Potentials of Multi-Use Concepts within a MSP Process Bela H. Buck

Potentials of Multi-Use Concepts within a MSP Process

Bela H. BuckInternational Marine Spatial Planning Public Symposium, Providence (RI)

Courtesy of the Federal Maritime and Hydrographic Agency (BSH)

© B. H. Buck 2012 - MSP-Symposium 2012

GermanBightGB

BNL

F

DK

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N PL

RUS

LT

LV

FIN

EST

Relatively small size of the area:

Advantage or Disadvantage?


Courtesy of BSH 2012

Coastal Sea: 0‐12 nautical miles

EEZ:12‐200 nautical miles


North Sea

Baltic SeaSchleswig‐Holstein

Lower‐Saxony

Mecklenburg‐Vorpommern

Bremen

Hamburg

EEZ:28,600 km2

EEZ:4,500 km2


Shipping &Military Features

Pipelines, Cables, Mariculture,Sediment, Platforms

Nature Conservation Offshore Wind Farms

MSP at an early stages:(between 2001‐2006)

Defining the actual state of uses

Ascertain priorities of different uses

Set priorities regarding national and international “dependencies”.


What makes the decision about priorities in MSP for traditiional and “new” uses? or What are the prevailing public interests?

Current national regulations and international legislations National and international contracts Economic interests

Is there a mandate and who is responsible?

No/yes → not EU directly → but implementation of EU guidelines [Natura2000] as well as for the Common Fisheries Policy (CFP)

Driver: New uses Federal Maritime and Hydrographic Agency (BSH) on behalf of and in close

co‐operation with Federal Ministry of Transport, Building and Urban Affairs


What are the tools?

planning principle (guideline that needs to be particularly considered in the decision process) priority areas (Vorranggebiete): reserved for a defined use, other

conflicting uses are excluded reservation areas (Vorbehaltsgebiete): defined use with priority in this

area suitable areas (Eignungsgebiete): defined use is excluded outside

designated areas


Priority list (with regard to UNCLOS)High Safety and efficiency of shipping National and international

contracts [e.g. pipelines, cables] Protection of the marine

environment National/Alliance defence

Others Resources Scientific research Wind farming


Are there potentialsfor more then one use?

‐ secondary use‐ co‐use‐multi‐use‐multifunctional use


Case example Wind Farming:

Decision to be independent (regarding oil/gas/coal, nuclear power) Follow the Kyoto Protocol Follow the Renewable Energies Act of Germany 35 % of electric power supply used in Germany by renewable

energy in 2020 50 % in 2030 25,000 MW by 2030 (6,000 – 8,000 turbines depending on MW‐

class) Infrastructure‐Planning‐”Speed Up”‐Act

Construction of the Alpha Ventus wind farm in the EEZ 60 km off the coast of Germany.

5 MW class turbines:

65 MWh∙day‐1∙windmill‐1

8,000 €∙day‐1∙windmill‐1

70% of companies SME


Offshore wind farm development in the North Sea


In 2009, 2.8% of Europe’s total wind power was offshore.

192,000 people in the EU are employed by the offshore wind industry

Courtesy of Arne Fredheim

1. Ecology- Creating MPA‘s (nursery,

sustainable fisheries…)- Set-up artificial reefs

2. Tourism

3. Additional energy resources

4. Offshore Aquaculture

5. Bio-Remediation / Bio-Extraction

6. Use of fouling organisms

Multi-use ideas to maximize the benefit of an offshore area:


Image taken from Barry Costa‐Pierce


Motivation for Cooperation

The progression of renewable energy worldwide recently has coincided with a similar increase in marine aquaculture. See worldwide stagnation of fisheries’ harvest, coupled with the growth in aquaculture and wind energy over the last 30 years.

Next step is to add the entire economic framework for the wind energy side and combine it with existing mussel aquaculture economics.

→ Are there cost savings by operating jointly.

How is the economic value of a certain site offshore:

→ only wind farming→ in co‐use with another stakeholder→ unclear ownership status and insurance

in cooperation with Dr. Robert Griffin at Stanford University (California)


Research Platform FINO No. I

Marine Facilities Ordinance Licensing procedure for offshore

wind farms→ change regulation and licensing procedure to include multi‐use concepts as an obligation→ multi‐use concepts will be promoted (even if concepts are not successful)

Meek, 1989


Buck et al. (2008), Helg. Mar. Research© B. H. Buck 2012 - MSP-Symposium 2012

Marine Facilities Ordinance

OSS‐Project forces wind farm operators to investigate in co‐uses

Buck (2007), Helg. Mar. Res.

