Program Doktor Strategic Management, Program Studi Ilmu ... · 7 MANAGING INNOVATION Dr. Ir....

Dr. Ir. Manerep Pasaribu (860521028 Y)

MANAGING INNOVATION

Program Doktor Strategic Management, Program Studi Ilmu ManajemenProgram Pascasarjana Fakultas Ilmu Ekonomi Universitas Indonesia

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Integrating Technological, Market and Organizational Change

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MANAGING INNOVATION

Dr. Ir. Manerep Pasaribu

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Tidd & Bessant, 2009

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Everybody's Talking about It

Innovation

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Innovation-what it is and

why it matters• “We always eat elephants ….”

“Charlton Burdens” perusahaan tool making,

precision engineering di Australia (130 employees)

→ 70% productnya diekspor untuk Aero Space,

Medical → taking on the challenges normally seen

as impossible for firm of our size.

• “We move Mountain” → Kumba Resources in South

Africa (Mining)

Sumber: Tidd & Bessant (2009)

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• “Innovation is driven by the ability to see connections,

to spot opportunities and to take advantages of them”

• Innovations is not just about opening up new market –

it can also offer new ways of serving established and

mature one (Your Company bagaimana?)

• Technology often plays as a key role in enabling

radical new options (Your Company bagaimana

melihat ini?)


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The Innovation Imperative

• General Electric → “Survives Today”

• Nokia → “Hasil Hutan” → Paperless Office

→ Mobil Telephones

• Vodafone Airtouch→ Merger dengan Mannesman

(Production Steel)

• Your Company bagaimana menyingkapi “The Innovation

Imperative”


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Why Innovation Matters

Competitive

Advantage

Size of

Asset/Compan

y

Possession

of Assets

“Mobilizing knowledge and technological skills and experience to create Novelty in their

Offerings(Product or Services)”

UK Office of Science and Innovation : “Innovation is the motor of a modern economy turning

ideas and knowledge into products and services.”

Australian Government : “Companies that do not invest in Innovation put their future at risk.”

Individual Enterprise

s/d National

Economic Growth


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Innovation – Everybody's Talking about It #1

“We have the strongest innovation

program that I can remember in my

30-year career at P&G, and we are

investing behind it to drive growth

across our business”

Bob McDonald,Procter & Gamble's Chairman of the Board,

President and Chief Executive Officer

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'’We believe in making a difference. Virgin

stands for value for money, quality, innovation,

fun and a sense of competitive challenge. We

deliver a quality service by empowering our

employees and we facilitate and monitor

customer feedback to continually improve the

customer's experience through innovation”

Virgin website

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“Adi Dassler had a clear, simple, and

unwavering passion for sport. Which is

why with the benefit of 50 years of

relentless innovation created in his spirit,

we continue to stay at the forefront of

technology”

Adidas about its future(www.adidas.com)

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“Innovation is our

lifeblood”

Siemens about innovation(www.siemens.com)

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“We're measuring GE's top leaders on

how imaginative they are. Imaginative

leaders are the ones who have the

courage to fund new ideas, lead teams to

discover better ideas, and lead people to

take more educated risks”

J. Immelt,Chairman & CEO, General Electric.

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“We are always saying to

yourself ... we have to innovate.

We've got to come up with that

breakthrough”

Bill Gates,Microsoft

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“Innovation

distinguishes between

a leader and a follower”

Steve Jobs,Apple

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“John Deere's ability to keep

inventing new products that are

useful to customers is still the

key to the company's growth”

Robert Lane,CEO, John Deere

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MANAJEMEN

INOVASI

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DEFINISI INOVASIDamanpour (1991) mendefinisikan inovasi dari perspective organizational theory sbb:

Innovation : The adoption of an idea or behaviour, whether a system, policy, program, device, process, product or service, that is new to the adopting organization

Porter and Stern (1999, p.12) mendefinisikan inovasi dari perspektif perilaku customer sbb :

Innovation : The transformation of knowledge into new product, process, and services – involves more than just science and technology. It involves discerning and meeting The needs of the customers.

