Potentials of Multi-Use Concepts within a MSP Process Bela H. Buck
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Transcript of Potentials of Multi-Use Concepts within a MSP Process Bela H. Buck
Potentials of Multi-Use Concepts within a MSP Process
Bela H. BuckInternational Marine Spatial Planning Public Symposium, Providence (RI)
Courtesy of the Federal Maritime and Hydrographic Agency (BSH)
© B. H. Buck 2012 - MSP-Symposium 2012
GermanBightGB
BNL
F
DK
D
S
N PL
RUS
LT
LV
FIN
EST
Relatively small size of the area:
Advantage or Disadvantage?
© B. H. Buck 2012 - MSP-Symposium 2012
Courtesy of BSH 2012
Coastal Sea: 0‐12 nautical miles
EEZ:12‐200 nautical miles
© B. H. Buck 2012 - MSP-Symposium 2012
North Sea
Baltic SeaSchleswig‐Holstein
Lower‐Saxony
Mecklenburg‐Vorpommern
Bremen
Hamburg
EEZ:28,600 km2
EEZ:4,500 km2
© B. H. Buck 2012 - MSP-Symposium 2012
Shipping &Military Features
Pipelines, Cables, Mariculture,Sediment, Platforms
Nature Conservation Offshore Wind Farms
MSP at an early stages:(between 2001‐2006)
Defining the actual state of uses
Ascertain priorities of different uses
Set priorities regarding national and international “dependencies”.
© B. H. Buck 2012 - MSP-Symposium 2012
What makes the decision about priorities in MSP for traditiional and “new” uses? or What are the prevailing public interests?
Current national regulations and international legislations National and international contracts Economic interests
Is there a mandate and who is responsible?
No/yes → not EU directly → but implementation of EU guidelines [Natura2000] as well as for the Common Fisheries Policy (CFP)
Driver: New uses Federal Maritime and Hydrographic Agency (BSH) on behalf of and in close
co‐operation with Federal Ministry of Transport, Building and Urban Affairs
© B. H. Buck 2012 - MSP-Symposium 2012
What are the tools?
planning principle (guideline that needs to be particularly considered in the decision process) priority areas (Vorranggebiete): reserved for a defined use, other
conflicting uses are excluded reservation areas (Vorbehaltsgebiete): defined use with priority in this
area suitable areas (Eignungsgebiete): defined use is excluded outside
designated areas
© B. H. Buck 2012 - MSP-Symposium 2012
Priority list (with regard to UNCLOS)High Safety and efficiency of shipping National and international
contracts [e.g. pipelines, cables] Protection of the marine
environment National/Alliance defence
Others Resources Scientific research Wind farming
© B. H. Buck 2012 - MSP-Symposium 2012
Are there potentialsfor more then one use?
‐ secondary use‐ co‐use‐multi‐use‐multifunctional use
© B. H. Buck 2012 - MSP-Symposium 2012
Case example Wind Farming:
Decision to be independent (regarding oil/gas/coal, nuclear power) Follow the Kyoto Protocol Follow the Renewable Energies Act of Germany 35 % of electric power supply used in Germany by renewable
energy in 2020 50 % in 2030 25,000 MW by 2030 (6,000 – 8,000 turbines depending on MW‐
class) Infrastructure‐Planning‐”Speed Up”‐Act
Construction of the Alpha Ventus wind farm in the EEZ 60 km off the coast of Germany.
5 MW class turbines:
65 MWh∙day‐1∙windmill‐1
8,000 €∙day‐1∙windmill‐1
70% of companies SME
© B. H. Buck 2012 - MSP-Symposium 2012
Offshore wind farm development in the North Sea
© B. H. Buck 2012 - MSP-Symposium 2012
In 2009, 2.8% of Europe’s total wind power was offshore.
192,000 people in the EU are employed by the offshore wind industry
Courtesy of Arne Fredheim
1. Ecology- Creating MPA‘s (nursery,
sustainable fisheries…)- Set-up artificial reefs
2. Tourism
3. Additional energy resources
4. Offshore Aquaculture
5. Bio-Remediation / Bio-Extraction
6. Use of fouling organisms
Multi-use ideas to maximize the benefit of an offshore area:
© B. H. Buck 2012 - MSP-Symposium 2012
Image taken from Barry Costa‐Pierce
© B. H. Buck 2012 - MSP-Symposium 2012
Motivation for Cooperation
The progression of renewable energy worldwide recently has coincided with a similar increase in marine aquaculture. See worldwide stagnation of fisheries’ harvest, coupled with the growth in aquaculture and wind energy over the last 30 years.
Next step is to add the entire economic framework for the wind energy side and combine it with existing mussel aquaculture economics.
→ Are there cost savings by operating jointly.
How is the economic value of a certain site offshore:
→ only wind farming→ in co‐use with another stakeholder→ unclear ownership status and insurance
in cooperation with Dr. Robert Griffin at Stanford University (California)
© B. H. Buck 2012 - MSP-Symposium 2012
Research Platform FINO No. I
Marine Facilities Ordinance Licensing procedure for offshore
wind farms→ change regulation and licensing procedure to include multi‐use concepts as an obligation→ multi‐use concepts will be promoted (even if concepts are not successful)
© B. H. Buck 2012 - MSP-Symposium 2012
Meek, 1989
© B. H. Buck 2012 - MSP-Symposium 2012
Buck et al. (2008), Helg. Mar. Research© B. H. Buck 2012 - MSP-Symposium 2012
Marine Facilities Ordinance
OSS‐Project forces wind farm operators to investigate in co‐uses
Buck (2007), Helg. Mar. Res.
