PowerPoint to accompany Hole’s Human Anatomy and ... · PDF file6 Why all the Greek and...

1 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Chapter 01

Anatomy and Physiology I

Med 153

Lisa Drennan

RN, CMSRN

Lead Instructor Medical Assisting

2

Daymar College

Opening Day…

• Welcome!

• Attendance

• Syllabus and Expanded Syllabus

• Class Policies

• Handouts

• Blackboard

• Email

3

Success Tips…

• Hole’s 13th Edition Text has available:

– Text Website www.mhhe.com/shier13

• Know how to use the text… pages 1 - 9.

• Read the text BEFORE class!!

• We will check next week and make sure

all can get into the website

4

Some Thoughts

As humans became less nomadic and changed from a hunter-

gatherer to an agricultural lifestyle the spectrum of human

illnesses altered.

Increased contact with other humans, changes in diet, changes

in food source and the accumulating of food all changed and

brought with it unfamiliar ailments.

Ex: tooth decay affected 3.5% of the samples from hunter

gatherers, 8.7% from farmers and 17% from city residents.

They can even tell from bones whether the individual went

through a period of starvation.

We are constantly learning: The Planum Temporale , a

previously unrecognized part of the brain enables people to

locate sounds in space. This was just recently identified using

imaging technology.

5

6

Why all the Greek and Latin

With new knowledge of the structure and

function of the human body a new language

was needed. Most originated from Greek and

Latin and form the basis for the language of

anatomy and physiology.

Anatomy from the Greek for a “cutting up”

and Physiology from the Greek for

“relationship to nature”.

OR

1.2: Anatomy & Physiology

7

• Anatomy – the study of the structure of the human body

• Physiology – the study of the function of the human body

1.3: Levels of Organization

8

• Subatomic Particles – electrons, protons, and neutrons

• Atom – hydrogen atom, lithium atom, etc.

• Molecule – water molecule, glucose molecule, etc.

• Macromolecule – protein molecule, DNA molecule, etc.

• Organelle – mitochondrion, Golgi apparatus, nucleus, etc.

• Cell – muscle cell, nerve cell, etc.

• Tissue – simple squamous eithelium, adipose tissue, etc.

• Organ – skin, femur, heart, kidney, etc.

• Organ System – skeletal system, digestive system, etc.

• Organism – the human

Levels of Organization

Subatomic particles

Atom

Molecule

Macromolecule

Organelle

Cell

Tissue

Organ

Organ system

Organism

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

1.4: Characteristics of Life (10)

10

• Movement – change in position; motion

• Responsiveness – reaction to a change

• Growth – increase in body size; no change in shape

• Respiration – obtaining oxygen; removing carbon dioxide;

releasing energy from foods

• Reproduction – production of new organisms and new cells

• Digestion – breakdown of food substances into simpler

forms

Characteristics of Life Continued

11

• Absorption – passage of substances through membranes and

into body fluids

• Circulation – movement of substances in body fluids

• Assimilation – changing of absorbed substances into

chemically different forms

• Excretion – removal of wastes produced by metabolic

reactions

Life’s characteristics which obtain, release, and utilize energy are

largely part of metabolism (all of the chemical reactions in an

organism that support life).

1.5: Maintenance of Life

12

• Life depends on five (5) environmental factors:

• Water

• Food

• Oxygen

• Heat

• Pressure

The next slide explains the effects of some pressures

13

Example of traveling to higher altitude:

At high altitude, the heart beats faster; the stroke volume is slightly

decreased; and non-essential bodily functions are suppressed, resulting in a

decline in food digestion efficiency (as the body suppresses the digestive

system in favor of increasing its cardiopulmonary reserves).

Full acclimatization, however, requires days or even weeks. Gradually, the

body compensates for the respiratory alkalosis by renal excretion of

bicarbonate, allowing adequate respiration to provide oxygen without risking

alkalosis. It takes about four days at any given altitude.

Example of diving and water pressure:

Underwater, your body must deal with two major issues: pressure and

temperature. Pressure affects the amount of nitrogen and oxygen gases that

dissolve in your blood and tissues. Pressure also affects your ears and sinuses

As you descend under the water, the pressure on your body increases, so

more nitrogen and oxygen dissolve in your blood. Most of the oxygen gets

consumed by your tissues, but the nitrogen remains dissolved. Increased

nitrogen pressure has two problematic effects on your body: nitrogen

narcosis and residual nitrogen.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Increase_in_heart_rate

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stroke_volume

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digestive_system

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digestive_system

Requirements of Organisms

14

• Water

- most abundant substance in body

- required for metabolic processes

- required for transport of substances

- regulates body temperature

• Food

- provides necessary nutrients

- supplies energy

- supplies raw materials

Requirements of Organisms

15

• Oxygen (gas)