• Dr. Ir. Manerep Pasaribu

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Definisi – definisi lainnya• Dougherty & Hardy (1996) :

Innovation : As an enabling device for producing new products and processes on a continuous basis

• Afuah (1998) :

Innovation : It is about using knowledge to offer a new product or services to customers via lower cost or improved attributes

• Dr. Ir. Manerep Pasaribu

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Definisi – definisi lainnya (cont)Defenisi lain berdasarkan pembagian inovasi (radical innovation dan incremental innovation / nature) :

• Incremental innovation : Terjadi secara berkesinambungan perbaikan-perbaikan skala kecil (minor improvement) pada products atau processes) (Jha et al. 1996)

• Radical Innovations : Fokus pada arah jangka panjang dan strategis, dan dapat mengarahkan pada perubahan key capabilities dari perusahaan dan menciptakan paradigma operasi yang baru dalam perusahaan (Harsington, 1995)

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Definisi – definisi lainnya (cont)

• Harsington (1995) : Semua organisasi / firm membutuhkan radical dan incremental innovation).

• Mile Terziovski (2007)

Innovation : It is the application of resources to create value for the customer and the enterprise by developing and commercializing new and existing products, processes and services.

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EVOLUSI INOVASISejak tahun 1930, perkembangan

inovasi telah berubah, Rothwell (1994)

membagi evolusi inovasi dalam 5

generasi yaitu :

1. First Generation Innovation (1G) : Tekanan pada teknologi

Industrial Revolution

2. Second Generation Innovation (2G) : Tekanan pada kebutuhan (need)

Dari market ke customer focus

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EVOLUSI INOVASI (cont)

3. Third Generation Innovation (3G) : Coupling Model (Tekanan pada teknologi dan kebutuhan (need))

4. Fourth Generation Innovation (4G) : Integrated Model (a tight coupling of marketing, R & D activity, supplier

and customers)

5. Fifth Generation Innovation (5G) : System integration and networking model (SIN).

Strategic partnerships with supplier and customer, menggunakan expert systems.

Menggunakan collaborative marketing dan collaborative research

Faster, more efficient product development.

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Definisi Inovasi menurut De Meyer & Garg (2005)

Innovation is the economically success for introduction of a new technology or a new combination of existing techonologies in order to create a drastic change in the value/ price relationship offered to the customer and / or user. (De Meyer & Garg, 2005)

Berdasarkan definisi diatas ada 5 (lima) komponen penting dari inovasi:

1. Customer dan atau user2. Mempengaruhi value / price relationships3. Memberi perubahan drastis4. Mempunyai hubungan dengan new technology5. Membawa kesuksesan secara ekonomi pada perusahaan (De Meyer

& Garg, 2005)

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• Suatu kondisi sukses inovasi (keberhasilan inovasi) bahwa kita harus menciptakan lebih banyak uang dengan inovasi ketimbang suatu investasi alternatif dari suatu resource yang digunakan untuk menciptakan inovasi (De Meyer & Garg, 2005).

• Lebih jauh dapat dikatakan bahwa suatu inovasi harus mempunyai suatu internal rate of return (IRR) yang secara signifikan lebih tinggi daripada Cost of Capital supaya dapat menghargai / dari resiko yang diambil dalam melaksanakan inovasi (Garg & De Meyer, 2005).

• Jadi keberhasilan inovasi jika IRR > Cost of Capital(Garg & De Meyer, 2005).

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• Inovasi yang berhasil harus didukung oleh visi

yang jelas (clear vision) yang dibuat oleh

pemimpin organisasi (De Meyer & Garg, 2005)

• Inovasi juga dimulai dengan creativity (De Meyer &

Garg, 2005)

• Dan suatu grup cenderung lebih kreatif dibanding

dengan jumlah kreativitas dari masing-masing

anggota grup. (De Meyer & Garg, 2005)

• Keberhasilan inovasi memerlukan data pasar yang

baik, perlu mendengar bagaimana pasar (market)

merespons keinginan pasar. (De Meyer & Garg,

2005)

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HOW DO YOU MANAGE

INNOVATION• There is no innovation without leadership

• Innovation reguires calculated risk management

• Innovation is triggered by creativity

• Innovation requires organizational integration

• Success in innovation requires excellence in project management

• Information is the crucial resource for effective innovation

• The results of creative efforts need to be protected

• Successful innovation is rooted in a good understanding of the market

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Definisi Inovasi menurut De Meyer & Garg (2005)

Innovation is the economically success for introduction of a new technology or a new combination of existing techonologies in order to create a drastic change in the value/ price relationship offered to the customer and / or user. (De Meyer & Garg, 2005)

Berdasarkan definisi diatas ada 5 (lima) komponen penting dari inovasi:

1. Customer dan atau user2. Mempengaruhi value / price relationships3. Memberi perubahan drastis4. Mempunyai hubungan dengan new technology5. Membawa kesuksesan secara ekonomi pada perusahaan (De Meyer

& Garg, 2005)

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• Suatu kondisi sukses inovasi (keberhasilan inovasi) bahwa kita harus menciptakan lebih banyak uang dengan inovasi ketimbang suatu investasi alternatif dari suatu resource yang digunakan untuk menciptakan inovasi (De Meyer & Garg, 2005).

