Hole s Human Anatomy and Physiology...Hole’s Human Anatomy and Physiology Eleventh Edition Mrs....
Transcript of Hole s Human Anatomy and Physiology...Hole’s Human Anatomy and Physiology Eleventh Edition Mrs....
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Hole’s Human Anatomy and Physiology
Eleventh Edition
Mrs. Hummer
Chapter 5
Tissues
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Chapter 5 Tissues
Four major tissue types
1. Epithelial 2. Connective 3. Muscle 4. Nervous
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Epithelial Tissues General characteristics -
• cover organs and the body • line body cavities • line hollow organs • have a free surface • have a basement membrane-thin nonliving layer • avascular • cells readily divide • cells tightly packed • cells often have desmosomes (junction between cells) • function in protection, secretion, absorption, and excretion • classified according to cell shape and number of cell layers
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Epithelial Tissues
Simple squamous – • single layer of flat cells • substances pass easily through • line air sacs • line blood vessels • line lymphatic vessels
Simple cuboidal – • single layer of cube-shaped cells • line kidney tubules • cover ovaries • line ducts of some glands
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Epithelial Tissues
Simple columnar – • single layer of elongated cells • nuclei usually near the basement membrane at same level • sometimes possess cilia • sometimes possess microvilli • often have goblet cells • line uterus, stomach, intestines
Pseudostratified columnar – • single layer of elongated cells • nuclei at two or more levels • appear striated • often have cilia • often have goblet cells- specialized to secrete mucus • line respiratory passageways
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Epithelial Tissues
Stratified squamous – • many cell layers • top cells are flat • can accumulate keratin • outer layer of skin • line oral cavity, vagina, and anal canal
Stratified cuboidal – • 2-3 layers • cube-shaped cells • line ducts of mammary glands, sweat glands, salivary glands, and the pancreas
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Epithelial Tissues Stratified columnar –
• top layer of elongated cells • cube-shaped cells in deeper layers • line part of male urethra and part of pharynx
Transitional – • many cell layers • cube-shaped and elongated cells • line urinary bladder, ureters, and part of urethra
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Notebook #1
Understanding Words- pg. 142
1. What are the 4 kinds of tissues in the human body?
2. Where in the body is epithelial tissue present?
3. Epithelial tissue is anchored to connective tissue by the ______ ______. How does this membrane affect the spread of cancer cells?
4. List 4 functions of epithelial tissue.
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Glandular Epithelium Composed of cells that are specialized to produce and secrete substances
Endocrine glands are ductless Exocrine glands have ducts
Unicellular exocrine gland • composed of one cell • goblet cell
Multicellular exocrine gland • composed of many cells • sweat glands, salivary glands, etc. • simple and compound
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Structural Types of Exocrine Glands
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Types of Glandular Secretions
Merocrine glands • fluid product • salivary glands • pancreas • sweat glands
Apocrine glands • cellular product • portions of cells • mammary glands
Holocrine glands • secretory products • whole cells • sebaceous glands
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Notebook #2
1. Describe the characteristics of the secretions of merocrine, apocrine and holocrine glands.
2. Differentiate between serous cells and mucous cells.
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Notebook #3 pg. 168
Critical Thinking
# 3
Review Exercises
# 1-11
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qdZ1U0LA1ko Part 1 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HQDqb9yoHTE Part 2 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KIZD56w_UAY Part 3
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y2N_b0qwvxY Bozeman Science
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Connective Tissues General characteristics -
• most abundant tissue type by weight • many functions
• bind structures • provide support and protection • serve as frameworks • fill spaces • store fat • produce blood cells • protect against infections • help repair tissue damage
• have a matrix • have varying degrees of vascularity • have cells that usually divide
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Connective Tissue Major Cell Types
Fibroblasts • fixed cell • most common cell • large, star-shaped • produce fibers
Macrophages • wandering cell • phagocytic • important in injury or infection
Mast cells • fixed cell • release heparin • release histamine
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Fibroblasts
Collagenous fibers • thick • composed of collagen • great tensile strength • hold structures together • tendons, ligaments
Elastic fibers • composed of a protein called elastin • weaker than collagenous • elastic • vocal cords, air passages
Reticular fibers • very thin collagenous fibers • highly branched • form supportive networks • spleen
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Connective Tissues
Connective tissue proper • loose connective tissue • adipose tissue • reticular connective tissue • dense connective tissue • elastic connective tissue
