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A starteris anelectric motor,pneumatic motor,hydraulic motor,or other device for rotating aninternal-

combustion engineso as to initiate the engine's operation under its own power.

Contents

[hide]

1 History

2 Electric

o 2.1 Gear reduction

o 2.2 Movable pole shoe

3 Pneumatic

4 Hydraulic

5 Non-motor

o 5.1 Spring starter

o 5.2 Fuel-starting

6 See also

7 References

8 External links

o 8.1 Patents

History [edit]

A 1920s era self-starter for an airship engine
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Typical starter installed underneath and toward the rear of an automobile engine

Before the advent of the starter motor, engines were started by various methods including wind-up

springs,gunpowder cylinders,and human-powered techniques such as a removable crank handle which

engaged the front of the crankshaft, pulling on an airplane propeller, or pulling a cord that was woundaround an open-face pulley.

Originally, ahand-crankwas used to start engines, but it was inconvenient, difficult, and dangerous to

crank-start an engine. The behavior of an engine during starting is not always predictable. The engine

can kick back, causing sudden reverse rotation. Many manual starters included a one-directional slip or

release provision so that once engine rotation began, the starter would disengage from the engine. In the

event of a kickback, the reverse rotation of the engine could suddenly engage the starter, causing the

crank to unexpectedly and violently jerk, possibly injuring the operator. For cord-wound starters, a

kickback could pull the operator towards the engine or machine, or swing the starter cord and handle at

high speed around the starter pulley. Even though cranks had an overrunmechanism, when the engine

started, the crank could begin to spin along with the crankshaft and potentially strike the person crankingthe engine. Additionally, care had to be taken toretard the sparkin order to preventbackfiring;with an

advanced spark setting, the engine could kick back(run in reverse), pulling the crank with it, because

theoverrun safety mechanismworks in one direction only.

Although users were advised to cup their fingers under the crank and pull up, it felt natural for operators

to grasp the handle with the fingers on one side, the thumb on the other. Even a simple backfire could

result in a broken thumb; it was possible to end up with a broken wrist, or worse. Moreover, increasingly

larger engines with highercompression ratiosmade hand cranking a more physically demanding

endeavour.

The first electric starter was installed on anArnold (automobile),an adaptation of the Benz Velo, built

1896 inEast Peckham,Englandby electrical engineer H. J. Dowsing.[1]

In 1911,Charles F. Kettering,withHenry M. Leland,of Dayton Engineering Laboratories Company

(DELCO)invented and filedU.S. Patent 1,150,523for the first electric starter in America. (Kettering had

replaced the hand crank onNCR'scash registerswith an electric motor five years earlier.)

One aspect of the invention lay in the realization that a relatively small motor, driven with higher voltage

and current than would be feasible for continuous operation, could deliver enough power to crank the

engine for starting. At the voltage and current levels required, such a motor would burn out in a few

minutes of continuous operation, but not during the few seconds needed to start the engine. The starters

were first installed byCadillaconproduction modelsin 1912. These starters also worked

asgeneratorsonce the engine was running, a concept that is now being revived in hybrid vehicles.

TheFord Model Trelied on hand cranks until 1919; by 1920 most manufacturers included self-starters,

thus ensuring that anyone, regardless of strength or physical handicap, could easily start a car with an

internal combustion engine.

BeforeChrysler's 1949 innovation of the key-operated combination ignition-starter switch,[2]

the starter

was often operated by the driver pressing a button mounted on the floor or dashboard. Some vehicles

had a pedal in the floor that manually engaged the starter drive pinion with the flywheel ring gear, then

completed the electrical circuit to the starter motor once the pedal reached the end of its travel. Ferguson
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tractors from the 1940s had an extra position on the gear lever that engaged the starter switch, ensuring

safety by preventing the tractors from being started in gear.[3]

Electric [edit]

1. Main Housing (yoke)

2. Overrunning clutch,andPiniongear assembly

3. Armature

4. Field coilswithBrushesattached

5. Brush-carrier

6. Solenoid

The electric starter motoror starting motoris the most common type used on gasoline engines and

small Diesel engines. The modern starter motor is either a permanent-magnet or aseries-parallel

wounddirect currentelectric motorwith astarter solenoid(similar to arelay)mounted on it. When current

from thestarting batteryis applied to the solenoid, usually through akey-operated switch, the solenoid

engages a lever that pushes out the drivepinionon the starter driveshaft and meshes the pinion with

thestarter ring gearon theflywheelof the engine.

The solenoid also closes high-current contacts for the starter motor, which begins to turn. Once the

engine starts, the key-operated switch is opened, a spring in the solenoid assembly pulls the pinion gear

away from the ring gear, and the starter motor stops. The starter's pinion is clutched to its drive shaft

through an overrunningsprag clutchwhich permits the pinion to transmit drive in only one direction. In

this manner, drive is transmitted through the pinion to the flywheel ring gear, but if the pinion remains

engaged (as for example because the operator fails to release the key as soon as the engine starts, or if

there is a short and the solenoid remains engaged), the pinion will spin independently of its drive shaft.