• Lebih jauh dapat dikatakan bahwa suatu inovasi harus mempunyai suatu internal rate of return (IRR) yang secara signifikan lebih tinggi daripada Cost of Capital supaya dapat menghargai / dari resiko yang diambil dalam melaksanakan inovasi (Garg & De Meyer, 2005).

• Jadi keberhasilan inovasi jika IRR > Cost of Capital(Garg & De Meyer, 2005).

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• Inovasi yang berhasil harus didukung oleh visi

yang jelas (clear vision) yang dibuat oleh

pemimpin organisasi (De Meyer & Garg, 2005)

• Inovasi juga dimulai dengan creativity (De Meyer &

Garg, 2005)

• Dan suatu grup cenderung lebih kreatif dibanding

dengan jumlah kreativitas dari masing-masing

anggota grup. (De Meyer & Garg, 2005)

• Keberhasilan inovasi memerlukan data pasar yang

baik, perlu mendengar bagaimana pasar (market)

merespons keinginan pasar. (De Meyer & Garg,

2005)

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HOW DO YOU MANAGE

INNOVATION• There is no innovation without leadership

• Innovation reguires calculated risk management

• Innovation is triggered by creativity

• Innovation requires organizational integration

• Success in innovation requires excellence in project management

• Information is the crucial resource for effective innovation

• The results of creative efforts need to be protected

• Successful innovation is rooted in a good understanding of the market

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• Organizational integration is a key concept for innovation.

• To implement innovation, the whole organization has to take ownership of it.

• There are four types of integration :

• Integration of the project with the strategic vision of the organization.

• Integration between the different phases in the project.

• Interfunctional integration along the project.

• Integration with the environment.

Innovation requires

Organizational Integration

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Inovasi membutuhkan “kesatuan

organisasi” (organizational integration)

1. Visi organisasi sejalan pencapaian dalam jangka

panjang

2. Derap langkah setiap phase harus konsisten

3. Derap langkah setiap department, fungsi bekerja

secara bersama-sama

4. Menyatu dengan lingkungan (environtment)

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Changing Context for Indicative

Context Change Indicative Example

Acceleration of knowledge OECD memperkirakan hampir USD 1 T (Public & Private sector)

Production dalam penciptaan new knowledge

Global Distribution of Knowledge Worker telah terpusat pada lokasi baru : R & D Microsoft

knowledge production

Market Fragmentation Globalisasi telah meningkatkan jumlah dalam range terhadap segment

dan pasar

Market Virtualization Meningkatnya penggunaan internet, sebagai market channel

Sumber : Tidd & Bessant (2009)

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Mechanism Strategy Advantage Example

1 Novelty in product Offering something Uber, Mobile Phoneor service no one else can

2 Novelty in process Offering it is ways Bessemer steel process,Others can not match- internet banking, onlinefaster, lower cost, most book selling/Amazon.customized

3 Complexity offering something Rolls-Royce, BMW, Mercedeswhich others find it difficult to master

4 Time First mover advantage Amazon, Yahoo

5 Etc … …

Strategic Advantage Through Inovation


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Innovation as a core

business process• Innovation as a generic activity /ubiquitous

• Innovation as common to all firms

• Innovation is the process that enables survival & growth

Chapter 2


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Riset Innovasi tahun 2006 menemukan persoalan-2

yang perlu diperhatikan antara lain :

• Lack of Culture of Innovation

• Lack of strategy for where to focus innovation

efforts

• Innovation is seen to conflict with the fee-paying

work and is thus not always valued

• A formal innovation does not exist

• Project management skills are very limited


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Corporate Entrepreneurship: Innovation Seeking

1. Incremental Innovation

It is the usual case for

innovation in organizations.

Provides small modification

in the current product lines.

Improves existing

knowledge and processes.

Can create better value for

customers.

Program Magister Teknologi & Bisnis Kelistrikan ITB - Manajemen

Inovasi (Versi : 03 April 2009)

2. Radical Innovation

It is rare because of difficulty

and risk.

Provides significant

technological breakthroughs.

Creates new knowledge and

processes.

Can create new value for

customers.

