PRESENTATION ON

NOKIA MORPH BY:- RAHUL KAPOOR RA6803A18

WHAT IS A NOKIA MORPH ???

MORPH-THE FUTURE MOBILEThe Morph is a concept device designed by Nokia and the United Kingdom's University of Cambridge  which is a nanoscience centre. It was Launched alongside The Museum of Modern Art “Design and The Elastic Mind” exhibition on 24 february 2008.The Morph concept device is a bridge between highly advanced technologies and their potential benefits to end-users. This device concept showcases some revolutionary leaps  that will potentially create a world of radically different devices that open up an entirely new spectrum of possibilities.  

NANOTECHNOLOGYWhen you use some device at nano scale or you manufacture one at nanoscale, the technology used to do so is termed as nano technology.If the material or object is the range of 1 to 100 nanometers (nm), then it can be classified as a nanotechnology matetrial.If you divide one meter into one billion pieces, a single piece will constitute a nanoscale material.In scientific terms,1 nm is equal to one-billionth of a meter (.000000001 m).How small is 1 nm? well it is about 50,000 times smaller than the width of a human hair.

When did we discover nano particles/materials?

Nanoscience has boomed,only in the past two or three decade ago, but the wonder of nanotechnology have existed for millions of years around us in nature.Did you know that a single strand of spider silk is 10 times stronger than a metal thread of same dimensions! why? due to nano crystals.Also you might have seen water floating on the leaves of a lotus, why? again, due to nano scale hairs on the leaf surface.There are many examples in nature for nanotechnology.It is also unique because many of the mechanisms of the biological and physical world operates on scales from 0.1 to 100 nm(like our immune system, the bacterias, the growth of cells, etc.,At these dimensions materials exhibit different physical properties.So scientists expect that many uses can be derived at the nanoscale

Morph concept technologies might create fantastic opportunities for mobile devices :

Newly-enabled flexible and transparent materials blend more seamlessly with the way we live.Devices become self-cleaning and self-preserving.Transparent electronics offering an entirely new aesthetic dimension.Built-in solar absorption might charge a device, whilst batteries become smaller, longer lasting and faster to charge.Integrated sensors might allow us to learn more about the environment around us, empowering us to make better choices

Flexible & Changing Design

Nokia's technology uses Fibril proteins woven into a three-dimensional mesh that reinforces thin elastic structures. The resulting elasticity is much like that of spider silk, and it will enable the devices to change shapes and configure themselves to adapt to the task at hand.

Users could fold or unfold the device to suit their immediate purpose, whether it's to talk on the phone or use input devices such as keyboards or touch pads. Even the electronics integrated into the device, from interconnects to sensors, would be flexible, Nokia said.

SPIDER SILKSpider silk, also known as gossamer, is a protein fiber spun by spiders. Spiders use their silk to make webs or other structures, which function as nets to catch other animals, or as nests or cocoons for protection for their offspring. They can also suspend themselves using their silk, normally for the same reasons.Spider silk is a remarkably strong material. Its tensile strength is superior to that of high-grade steel, and as strong as aramid filaments, such as Twaron or Kevlar. Most importantly, spider silk is extremely lightweight: a strand of spider silk long enough to circle the Earth would weigh less than 500 grams (1 lb.)[6]

Spider silk is also especially ductile, able to stretch up to 140% of its length without breaking. It can hold its strength below -40 degrees celsius. This gives it a very high toughness (or work to fracture), which "equals that of commercial polyaramid (aromatic nylon) filaments, which themselves are benchmarks of modern polymer fiber technology."

Self-Cleaning Nanotechnology also can be

leveraged to create self-cleaning surfaces on mobile devices, ultimately reducing corrosion, wear and improving longevity. Nanostructured surfaces, such as “Nanoflowers” naturally repel water, dirt, and even fingerprints utilizing effects also seen in natural systems.