This prevents the engine driving the starter, for such backdrive would cause the starter to spin so fast as

to fly apart. However, this sprag clutch arrangement would preclude the use of the starter as a generator

if employed in hybrid scheme mentioned above, unless modifications were made. Also, a standard starter

motor is only designed for intermittent use which would preclude its use as a generator; the electrical

components are designed only to operate for typically under 30 seconds before overheating (by too-slow

dissipation of heat fromohmic losses), to save weight and cost. This is the same reason why most

automobile owner's manuals instruct the operator to pause for at least ten seconds after each ten or

fifteen seconds of cranking the engine, when trying to start an engine that does not start immediately.

This overrunning-clutch pinion arrangement was phased into use beginning in the early 1960s; before

that time, aBendix drivewas used. The Bendix system places the starter drive pinion on a helically cut

drive shaft. When the starter motor begins turning, the inertia of the drive pinion assembly causes it to

ride forward on the helix and thus engage with the ring gear. When the engine starts, backdrive from the
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ring gear causes the drive pinion to exceed the rotative speed of the starter, at which point the drive

pinion is forced back down the helical shaft and thus out of mesh with the ring gear.[4]

Hear a Folo-Thru starter

MENU

0:00

A starter motor with Bendix

Folo-Thru drive cranks

aChrysler Slant-6 engine.

The Folo-Thru drive pinion

stays engaged through a

cylinder firing but not

causing the engine to start

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An intermediate development between the Bendix drive developed in the 1930s and the overrunning-

clutch designs introduced in the 1960s was the Bendix Folo-Thru drive. The standard Bendix drive would

disengage from the ring gear as soon as the engine fired, even if it did not continue to run. The Folo-Thru

drive contains a latching mechanism and a set offlyweightsin the body of the drive unit. When the starter

motor begins turning and the drive unit is forced forward on the helical shaft by inertia, it is latched into

the engaged position. Only once the drive unit is spun at a speed higher than that attained by the starter

motor itself (i.e., it is backdriven by the running engine) will the flyweights pull radially outward, releasing

the latch and permitting the overdriven drive unit to be spun out of engagement. In this manner, unwanted

starter disengagement is avoided before a successful engine start.

Gear reduction [edit]

Hear a gear-reduction

starter

MENU
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0:00

A Chrysler gear-reduction

starter cranks a V8 engine

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Chrysler Corporationcontributed materially to the modern development of the starter motor. In 1962,

Chrysler introduced a starter incorporating ageartrainbetween the motor and the drive shaft. Rolls Royce

had introduced a conceptually similar starter in 1946,[citation needed]

but Chrysler's was the first volume-

production unit. The motor shaft has integrally cut gear teeth forming a pinion which meshes with a larger

adjacent driven gear to provide agear reductionratio of 3.75:1. This permits the use of a higher-speed,

lower-current, lighter and more compact motor assembly while increasing cranking torque.[5]

Variants of

this starter design were used on most rear- and four-wheel-drive vehicles produced by Chrysler

Corporation from 1962 through 1987. It makes a unique, distinct sound when cranking the engine, which

led to it being nicknamed the "Highland Park Hummingbird"a reference to Chrysler's headquarters

inHighland Park, Michigan.[6]

The Chrysler gear-reduction starter formed the conceptual basis for the gear-reduction starters that now

predominate in vehicles on the road. Many Japanese automakers phased in gear reduction starters in the

1970s and 1980s.[citation needed]

Light aircraft engines also made extensive use of this kind of starter,

because its light weight offered an advantage.

Those starters not employing offset gear trains like the Chrysler unit generally employ planetaryepicyclic

gear trainsinstead. Direct-drive starters are almost entirely obsolete owing to their larger size, heavier

weight and higher current requirements.[citation needed]

Movable pole shoe [edit]Fordalso issued a nonstandard starter, a direct-drive "movable pole shoe" design that provided cost

reduction rather than electrical or mechanical benefits. This type of starter eliminated the solenoid,

replacing it with a movable pole shoe and a separate starter relay. This starter operates as follows: The

driver turns the key, activating the starter switch. A small electric current flows through the solenoid

actuated starterrelay,closing the contacts and sending large battery current to the starter motor. One of

the pole shoes, hinged at the front, linked to the starter drive, and spring-loaded away from its normal

operating position, is swung into position by the magnetic field created by electricity flowing through its

field coil. This moves the starter drive forward to engage the flywheel ring gear, and simultaneously

closes a pair of contacts supplying current to the rest of the starter motor winding. Once the engine starts

and the driver releases the starter switch, a spring retracts the pole shoe, which pulls the starter drive outof engagement with the ring gear.

This starter was used on Ford vehicles from 1973 through 1990, when a gear-reduction unit conceptually

similar to the Chrysler unit replaced it.

Pneumatic [edit]

Main article:Air start system
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Somegas turbineengines andDiesel engines,particularly ontrucks,use apneumaticself-starter. In

ground vehicles the system consists of a geared turbine, an air compressorand a pressure tank.

Compressed air released from the tank is used to spin the turbine, and through a set of reduction gears,

engages the ring gear on the flywheel, much like an electric starter. The engine, once running, drives the

compressor to recharge the tank.

