Presentation Edu702

7/30/2019 Presentation Edu702

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PRESENTED BY:

Nurul Fazrina Binti Muzani (2012671752)Nik Rizlina Binti Sapian (2012404042)

Sharon Linang (2012467338)


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Introduction

Interviews

Checklists

Observations

Question & Answer


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Data refers to the kinds of informationresearchers obtain on the subjects of theirresearch.

Instrumentation refers to the entire process ofcollecting data in a research investigation.

Validity the extent to which results from itpermits researchers to draw warrantedconclusions about the characteristics of theindividuals studied.

Reliability one that gives consistent results.


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Objectivity and Usability whenever possible,researchers try to eliminate subjectivity fromthe judgements they make about the

achievement, performance, or characteristics ofsubjects. A vital consideration is choosing ordesigning an instrument is, its ease of use.


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Dr. S. M. Amunuzzaman said that,interview isa very systematic method by which a personenters deeply into the life of even a stranger andcan bring out needed information and data forthe research purpose.

Thill and Bovee claimed that, an interview isany planned conversation with a specificpurpose involving two or more people.


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Fetterman Interviewing as the most importantdata collection technique a qualitative process.

Kvale (1996), remarks as an inter-view, aninterchange of views between two or morepeople on a topic of mutual interest, sees the

centrality of human interaction for knowledgeproduction, and emphasizes the social situationsof research data.


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StructuredVerbal questionnaires

Formal

Semistructured

Verbal questionnairesFormal

InformalGains views, thoughts

Less formal

RetrospectiveApplicable in various forms

Informal


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C: Prepared Inadvance

S: Data become simpler,clearer

W: Limited choice ofresponse

C: Q are sequential,planned, sample askedthe same Q

S: Data easy to analyze

W: Limits thenaturalness, relevance

C: Outline (Topics &Issues), Q in sequence

S: Systematic datacollection

W: Different responses,not easy to analyze data

C: Q not planned, inaccordance

S: Individuality

W: Different responses,not easy to analyze data

Informal

Conversational

Interview

InterviewGuideApproach

Closed,Fixed

responseInterview

Standardize Open-

endedInterview


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Key informant

Individuals who know their culture & historyare able to articulate better

Key actor

Individuals who are knowledgeable,informative


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Background

Demographicquestions

Related torespondents

Ex: educationlevel, age,

income

Knowledge

Featurequestion

related to thefacts that therespondentsknow

Ex:informationandrequirementsof schools

Experience

Discover theexperience,

behavior oractivities thatcouldnt be

observed

Ex: researcherwasnt there,past event


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Opinion

Valuequestions

Concern onrespondentsviews,opinions andthought

Ex: what doyou think ofhim?

Feeling

How therespondentsfed on certainthings

Ex: How doyou feelabout theweather?

Sensory

Rely on thefive senses

See, hear,taste, smell,touch

Ex: What doyou hear justnow?


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Whatto

expect

Natural

Goodrapport

Etc

Respect


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Closing

Middle

Opening

Explainpurpose,context ,rules Brief

participants

Answer mainresearchquestions


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Ethics

To sign aninformed

consent form

To preservethe rights for

both I & P

To avoid mis-understanding


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A structured and objective method ofcollecting data, a tally sheet on which theresearcher records attributes of theparticipants and whether particular

behaviours were observed (Sridhar M.S.,2008).

Structured observation tools used when

specific, predictable results are expected(McClure, 2002).


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1 Remain focus on key points

2 Guided by critical path objectives

3 Track development progress

4 Awareness of process

5Awareness of expectations

6 Avoid subjective judgements

7 Remain focus on desired outcomes


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Performance

Frequently used measure

instruments

Consists a list ofbehaviors

To determine

individualbehavioral

A check mark isplaced nosubjective

judgments

Self-checklist

List of severalcharacteristics

presentedIndividuals place amark opposite the

characteristics

Often used whenresearchers use

diagnosis orappraise


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Static Item a means of collecting data or

characteristics that do not change while

observations are made.

