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PRESENTED BY:
Nurul Fazrina Binti Muzani (2012671752)Nik Rizlina Binti Sapian (2012404042)
Sharon Linang (2012467338)
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Introduction
Interviews
Checklists
Observations
Question & Answer
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Data refers to the kinds of informationresearchers obtain on the subjects of theirresearch.
Instrumentation refers to the entire process ofcollecting data in a research investigation.
Validity the extent to which results from itpermits researchers to draw warrantedconclusions about the characteristics of theindividuals studied.
Reliability one that gives consistent results.
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Objectivity and Usability whenever possible,researchers try to eliminate subjectivity fromthe judgements they make about the
achievement, performance, or characteristics ofsubjects. A vital consideration is choosing ordesigning an instrument is, its ease of use.
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Dr. S. M. Amunuzzaman said that,interview isa very systematic method by which a personenters deeply into the life of even a stranger andcan bring out needed information and data forthe research purpose.
Thill and Bovee claimed that, an interview isany planned conversation with a specificpurpose involving two or more people.
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Fetterman Interviewing as the most importantdata collection technique a qualitative process.
Kvale (1996), remarks as an inter-view, aninterchange of views between two or morepeople on a topic of mutual interest, sees the
centrality of human interaction for knowledgeproduction, and emphasizes the social situationsof research data.
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StructuredVerbal questionnaires
Formal
Semistructured
Verbal questionnairesFormal
InformalGains views, thoughts
Less formal
RetrospectiveApplicable in various forms
Informal
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C: Prepared Inadvance
S: Data become simpler,clearer
W: Limited choice ofresponse
C: Q are sequential,planned, sample askedthe same Q
S: Data easy to analyze
W: Limits thenaturalness, relevance
C: Outline (Topics &Issues), Q in sequence
S: Systematic datacollection
W: Different responses,not easy to analyze data
C: Q not planned, inaccordance
S: Individuality
W: Different responses,not easy to analyze data
Informal
Conversational
Interview
InterviewGuideApproach
Closed,Fixed
responseInterview
Standardize Open-
endedInterview
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Key informant
Individuals who know their culture & historyare able to articulate better
Key actor
Individuals who are knowledgeable,informative
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Background
Demographicquestions
Related torespondents
Ex: educationlevel, age,
income
Knowledge
Featurequestion
related to thefacts that therespondentsknow
Ex:informationandrequirementsof schools
Experience
Discover theexperience,
behavior oractivities thatcouldnt be
observed
Ex: researcherwasnt there,past event
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Opinion
Valuequestions
Concern onrespondentsviews,opinions andthought
Ex: what doyou think ofhim?
Feeling
How therespondentsfed on certainthings
Ex: How doyou feelabout theweather?
Sensory
Rely on thefive senses
See, hear,taste, smell,touch
Ex: What doyou hear justnow?
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Whatto
expect
Natural
Goodrapport
Etc
Respect
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Closing
Middle
Opening
Explainpurpose,context ,rules Brief
participants
Answer mainresearchquestions
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Ethics
To sign aninformed
consent form
To preservethe rights for
both I & P
To avoid mis-understanding
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A structured and objective method ofcollecting data, a tally sheet on which theresearcher records attributes of theparticipants and whether particular
behaviours were observed (Sridhar M.S.,2008).
Structured observation tools used when
specific, predictable results are expected(McClure, 2002).
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1 Remain focus on key points
2 Guided by critical path objectives
3 Track development progress
4 Awareness of process
5Awareness of expectations
6 Avoid subjective judgements
7 Remain focus on desired outcomes
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Performance
Frequently used measure
instruments
Consists a list ofbehaviors
To determine
individualbehavioral
A check mark isplaced nosubjective
judgments
Self-checklist
List of severalcharacteristics
presentedIndividuals place amark opposite the
characteristics
Often used whenresearchers use
diagnosis orappraise
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Static Item a means of collecting data or
characteristics that do not change while
observations are made.
Action Item used to record whether
specific behaviours are present or absent
during the observation time period.