Specialized connective tissue • cartilage • bone • blood
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Connective Tissues
Loose connective tissue • mainly fibroblasts • fluid to gel-like matrix • collagenous fibers • elastic fibers • bind skin to structures • beneath most epithelia • blood vessels nourish nearby epithelial cells • between muscles
Adipose tissue • adipocytes-store fat in their cytoplasm • cushions • insulates • store fats • beneath skin, behind eyeballs, around kidneys and heart, abdomenal membrane
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Connective Tissues
Reticular connective tissue • composed of thin, collagenous fibers • supports internal organ walls • walls of liver, spleen, lymphatic organs
Dense connective tissue • packed thick collagenous fibers • elastic fibers • few fibroblasts • bind body parts together • tendons, ligaments, dermis • poor blood supply
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Connective Tissues
Elastic connective tissue • abundant in elastic fibers • some collagenous fibers • fibroblasts • attachments between bones • walls of large arteries, airways, heart
Bone (Osseous Tissue) • solid matrix • deposited by bone cells called osteoblasts • supports, protects • forms blood cells • attachment for muscles • skeleton • osteocytes in lacunae
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Connective Tissues
Cartilage • rigid matrix • chondrocytes in lacunae (small chambers) • poor blood supply • three types
• hyaline • elastic • fibrocartilage
Hyaline cartilage • most abundant • ends of bones • nose, respiratory passages • embryonic skeleton
Elastic cartilage • flexible • external ear, larynx
Fibrocartilage • very tough • shock absorber • intervertebral discs • pads of knee and pelvic girdle
http://mrfordsclass.net/index.php/human-anatomy-and-physiology-guest/joints-and-articulations-guest
http://mrfordsclass.net/index.php/human-anatomy-and-physiology-guest/joints-and-articulations-guest
http://mrfordsclass.net/index.php/human-anatomy-and-physiology-guest/joints-and-articulations-guest
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Connective Tissues
Three types of cartilage
Hyaline Cartilage Elastic Cartilage
Fibrocartilage
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Connective Tissues
Blood • fluid matrix called plasma • red blood cells • white blood cells • platelets • plasma • transports • defends • involved in clotting • throughout body in blood vessels • heart
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Notebook #4
1. What kind of protein makes up dense connective tissue?
2. What is the difference between a ligament and a tendon?
3. How do cartilage cells receive nutrients?
4. List the three types of cells found in plasma.
5. Describe the role of connective tissue in protecting the body against infection.
http://education-portal.com/academy/lesson/connective-tissue.html#lesson
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Muscle Tissues
General characteristics • muscle cells called muscle fibers • contractile • three types
• skeletal • smooth • cardiac
Skeletal muscle • attached to bones • striated • voluntary
Smooth muscle • walls of organs • skin • walls of blood vessels • involuntary • not striated
Cardiac muscle • heart wall • involuntary • striated • intercalated discs
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NBuReVewhws&list=PLnLwAnYLqFhHMczkuro0gZuBtqI73fCAS
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=isOWu7Ts-vs&list=PLnLwAnYLqFhHMczkuro0gZuBtqI73fCAS
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Muscle Tissues
Skeletal Muscle Smooth Muscle
Cardiac Muscle
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Nervous Tissues • found in brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves
• basic cells are neurons
• neuroglial cells support and bind nervous tissue components
• sensory reception
• conduction of nerve impulses
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Types of Epithelial Membranes
Serous • line body cavities that do not open to the outside • reduce friction • inner lining of thorax and abdomen • cover organs of thorax and abdomen • secrete serous fluid
Mucous • line tubes and organs that open to outside world • lining of mouth, nose, throat, etc. • secrete mucus
Cutaneous • covers body • skin
Synovial • composed entirely of connective tissue • lines joints
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Notebook #5
1. What are the characteristics of muscle tissue?
2. What is the basic cell of the nervous tissue?
3. What is the function of nervous tissue?
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Notebook #6
Critical Thinking:
# 5, 6, 7
Review Exercises:
# 15, 16, 17, 18, 20
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Clinical Application The Extracellular Matrix: The Body’s Glue
Cancer • fibroblasts become more contractile, take on cancer cell characteristics and secrete abundant collagen
Heart Failure and Atherosclerosis • imbalances of collagen production and degradation • ECM buildup may block blood flow in the arteries and the heart
Liver Fibrosis • collagen deposit increases • ECM exceeds normal 3% value and may block blood flow
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Clinical Application
Collagen Disorders
Chondrodysplasia • collagen chains too wide • stunted growth • deformed joints
Dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa • breakdown of collagen that attaches skin layers • stretchy skin • lax joints
Hereditary osteoarthritis • change in amino acid in collagen • painful joints