Program design should include:

Ongoing assessment using multiple measures. Integrated schooling (all language learners together) High expectations by teachers Equal status of languages Healthy parent involvement Continuous staff development Second language taught through academic content Critical thinking across language program Activation of students' prior knowledge Respect for students' home language and culture Cooperative learning Interactive and discovery learning Intense and meaningful cognitive/academic development

Guidelines for Assessing Bilingual and Trillingual Children

Assessment must be developmentally and culturally appropriate. The child's bilingual linguistic background must be taken into

consideration in any authentic assessment of oral language proficiency. Bilingualism is a complex concept and includes individuals with a broad range of speaking, reading, writing, and comprehending abilities in each language. Furthermore, these abilities are constantly in flux.

A fully contextual account of the child's language skills requires the involvement of parents and family members, the students themselves, teachers, and staff in providing a detailed picture of the context of language learning and the resources that are available to the child (Nissani, 1990). What is called for is a description of the child's language environment, of the extent to which significant others-adults or children-provide language assistance by modeling, expanding, restating, repeating, questioning, prompting, negotiating meaning, cueing, pausing, praising, and providing visual and other supports. Assessment of the child needs to take into account the entire context in which the child is learning and developing.

Seven observations of good multilingual programs*1. First, successful multilingual programs start foreign language

instruction early, normally in elementary school. 2. Second, successful multilingual programs teach through

coherent, well-articulated frameworks, which are careful to scaffold their learning in a developmental style.

3. Third, the successful multilingual schools typically enjoy strong leadership, and have enthusiastic backing from key stakeholders.

4. Fourth, successful multilingual programs teach languages as core subjects, (unlike the American tendency to make foreign languages electives).

*Elizabeth Clayton, Center for Applied Linguistics

5. Fifth, successful multilingual school teachers receive rigorous preparation and are trained how to manage students from different language backgrounds. They also make language a priority, giving it equal status with prestigious courses like Math, Physics and Core Language.

6. Sixth, good multilingual programs creatively use technology in the classroom to increase interaction with native language speakers.

7. Seventh, successful multilingual schools offered support for heritage language, or the child’s mother tongue

Ten additional characteristics of successful multilingual schools*

1. Successful multilingual schools ensure that language basics, including phonemic awareness, phonic fluency, age appropriate vocabulary, text comprehension and grammar are taught explicitly.

2. They emphasize good oral skills and encourage active, authentic language use by students.

3. Successful multilingual schools integrate the student’s family in a positive way.

Tracey Tokuhama-Espinosa, 2008

4. They use a variety of assessment tools and consider the product, the process and the progress of the student.

5. Some of the most successful schools use thematic syllabi and work within dual-immersion structures in which all students take pride in their home language while learning a second or third.

6. The most successful schools conduct linguistic and ethnic audits and know their clients (students) well. When possible, they hire staff that speak the home languages of the families they serve and make every effort to keep clear channels of communication.

7. Successful schools conduct regular teacher training to ensure that teachers keep an up to date toolbox of activities handy.

8. They also have high expectations of their students.

9. The best multilingual schools allow a portion of their budget to be invested in multilingual materials and media.

10.Successful multilingual schools do their best to create a significant learning experiences, which relate new information to prior knowledge, and give students a certain level of autonomy (control and choice).

Questions?

Thank you for coming!

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Tracey Tokuhama-Espinosa, Ph.D.IDEA – Instituto de Enseñanza y

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