- one-fifth of air

- used to release energy from nutrients

• Heat

- form of energy

- partly controls rate of metabolic reactions

• Pressure

- application of force on an object

- atmospheric pressure – important for breathing

- hydrostatic pressure – keeps blood flowing

Homeostasis*

16

* Maintaining of a stable internal environment

• Homeostatic Control Mechanisms – monitors aspects of the

internal environment and corrects as needed. Variations are within

limits. There are three (3) parts:

• Receptor - provides information about the stimuli

• Control Center - tells what a particular value should be

(called the set point)

• Effector - elicits responses that change conditions in the

internal environment

17

In health, body parts interact to maintain

homeostasis. Illness can threaten the

maintenance of homeostasis, requiring

treatment. What treatments might be used to

help control a patient's (a) body temperature,

(b) blood oxygen level, and (c) blood glucose

level?

18

Homeostatic Control Mechanisms

Receptors

Thermoreceptors

send signals to the

control center.

too high

too low

Normal body

temperature

37°C (98.6°F)

Control center

The hypothalamus

detects the deviation

from the set point and

signals effector organs.

Control center

The hypothalamus

detects the deviation

from the set point

and

signals effector

organs.

If body temperature

continues to drop,

control center signals

muscles to contract

Involuntarily.

Stimulus

Body temperature

rises above normal.

Effectors

Skin blood vessels

dilate and sweat glands

secrete.

heat is lostResponse

Body to

surroundings, temperature

drops toward normal.

Receptors

Thermoreceptors

send signals to the

control center.

Effectors

Skin blood

vessels constrict

and sweat

glands

remain inactive.

Stimulus

Body temperature

drops below normal.

Effectors

Muscle

activity

generates

body heat.

Response

Body heat is conserved,

temperature rises toward

normal.


19

• There are two (2) types:

• Negative feedback mechanisms

• Positive feedback mechanisms


20

Negative feedback summary:

• Prevents sudden, severe changes in the body

• Corrects the set point

• Causes opposite of bodily disruption to occur, i.e. the ‘negative’

• Most common type of feedback loop

• Examples: body temperature, blood pressure & glucose regulation



21

Positive feedback summary:

• Increases (accelerates) the actions of the body

• Short-lived

• Do not require continuous adjustments

• Examples: blood clotting and child birth ( only two positive

feedbacks)

1.6: Organization

of the Human Body

22

Thoracic cavity

Abdominal

cavity

Diaphragm

Pelvic cavity

Cranial cavity

Vertebral canal

(a)

Abdominopelvic

cavity

Abdominal

cavity

Pelvic cavity

Right pleural

cavity Mediastinum

Left pleural cavity Pericardial

cavity Diaphragm

Vertebral canal

Cranial cavity

Thoracic

cavity

(b)

Thoracic & Abdominal

Serous Membranes

23

Thoracic Membranes

• Visceral pleura

• Parietal pleura

• Visceral pericardium

• Parietal pericardium

• Visceral layer – covers an organ

• Parietal layer – lines a cavity or body wall

Abdominopelvic Membranes

• Parietal peritoneum

• Visceral peritoneum

24

The peritoneum is a serous membrane of the abdominal cavity. There are two

layers of the peritoneum. The parietal and the visceral peritoneum. The

parietal peritoneum is the outer layer and lines the abdominal cavity while

the visceral peritoneum is the inner layer and covers all the organs contained

within the abdomen. Thus, the liver, the stomach and the intestines are covered

with peritoneum, as are the spleen, gall bladder, pancreas, uterus and appendix.

kidneys are retroperitoneal. The function of the visceral

peritoneum is to allow the various structures inside the abdomen to move about

freely.

The space between these two layers is the peritoneal cavity. it is filled with a

small amount of slippery serous fluid that allows the two layers to slide freely

over each other. There are often blood vessels, nerves between these layers.

The parietal peritoneum has an extremely sensitive nerve supply, so that any

injury or inflammation occurring in this layer is felt as an acute localized

pain. The visceral peritoneum is not so sensitive and pain is only experienced if,

for example, the intestine is stretched or distended

Serous Membranes

25


Vertebra

Azygos v.