Buck et al. (2010), Aquac. Econom. Management
Mussel cultivation designs
© B. H. Buck 2012 - MSP-Symposium 2012
longlines ladder grid
Seaweed cultivation
© B. H. Buck 2012 - MSP-Symposium 2012
Bioextraction
“An environmental management strategy by which nutrients are removed from an aquatic ecosystem through the harvest of enhanced biological production, including the aquaculture of suspension-feeding shellfish or algae”
Ecological Engineering
“Ecological Engineering is an emerging field that uses ecological processes within natural or constructed systems to achieve environmental goals”
Balanced Ecosystem Approach
“Fed aquaculture of finfish or shrimp with extractive organic aquaculture of shellfish and extractive inorganic aquaculture of seaweed (IMTA)”
SCIENCE VOL 323 20 FEB. 2009
© B. H. Buck 2012 - MSP-Symposium 2012
fish/wind turbine
extractive species
wind farm with
fish
1. defense line:filter feeders
2. defense line:seaweeds
McVey & Buck (2008), WAS
fish/wind turbine
extractive species
musselsseaweed
bidirectionaldifferent directions
IMTA(Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture)
© B. H. Buck 2012 - MSP-Symposium 2012
© B. H. Buck 2012 - MSP-Symposium 2012
FerryBox
Parameters measured:
Nutrients [NOX, P, Si, …] Salinity O2, CO2 pH Chlorophyll Attenuation/turbidity Fluorescence
Consideration of mechanical loads on grounding constructions of windmills by aquaculture devices
longline, cage or other constructions
© B. H. Buck 2012 - MSP-Symposium 2012
x
y
W
SW
S
S0
O
NO
N
NW
8 Windrichtungen8 Wellenanlaufrichtungen
x
y
W
SW
S
S0
O
NO
N
NW
8 Windrichtungen8 Wellenanlaufrichtungen
S1 [N/mm²] S1 [N/mm²]LC 5
S1 [N/mm²]
LC 5
Development of static models(for 3-5 MW turbine class)Discussion of alternativeconnection points of foundationstructure
Generation of representativeloads of wind energyinstallations
EF 4 EF 5 EF 6EF 4 EF 5 EF 6
Buck et al. (2006), Ocean, Offshore, and Arctic Engineering© B. H. Buck 2012 - MSP-Symposium 2012
Buck & Krause (2010), Springer Encyclopedia© B. H. Buck 2012 - MSP-Symposium 2012
© B. H. Buck 2012 - MSP-Symposium 2012
Bird’s-eye view of the “Nordergründe” offshore wind farm
Buck et al. (2009) Aquacult. Econ. & Mgmt.Buck et al. (2003), Law International
Buck et al. (2004), Ocean & Coastal Mgmt.
© B. H. Buck 2012 - MSP-Symposium 2012
© B. H. Buck 2012 - MSP-Symposium 2012
Breakeven price (assumption 10 kg/m)Above total variable costs 0,14EuroAbove total costs 0,52Euro
Breakeven yield (assumption: 1 Euro/kg)Above total variable costs 1,43kgAbove total costs 5,17kg
Break‐Even for Mussel Cultivation: Longline culture
© B. H. Buck 2012 - MSP-Symposium 2012
NPV (IRR)Consumption mussel with new vessel and new land facility
(5,667,073, 14.73%)
Consumption mussel with existing capacity
(9,622,937, 28.11%)
Price per kg mussel0.9 € 3,369,576 (11.81) 7,325,440 (23.66)1.1 € 7,964,570 (17.47) 11,920,433 (32.38)
Total cost increase+ 5 % p.a. ‐1,899,456 (2.13) 2,056,407 (15.56)
Discount rates6 % 6,867,422 10,871,3968 % 4,611,108 8,522,6519 % 3,678,854 7,549,757
Bird’s-eye view of the “Cape Wind” offshore wind farm
Buck et al. (2009) Aquacult. Econ. & Mgmt.Buck et al. (2003), Law International
Buck et al. (2004), Ocean & Coastal Mgmt.
© B. H. Buck 2012 - MSP-Symposium 2012
© B. H. Buck 2012 - MSP-Symposium 2012
Breakeven price (assumption 8 kg/m)Above total variable costs 167/197 US $Above total costs 568/400 US $
Breakeven yield (assumption: 0,7$/kg)Above total variable costs 2,67/3,14 kgAbove total costs 9,08/6,40kg
Break‐Even for Seaweed Cultivation: Longline culture
© B. H. Buck 2012 - MSP-Symposium 2012
Relative value of raw material in US‐$ (→ extracted per tonne wet weight)
Carrageen 568Alginate 355Agar 1077Fertilisers 500Soil additives 27Seaweed meals (dried) 100Pharmaceuticals 1000
Example for possible macroalgae revenues and corresponding value of raw material
Prof. Dr. Bela H. [email protected]
Key Issues:
1. Multi-use concepts ease MSP2. Multi-use will have a better acceptance for both
stakeholders and would save costs. 3. Multi-Use concepts will have economic benefits
• Quick procedure• Combined EIA• Shared vessels/personal• training• Additional biomass• etc.
© B. H. Buck 2012 - MSP-Symposium 2012