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ExplainIntentionsClearly
ImproveClarity inInstructions
Sort OutCauses ofResistance
ConductRegular
Formative
Evaluation
Overcome Fearin Public
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Observation is the technique ofobtaining data through direct contactwith a persons or group of persons
P.Kelly(2006) We all need to observehuman behavior in our personal andprofessional lives, we are all familiarwith the need to come to conclusionsbased on our observation, to generateexplanations and understandings and
even to come up with predictions.
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Observational techniques aremethods by which an individual orindividuals gather firsthand data on
programs, processes, or behaviorsbeing studied. They provide evaluatorswith an opportunity to collect data on awide range of behaviors to capture a
great variety of interactions and toopenly explore the evaluationtopic(User-Friendly Handbook ForProject Evaluation)
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Firsthand information
Involves two or more people
Evaluate people behaviors
Based on people behaviorsmake a
perception toward a certain research orstudy.
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Role of observers may be viewed as acontinuum.
The observer can be passive,participant and in between can be anactive observer. (Potter, 1996)
Passiveobserver
Activeobserver
Participant
observer
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Passiveobserver The best way to be not involved and keep
you distance from your subjects is to be apassive observer. As a passive observer, yousimply gather documents and observe theindividual or individuals without doinganything to disturb the situation. The
researcher is unobtrusive and watches thegroup from the outside; i.e. the ethic or
outsiders perspective. To do so, theresearcher must gain access and be
accepted by the individual or individuals
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Passiveobserver
Passive
Observer
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Participant observer
researcher participates in theactivities of the persons being
observed rather than being anobserver. The researcher has tworoles as observer and as
participant. The researcherparticipates as much as possiblein the daily life of the subjects
while also carefully observing
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Active observer
Between being a passive observerand an active participant, the
researcher could take a middleposition of being an active observer.
Here, participation is allowed but
limited.
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OVERT
COVERTPARTICIPANT
PARTICIPANT AS OBSERVER
OBSERVER AS PARTICIPANTNON-
PARTICIPANT
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Fullparticipantobservation
Partialparticipant
Onlooker
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HOW
Participants know that observationsare being made, who is making them.
Participants do now know thatobservations are being made,
someone observing them.
Not all knowsthe observer
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Fully
explained
Explainedto some of
them
Noexplanationgiven
Falseexplanationgiven
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SINGLE
-LIMITED
30 MINS
MULTIPLE
-LONG
-MONTHS
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NARROW
SINGLE
ELEMENT
BROAD
HOLISTIC
VIEW
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OBSERVING INDIVIDUALSIN NATURAL SETTING
SIMPLY OBSERVES ANDRECORDS
NO EFFORT IS REQUIREDTO CONTROL ACTIVITIES
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Example?INDIVIDUALROLE
PLAYING
Example?TEAM ROLEPLAYING
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Outcome of the study which reflectson the observer records.
Setback problem of timeconstraints
Setback interpersonal relationshipwith the subject. Apart from that,behavioral interference
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Possibility of characteristics and ideas to bebiased.
Causes of bias
Prejudice Stereotyping
Time length
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1.To record perfectly
2.Can be reviewed
3.Can be shared byexperts
4.Permanent records
1.Need some training
for good qualityvideo
2.Expensive
3.Audio verbalbehavior
4.Noise
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http://c/Users/Aspire%204930/Desktop/research%20methodology/watch.htmhttp://c/Users/Aspire%204930/Desktop/research%20methodology/watch.htmhttp://c/Users/Aspire%204930/Desktop/research%20methodology/participation%20observation.htm7/30/2019 Presentation Edu702
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McClure, Robin D (2002). Common datacollection strategies effective in qualitative studiesusing action research. New York:John Wiley &Sons
Sridhar, M.S (2010). A Guide to Sampling, Scaling
and Data Collection Methods. Prentice Hall Shortclip of a structured observation of family at
Maudsley Hospital pyschology GCE researchmethod unit
Human resource project youtube, Chad Duxe
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THANK YOU
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