Action Item used to record whether

specific behaviours are present or absent

during the observation time period.


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ExplainIntentionsClearly

ImproveClarity inInstructions

Sort OutCauses ofResistance

ConductRegular

Formative

Evaluation

Overcome Fearin Public


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Observation is the technique ofobtaining data through direct contactwith a persons or group of persons

P.Kelly(2006) We all need to observehuman behavior in our personal andprofessional lives, we are all familiarwith the need to come to conclusionsbased on our observation, to generateexplanations and understandings and

even to come up with predictions.


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Observational techniques aremethods by which an individual orindividuals gather firsthand data on

programs, processes, or behaviorsbeing studied. They provide evaluatorswith an opportunity to collect data on awide range of behaviors to capture a

great variety of interactions and toopenly explore the evaluationtopic(User-Friendly Handbook ForProject Evaluation)


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Firsthand information

Involves two or more people

Evaluate people behaviors

Based on people behaviorsmake a

perception toward a certain research orstudy.


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Role of observers may be viewed as acontinuum.

The observer can be passive,participant and in between can be anactive observer. (Potter, 1996)

Passiveobserver

Activeobserver

Participant

observer


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Passiveobserver The best way to be not involved and keep

you distance from your subjects is to be apassive observer. As a passive observer, yousimply gather documents and observe theindividual or individuals without doinganything to disturb the situation. The

researcher is unobtrusive and watches thegroup from the outside; i.e. the ethic or

outsiders perspective. To do so, theresearcher must gain access and be

accepted by the individual or individuals


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Passiveobserver

Passive

Observer


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Participant observer

researcher participates in theactivities of the persons being

observed rather than being anobserver. The researcher has tworoles as observer and as

participant. The researcherparticipates as much as possiblein the daily life of the subjects

while also carefully observing


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Active observer

Between being a passive observerand an active participant, the

researcher could take a middleposition of being an active observer.

Here, participation is allowed but

limited.


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OVERT

COVERTPARTICIPANT

PARTICIPANT AS OBSERVER

OBSERVER AS PARTICIPANTNON-

PARTICIPANT


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Fullparticipantobservation

Partialparticipant

Onlooker


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HOW

Participants know that observationsare being made, who is making them.

Participants do now know thatobservations are being made,

someone observing them.

Not all knowsthe observer


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Fully

explained

Explainedto some of

them

Noexplanationgiven

Falseexplanationgiven


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SINGLE

-LIMITED

30 MINS

MULTIPLE

-LONG

-MONTHS


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NARROW

SINGLE

ELEMENT

BROAD

HOLISTIC

VIEW


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OBSERVING INDIVIDUALSIN NATURAL SETTING

SIMPLY OBSERVES ANDRECORDS

NO EFFORT IS REQUIREDTO CONTROL ACTIVITIES


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Example?INDIVIDUALROLE

PLAYING

Example?TEAM ROLEPLAYING


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Outcome of the study which reflectson the observer records.

Setback problem of timeconstraints

Setback interpersonal relationshipwith the subject. Apart from that,behavioral interference


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Possibility of characteristics and ideas to bebiased.

Causes of bias

Prejudice Stereotyping

Time length


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1.To record perfectly

2.Can be reviewed

3.Can be shared byexperts

4.Permanent records

1.Need some training

for good qualityvideo

2.Expensive

3.Audio verbalbehavior

4.Noise


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McClure, Robin D (2002). Common datacollection strategies effective in qualitative studiesusing action research. New York:John Wiley &Sons

Sridhar, M.S (2010). A Guide to Sampling, Scaling

and Data Collection Methods. Prentice Hall Shortclip of a structured observation of family at

Maudsley Hospital pyschology GCE researchmethod unit

Human resource project youtube, Chad Duxe


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THANK YOU

Presentation Edu702

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