit printing capacity

IT_IE

Data referred to standard and high capacity toner cartridge. Standard capacity: 1'500 pages High capacity: 8'000 pages

n°pages/unit

Data achieved by the consulation of the data

available for toner capacity in these

websites: www.epson.com,

xerox.com, samsung.com

Expected lamp lifetime

LT_GL ME_GL

Values given for three types of lamps. - Fluorescent lamp: 10'000 - 50'000 hours - LED lamp: 50'000 hours - High Pressure Sodium lamp: 25'000 hours

hours

European Commission, "Green Public

Procurement: Indoor Lighting technical

background report", 2011.


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Annex VI: alternative inputs for energy consumption

calculations

For a series of products, the tool allows the user to select alternative inputs (see


July 22nd

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Annex IV: input list, Table 28), in case mandatory data were unavailable (both technical and economic). In the case of energy consumption, the tool uses alternative inputs to estimate automatically the annual energy consumption. The formulas used for the calculation are described in this section. The products for which this option is available are listed below:

Office IT equipment: o Computer o Computer display o Imaging equipment

White goods: o Washing machines o Dishwashers o Dryer o Air conditioner o Ventilation equipment

Vending machines: o Hot beverage vending machines

Electrical medical equipment: o Autoclaves and disinfectant equipment o Monitoring and IT equipment (computer, computer displays and imaging

equipment)

OFFICE IT EQUIPMENT COMPUTER Alternative inputs:

Idle mode consumption [W]

Sleep mode consumption [W]

Off mode consumption [W]

Operating hours in idle mode ℎ𝑖𝑑𝑙𝑒 [Hours/year]

Operating hours in sleep mode ℎ𝑠𝑙𝑒𝑒𝑝 [Hours/year]

Operating hours in off mode ℎ𝑜𝑓𝑓 [Hours/year]

The annual electricity consumption is estimated using the following equation:

𝐴𝑛𝑛𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑙. 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 [𝑘𝑊ℎ/𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟]

= (𝑖𝑑𝑙𝑒 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠.∗ ℎ𝑖𝑑𝑙𝑒 + 𝑠𝑙𝑒𝑒𝑝 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠.∗ ℎ𝑠𝑙𝑒𝑒𝑝 + 𝑜𝑓𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠.

∗ ℎ𝑜𝑓𝑓)/1000

COMPUTER DISPLAY Alternative inputs:


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On mode consumption [W]



Operating hours in on mode ℎ𝑜𝑛 [Hours/year]





= (𝑜𝑛 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠.∗ ℎ𝑜𝑛 + 𝑠𝑙𝑒𝑒𝑝 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠.∗ ℎ𝑠𝑙𝑒𝑒𝑝 + 𝑜𝑓𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠.

∗ ℎ𝑜𝑓𝑓)/1000

IMAGING EQUIPMENT Alternative inputs:

Ready mode consumption [W]



Operating hours in on mode ℎ𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑦 [Hours/year]





= (𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑦 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠.∗ ℎ𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑦 + 𝑠𝑙𝑒𝑒𝑝 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠.∗ ℎ𝑠𝑙𝑒𝑒𝑝 + 𝑜𝑓𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠.

∗ ℎ𝑜𝑓𝑓)/1000

WHITE GOODS WASHING MACHINES, DISHWASHERS AND DRYERS For these appliances, alternative inputs are available both for electricity consumption and for thermal energy consumption. Alternative inputs (electricity):

Number of cycles per year [cycles/year]

Electricity consumption per cycle [kWh/cycle]

Cycle duration [min/cycle]


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Power consumption in left on-mode [W]

Power consumption in off-mode [W]


𝐴𝑛𝑛𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑙. 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑡𝑝𝑖𝑜𝑛 [𝑘𝑊ℎ/𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟]

= 𝑛° 𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟 ∗ 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐. 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠. 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒 +

𝐴2 ∗ 𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑡 𝑜𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠. +

𝐴2 ∗ 𝑜𝑓𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠.

1000

𝐴 = 8760 −𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒 𝑑𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 ∗ 𝑛° 𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟

60

Alternative inputs (thermal energy):

Number of cycles per year [cycles/year]

Thermal energy consumption per cycle [MJ/cycle]

The annual thermal energy consumption is estimated using the following equation:

𝐴𝑛𝑛𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 [𝑀𝐽/𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟]

= 𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑛. 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠. 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒 ∗ 𝑛° 𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟

AIR CONDITIONER AND VENTILATION EQUIPMENT Alternative inputs:

Hourly electricity consumption [kWh/hour]

Full load hours [Hours/year]


𝐴𝑛𝑛𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑙. 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 [𝑘𝑊ℎ/𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟] = 𝑓𝑢𝑙𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠 ∗ ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑙𝑦 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑡𝑝𝑖𝑜𝑛

VENDING MACHINES HOT BEVERAGE VENDING MACHINES Alternative inputs:

Idle mode energy consumption [kWh/day]

Vending phase energy consumption [kWh/liter]

Average daily beverage served [liters/day]

Annual operating days [days/year]



July 22nd

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= (𝑖𝑑𝑙𝑒 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠. +(𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠.

∗ 𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑑𝑎𝑖𝑙𝑦 𝑏𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑒𝑑)) ∗ 𝑎𝑛𝑛𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠

ELECTRICAL MEDICAL EQUIPMENT AUTOCLAVES AND DISINFECTANT EQUIPMENT The alternative energy consumption for autoclaves and disinfectant equipment is estimated using the same inputs and equations used for washing machines, dishwashers and dryers. MONITORING AND IT EQUIPMENT (COMPUTER, COMPUTER DISPLAY AND IMAGING EQUIPMENT) The alternative energy consumption for monitoring and IT equipment is estimated using the same inputs and equations user for computer, computer display and imaging equipment.


July 22nd

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