Aircraft with large gas turbine engines are typically started using a large volume of low-pressure

compressed air, supplied from a very small engine referred to as anauxiliary power unit,located

elsewhere in the aircraft. Alternately, aircraft gas turbine engines can be rapidly started using a mobile

ground-based pneumatic starting engine, referred to as a start cartor air start cart.

On larger diesel generators found in large shore installations and especially on ships, a pneumatic

starting gear is used. The air motor is normally powered by compressed air at pressures of 1030bar.

Theair motoris made up of a center drum about the size of a soup can with four or more slots cut into it

to allow for the vanes to be placed radially on the drum to form chambers around the drum. The drum is

offset inside a round casing so that the inlet air for starting is admitted at the area where the drum and

vanes form a small chamber compared to the others. The compressed air can only expand by rotating the

drum, which allows the small chamber to become larger and puts another one of the cambers in the air

inlet. The air motor spins much too fast to be used directly on the flywheel of the engine; instead a large

gearing reduction, such as a planetary gear, is used to lower the output speed. A Bendix gear is used to

engage the flywheel.

Large Diesel generators and almost all Diesel engines used as the prime mover of ships use compressed

air acting directly on the cylinder head. This is not ideal for smaller Diesels, as it provides too much

cooling on starting. Also, the cylinder head needs to have enough space to support an extra valve for the

air start system. The air start system is conceptually very similar to adistributorin a car. There is an air

distributor that is geared to the camshaft of the Diesel engine; on the top of the air distributor is a single

lobe similar to what is found on a camshaft. Arranged radially around this lobe are roller tip followers for

every cylinder. When the lobe of the air distributor hits one of the followers it will send an air signal thatacts upon the back of the air start valve located in the cylinder head, causing it to open. Compressed air

is provided from a large reservoir that feeds into a header located along the engine. As soon as the air

start valve is opened, the compressed air is admitted and the engine will begin turning. It can be used on

2-cycle and 4-cycle engines and on reversing engines. On large 2-stroke engines less than one revolution

of the crankshaft is needed for starting.

Since large trucks typically useair brakes,the system does double duty, supplying compressed air to the

brake system. Pneumatic starters have the advantages of delivering high torque, mechanical simplicity

and reliability. They eliminate the need for oversized, heavy storage batteries inprime moverelectrical

systems.

Hydraulic [edit]

This section does notciteanyreferences or sources.Please help improve this

section byadding citations to reliable sources.Unsourced material may be

challenged andremoved.(December 2010)

SomeDiesel enginesfrom six to 16 cylinders are started by means of an hydraulic motor.Hydraulic

starters and the associated systems provide a sparkless, reliable method of engine starting over a wide
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temperature range.[7]

Typically hydraulic starters are found in applications such as remote generators,

lifeboat propulsion engines, offshore fire pumping engines, andhydraulic fracturingrigs. The system used

to support the hydraulic starter includes valves, pumps, filters, a reservoir, and piston accumulators. The

operator can manually recharge the hydraulic system; this cannot readily be done with electric starting

systems, so hydraulic starting systems are favored in applications wherein emergency starting is a

requirement.

Hydraulic StarterHydraulic Starter

With various configurations, Hydraulic starters can be fitted on any engine. Hydraulic starters employ the

high efficiency of the axial piston motor concept, which provides high torque at any temperature or

environment, and guarantees minimal wear of the engine ring gear and the pinion.[8]

Non-motor [edit]

This section does notciteanyreferences or sources.Please help improve thissection byadding citations to reliable sources.Unsourced material may be

challenged andremoved.(January 2012)

This section may containoriginal research.Pleaseimprove itbyverifyingthe

claims made and addinginline citations.Statements consisting only of original

research may be removed. (January 2012)

Spring starter [edit]
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g_Starter.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Spring_Starter.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cmo_hydrotor_kocsis.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cmo_hydrotor_kocsis.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cma1clip.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cma1clip.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Starter_(engine)&action=edit&section=8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:INCITEhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiabilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Starter_(engine)&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_researchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Introduction_to_referencing/1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiabilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sourceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Starter_(engine)&action=edit&section=7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobile_self_starter#cite_note-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulic_fracturinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobile_self_starter#cite_note-7


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Spring Starter

A Spring Starter usespotential energystored in aspringwound up with a crank to start an engine without

a battery or alternator. Turning the crank moves the pinion into mesh with the engines ring gear,then

winds up the spring. Pulling the release lever then applies the spring tension to the pinion, turning the ring

gear to start the engine. The pinion automatically disengages from the flywheel after operation. Provisionis also made to allow the engine to be slowly turned over by hand for engine maintenance. This is

achieved by operating the trip lever just after the pinion has engaged with the flywheel. Subsequent

turning of the winding handle during this operation will not load the starter. Spring starters can be found

inengine-generators,hydraulic power packs,and onlifeboat engines,with the most common application

being backup starting system on seagoing vessels.

Fuel-starting [edit]

Some modern gasoline engines with twelve or more cylinders always have at one ore more pistons at the

beginning of its power stroke and are able to start by injecting fuel into that cylinder and igniting it.[citation

needed]
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