CONTINUE……When people plant gardens, they have to wait for weeks or months to see the beauty of their efforts. But in the lab at the University of Cambridge's Nanoscience Centre, these nanoflowers — tiny blossoms of silicon carbide one thousand times thinner than the diameter of a human hair — "grow" almost instantly. The "gardeners" are nanotechnologists Mark Welland and Ghim Wei Ho, and they're using microscopic metal particles as the "seeds"."The basic principle for growing all of these types of structures is you take a tiny seed particle, and then you expose that particle to a mixture of 'nutrients,' just like a seed in a real plant," explains Welland. "And in this case the nutrients are different mixtures of gases."But they don't just grow the nanoflowers for their beauty, they repel water so well that they could be used to waterproof car windshields, eliminating the need for wipers.

CONTD……The researchers begin by heating a tiny droplet of the metal gallium — only a few thousand atoms wide — in a computer-controlled oven. Then they flow methane gas over the droplet, which is attracted to it's molten surface and induces tiny, rigid rods, or wires, of silicon (what sand is made of) and carbon to grow there. By controlling the temperature and flow of the gas, Ho and Welland can weave the wires into flower-like shapes.

Advanced Power SourcesNanotechnology holds out the possibility that the surface of a device will become a natural source of energy via a covering of “Nanograss” structures that harvest solar power. At the same time new high energy density storage materials allow batteries to become smaller and thinner, while also quicker to recharge and able to endure more charging cycles.

NANOGRASSNanograss is a method to control the behavior of tiny drops of liquid using silicon surfaces resembling a lawn of evenly cut grass with “blades” that are each only a few nanometers in size.  Bell Labs the research and development arm of Lucent Technologies researchers discovered it in 2004.A drop of water glides across the flat surface like quicksilver, moving effortlessly from place to place as the surface is tilted. It's hard to believe that the little bead is water, for it doesn't wet the surface as it races around, seemingly without friction. The little drop isn't on an ordinary surface. It's riding on "nanograss," a bed of upright silicon posts a thousand times thinner than a human hair.

This new capability to process silicon surfaces to produce "nanograss" lets liquids interact with surfaces in a novel way, thereby providing a way to precisely control their effects. In everyday experience, fluids tend to wet surfaces and stick to them. For example, a raindrop sticks to a car's windshield; when water is spilled, it splatters every which way. The individual blades of the nanograss are so small, however, that liquid droplets sit on top and can be easily manoeuvred.

Physically, this technique reduces the surface area that the droplet feels, and reduces the interaction between the liquid and the substrate by a factor of a hundred to a thousand.

APPLICATIONS• Heat sinks for computer processors and other devices :-Krupenkin and his team coated the nanograss with a non-stick, water-repellent material, and when the droplets are put on the surface, they can move about without wetting it. By applying a small voltage, however, the team could tailor the behaviour of droplets, making them sink in and wet the surface as directed. The droplets also respond to a change in temperature, allowing for thermal cooling applications. Such behavior may be harnessed to cool computer chips.A droplet could be sent to a hot spot on the chip, where it would sink in and absorb the heat, and then go on its way, avoiding the expense and inefficiency of applying a coolant or a heat sink to an entire chip.It's very hard to get high fluid flows through small silicon channels; it kind of jams up.But nanograss allows much higher fluid flow because the liquid is only interacting with one-hundredth as much surface.

CONTD…. Liquid lenses. It's possible to construct tiny, cheap liquid lenses

whose focal lengths and other properties can be changed very quickly by the application of electrical fields.

Micro Batterries. Bell Labs and the New Jersey Nanotech Consortium are also exploring using the technique to create powerful, next-generation reserve micro batteries. Conventional batteries have electrochemical reactions proceeding at some level all the time, even when batteries are not being used. Over time, the batteries degrade. By using the Bell Labs technique to isolate the liquid electrolyte so that electrochemical reactions do not take place until power is actually needed, nanograss-based micro batteries may be ideal for long-term, higher capacity battery applications, especially where bursts of power are needed.