Aorta

Esophagus

Right lung

Right atrium

of heart

Right ventricle

of heart

Visceral pleura

Pleural cavity

Parietal pleura

Sternum

Anterior

Spinal cord

Plane of

section

Mediastinum

Left lung

Rib

Left ventricle

of heart

Visceral pericardium

Pericardial cavity

Parietal pericardium

Fibrous pericardium

Vertebra

Right kidney

Aorta

Inferior

vena cava

Pancreas

Large

intestine

Liver

Gallbladder

Duodenum

Visceral peritoneum

Peritoneal cavity

Parietal peritoneum Anterior

Stomach

Costal cartilage

Rib

Large intestine

Small intestine

Spleen

Left

kidney

Spinal cord Plane of

section

Organ Systems

26 Skeletal system Muscular system


Integumentary system

Organ Systems

27 Nervous system Endocrine system


Organ Systems

28 Cardiovascular system

Lymphatic system


Organ Systems

29

Digestive system Respiratory system Urinary system


Organ Systems

30

Male reproductive system Female reproductive system


1.7: Lifespan Changes

31

Aging occurs from the microscopic level to the

whole-body level.

Can you think of some examples?

Ex: you lose up to 30% of the nephrons in the

kidneys by age 70Skin cells do not regenerate at the

same rate as you get older.

1.8: Anatomical Terminology

32

Anatomical Position – standing

erect, facing forward, upper limbs

at the sides, palms facing forward

and thumbs out

Integumentary system


Anatomical Terminology: Orientation and Directional Terms

33

• Terms of Relative Position (based on anatomical position): Superior (above)/Inferior (below)

Anterior or ventral (toward the front) / Posterior or dorsal ( toward the

back)

Medial (toward the midline)/Lateral (to the sides)

Bilateral (paired structures)

Ipsilateral (same side) / Contralateral (opposite sides)

Proximal (close to point of attachment)/Distal (farther from ponit of

attachment)

Superficial (close to body surface)/Deep (more internal

Body Sections or Planes

34

• Sagittal – divides body into left and right portions

• Mid-sagittal/Median – divides body into equal left and

right portions

• Transverse or Horizontal – divides body into superior and

inferior portions

• Coronal or Frontal – divides body into anterior and posterior

portions

Body Sections

35

A section along a frontal

plane

A section along a transverse

plane

A section along the

median plane

Transverse

(horizontal)

plane

Frontal

(coronal)

plane

Parasagittal

plane

Median

(midsagittal)

plane

Body Sections

36

(a) (b) (c)

Other Body Sections

37

(a) (b) (c)

Cross-section

L

o

n

g

i

t

u

d

i

n

a

l

s

e

c

t

i

o

n

Abdominal Subdivisions

38

Right

hypochondriac

region

Right

lumbar

region

Right

iliac

region

Epigastric

region

Umbilical

region

Hypogastric

region

Left

hypochondriac

region

Left

lumbar

region

Left

iliac

region

Right upper

quadrant

(RUQ)

Left upper

quadrant

(LUQ)

Right lower

quadrant

(RLQ)

Left lower

quadrant

(LLQ)

Body Regions

39

Otic (ear)

Cervical (neck)

Acromial

(point of shoulder)

Mammary (breast)

Brachial

(arm)

Antecubital

(front of elbow)

Antebrachial

(forearm)

Genital

(reproductive organs)

Cephalic (head)

Orbital (eye cavity)

Mental (chin)

Sternal

Pectoral

(chest)

Inguinal

(groin)

Coxal

(hip)

Umbilical

(navel)

Pedal (foot)

Occipital

(back of head)

Acromial

(point of shoulder)

Brachial (arm)

Dorsum (back)

Cubital (elbow)

Gluteal (buttocks)

Perineal

Femoral (thigh)

Popliteal (back of knee)

Plantar (sole) (a) (b)

Patellar

(front of knee)

Vertebral

(spinal column)

Sacral (between hips)

Lumbar

(lower back) Abdominal

(abdomen)

Carpal (wrist)

Palmar (palm)

Digital (finger)

Nasal (nose)

Oral (mouth)

Frontal (forehead)

Buccal (cheek)

T arsal (instep)

Digital (toe)

Axillary (armpit)

Crural (leg)

Sural (calf)


Important Points in Chapter 1: Outcomes to be Assessed Continued

40

1.5: Maintenance of Life

List and describe the major requirements of organisms.

Explain the importance of homeostasis to survival.

Describe the parts of a homeostatic mechanism and explain how they

function together.

1.6: Organization of the Human Body

Identify the locations of the major body cavities.

List the organs located in each major body cavity.

Name and identify the locations of the membranes associated with the

thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities.

Important Points in Chapter 1: Outcomes to be Assessed Continued

41

Name the major organ systems, and list the organs associated with each.

Describe the general function of each organ system.

1.7: Lifespan Changes

Identify changes related to aging, from the microscopic to the whole-body

level.

1.8: Anatomical Terminology

Properly use the terms that describe relative positions, body sections, and

body regions.

PowerPoint to accompany Hole’s Human Anatomy and ... · PDF file6 Why all the Greek and...

Documents

Transcript of PowerPoint to accompany Hole’s Human Anatomy and ... · PDF file6 Why all the Greek and...