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© 2009 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

www.wileyeurope.com/college/tidd

http://www.wileyeurope.com/college/tidd

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Chapter 2

Innovation as a core business process




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Pembukaan

1. Innovation and Organizational

Integration (Sesi – 1)

2. Innovation and Excellent in

Project Management (Sesi – 2)

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Inovasi dipicu oleh

kreativitas1. Grup/Kumpulan lebih kreatif dibandingkan

hasil dari jumlah individual

2. Keterbukaan informasi mendorong kreativitas

3. Rewards dan Recognition

4. Pressure and Deadlines

5. Tool and Techniques

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SECTOR INNOVATION LEADER HQ COUNTRY ONES WE'RE WATCHING

Aerospace Boeing US EADS Embraer

Airlines Virgin Atlantic US Qatar Airways Net-Jets

Automotive BMW Germany GM Tata

Chemicals BASF Germany Dow DSM

Consumer Electronics Samsung South Korea LG Sony

Energy Shell UK / Netherlands GE BP

Fashion/Retail H&M Sweden Baugur Giordano

Food and Drink PepsiCo US Nestle Cargill

General Retail Tesco UK Wal-Mart WuMart

Hotels and Leisure Starwood US Hyatt Jumeirah

Households Goods Reckitt Benckiser UK P&G Kao

IT Hardware Apple US Logitech Lenovo

IT Service Infosys India IBM Accenture

Insurance Aviva UK Munich Re Allianz Group

Logistics UPS US Fed-Ex TNT

Media / Entertainment Google US News Corporation Disney

Medical Devices Medtronic US Smith and Nephew Johnson & Johnson

Office Equipment Canon Japan Brother Xerox

Pharmaceuticals Lily US Genentech Merck

Retail Banking Handelsbanken Sweden Barclays Zopa

Software Microsoft US Adobe Salesforce.com

Sportswear Adidas Germany Nike Puma

Telecom Equipment Nokia Finland Sony Ericsson Qualcomm

Telecom Operators NTT DoCoMo Japan Vodafone Korea Telecom

Toys and Games LEGO Denmark Nintendo Leapfrog

Source: Innovation Leaders, Infinite Ideas Limited, UK, 2008INNOVATION LEADER

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Number of engineers per million persons

in selected countries

CountryScientists and engineers

in R&D per million

China 545

Japan 5095

South Korea 2318

Singapore 4140

Hong Kong 93

Thailand 74

Indonesia Na

India 157

USA 4099Sumber : World Bank (2003) : www.worldbank.org/data/

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Country Gross enrolment PCs per Telephones Internet Scientists and Electricity

in tertiary education 1000 per 1000 users engineers in R&D use in kwh

% of population (1999) persons persons % per million people per person

China 6 28 328 59.1 545 896

India 11 7 52 16.5 157 365

Japan 37 382 1194 55.9 5095 7237

South Korea 43 556 1168 26.7 2318 5288

Singapore 44 622 1258 2.2 4140 7178

Hong Kong 28 422 1507 2.9 93 5541

Malaysia 13 147 567 7.2 160 2731

Thailand 35 40 365 4 74 1508

Indonesia 11 12 92 5.3 na 404

Vietnam 9 10 72 0.6 274 325

United States 45 659 1134 65.8 4099 11714

United Kingdom 45 406 1431 34.3 2667 5652

Sumber : The World Bank (2003) UNESCO (2003)

Technology infrastructure indicators in selected countries

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Ranking of perceptions of IP protectionGlobal

ranking

Country Score

(on a scale of 1 to 7; higher score

indicates more stringent protection)

12 Singapore 5.7

17 Hong Kong SAR 5.2

27 Taiwan 4.6

29 South Korea 4.5

33 Malaysia 4.4

37 Sri Lanka 4.0

38 Thailand 4.0

45 China 3.6

51 India 3.4

64 The Philippines 2.7

72 Indonesia 2.4

Sumber : Global Competitiveness Report 2002-3, World Economic Forum

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Sources: Adapted from Porter 1990 and Hernesniemi and others 1996.

FINLAND’S STAGES OF INDUSTRIAL AND

ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

28,29

30

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Firms

UniversitiesIndividuals

Private

Nonprofits

Government-

Funded

Research

SOURCE OF INNOVATION AS A SYSTEM

Source : Strategic Management of Technological Innovation (Mellissa A. Schilling, 2005)

TERIMA KASIH

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Program Doktor Strategic Management, Program Studi Ilmu ... · 7 MANAGING INNOVATION Dr. Ir....

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