It is also possible to alter the properties of nanograss on the fly by changing the temperature, applying ultrasound or a small voltage, or other means.A voltage builds up an electrical field at the tips of the nanograss, and that changes its wettability through an effect called electrowetting.

CONTD……That could allow the electrodes and electrolytes in a battery to remain separated until the battery is needed, extending its shelf life indefinitely. Conventional batteries discharge at the rate of 3% to 5% a month, even when not in use. Nanograss batteries will cost less and have far higher power-to-weight ratios, researchers predict.

Sensing The Environment Nanosensors would empower users to examine the environment around them in completely new ways, from analyzing air pollution, to gaining insight into bio-chemical traces and processes. New capabilities might be as complex as helping us monitor evolving conditions in the quality of our surroundings, or as simple as knowing if the fruit we are about to enjoy should be washed before we eat it. Our ability to tune into our environment in these ways can help us make key decisions that guide our daily actions and ultimately can enhance our health.

Sensors and Sensing Everywhere Sensors integrated into future devices will construct a complete awareness of the user context—both personal and environmental—enabling an appropriate and intelligent response.

Nanoscale sensorsNanotechnologies can be used to create new building blocks and materials that improve both the resolution and the stability of microsensors. This is in part because nanocomponents have an immense surface area–to-volume ratio, allowing plenty of space for chemical reactions. Nanostructures can also enable robust chemical and biochemical sensing, especially in scenarios where nanoscale values are being measured. And since nanoscale is the scale of the fundamental processes of life, nanoscale chemical sensors can leverage principles and materials common to biological systems.

Nanowire lithography on silicon To improve sensor and signal processing characteristics, nanotechnology can yield innovative fabrication techniques that exploit the building-block nature of nanocomponents. Scientists at Nokia Research Center and the University of Cambridge have demonstrated a versatile new nanowire lithography (NWL) process for fabricating a range of ultrasmall, large-area, and self-aligned 3D architectures. By applying chemically grown silicon nanowires as etch masks, the research team stenciled nanowalls into thin films of silicon (Si), producing interesting electronic transport effects. This same lithographic method can be applied to create patterned nanostructures of other materials besides Si, such as metals or graphene. The applications of NWL also extend into the third dimension. Under proper conditions, a periodic undercutting can be obtained during etching, producing an array of vertically stacked nanowires from a single nanowire mask. Together, these and other Nokia projects highlight the potential of this NWL process for next-generation nanoelectronics, sensing, and electromechanical systems.

Applications of Nanoscale Zinc Oxide

A wearable and distinctly easy-to-use device demands an extraordinary surface. Low-cost, environmentally friendly, and touch-sensitive, it should be so versatile that the entire surface of the device is available for user interface. As Nokia builds a library of novel surface features—such as toughness, dirt repellency, antenna integration, optical effects—zinc oxide (ZnO) nanowire arrays emerge as promising building blocks for functional surface structures.

Sensing surfaces using piezoelectric nanowire arrays

ZnO exhibits an unusual combination of properties, including uniaxial piezoelectric response and n-type semiconductor characteristics. Nokia is exploiting these qualities to achieve strain-based electromechanical transducers—ideal for touch-sensitive (even direction-sensitive) surfaces. Arrays of ZnO nanowires can be fabricated at low temperatures (roughly 70−100˚C), providing compatibility with polymer substrates, such as polyethylene terephtalate (PET). By coating a substrate (silicon, glass, or PET) with an array of these ZnO nanowires, the electrical signals on the surface can be activated by mechanical force. Since ZnO nanowires and nanoparticles are nearly transparent, this technique can be used to develop compliant, touch-sensitive, active matrix arrays that sit on top of displays or other structural elements.

Zinc oxide nanowire arrays

Scale bar = 5 micrometers Scale bar = 1 micrometer

Scale bar = 2 micrometers Scale bar = 1 micrometer