Buck et al. (2010), Aquac. Econom. Management

Mussel cultivation designs


longlines ladder grid

Seaweed cultivation


Bioextraction

“An environmental management strategy by which nutrients are removed from an aquatic ecosystem through the harvest of enhanced biological production, including the aquaculture of suspension-feeding shellfish or algae”

Ecological Engineering

“Ecological Engineering is an emerging field that uses ecological processes within natural or constructed systems to achieve environmental goals”

Balanced Ecosystem Approach

“Fed aquaculture of finfish or shrimp with extractive organic aquaculture of shellfish and extractive inorganic aquaculture of seaweed (IMTA)”

SCIENCE VOL 323 20 FEB. 2009


fish/wind turbine

extractive species

wind farm with

fish

1. defense line:filter feeders

2. defense line:seaweeds

McVey & Buck (2008), WAS

fish/wind turbine

extractive species

musselsseaweed

bidirectionaldifferent directions

IMTA(Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture)



FerryBox

Parameters measured:

Nutrients [NOX, P, Si, …] Salinity O2, CO2 pH Chlorophyll Attenuation/turbidity Fluorescence

Consideration of mechanical loads on grounding constructions of windmills by aquaculture devices

longline, cage or other constructions


x

y

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SW

S

S0

O

NO

N

NW

8 Windrichtungen8 Wellenanlaufrichtungen

x

y

W

SW

S

S0

O

NO

N

NW

8 Windrichtungen8 Wellenanlaufrichtungen

S1 [N/mm²] S1 [N/mm²]LC 5

S1 [N/mm²]

LC 5

Development of static models(for 3-5 MW turbine class)Discussion of alternativeconnection points of foundationstructure

Generation of representativeloads of wind energyinstallations

EF 4 EF 5 EF 6EF 4 EF 5 EF 6

Buck et al. (2006), Ocean, Offshore, and Arctic Engineering© B. H. Buck 2012 - MSP-Symposium 2012

Bird’s-eye view of the “Nordergründe” offshore wind farm

Buck et al. (2009) Aquacult. Econ. & Mgmt.Buck et al. (2003), Law International

Buck et al. (2004), Ocean & Coastal Mgmt.



Breakeven price (assumption 10 kg/m)Above total variable costs 0,14EuroAbove total costs 0,52Euro

Breakeven yield (assumption: 1 Euro/kg)Above total variable costs 1,43kgAbove total costs 5,17kg

Break‐Even for Mussel Cultivation: Longline culture


NPV (IRR)Consumption mussel with new vessel and new land facility

(5,667,073, 14.73%)

Consumption mussel with existing capacity

(9,622,937, 28.11%)

Price per kg mussel0.9 € 3,369,576 (11.81) 7,325,440 (23.66)1.1 € 7,964,570 (17.47) 11,920,433 (32.38)

Total cost increase+ 5 % p.a. ‐1,899,456 (2.13) 2,056,407 (15.56)

Discount rates6 % 6,867,422 10,871,3968 % 4,611,108 8,522,6519 % 3,678,854 7,549,757

Bird’s-eye view of the “Cape Wind” offshore wind farm

Buck et al. (2009) Aquacult. Econ. & Mgmt.Buck et al. (2003), Law International

Buck et al. (2004), Ocean & Coastal Mgmt.



Breakeven price (assumption 8 kg/m)Above total variable costs 167/197 US $Above total costs 568/400 US $

Breakeven yield (assumption: 0,7$/kg)Above total variable costs 2,67/3,14 kgAbove total costs 9,08/6,40kg

Break‐Even for Seaweed Cultivation: Longline culture


Relative value of raw material in US‐$ (→ extracted per tonne wet weight)

Carrageen 568Alginate 355Agar 1077Fertilisers 500Soil additives 27Seaweed meals (dried) 100Pharmaceuticals 1000

Example for possible macroalgae revenues and corresponding value of raw material

Prof. Dr. Bela H. [email protected]

Key Issues:

1. Multi-use concepts ease MSP2. Multi-use will have a better acceptance for both

stakeholders and would save costs. 3. Multi-Use concepts will have economic benefits

• Quick procedure• Combined EIA• Shared vessels/personal• training• Additional biomass• etc.


Potentials of Multi-Use Concepts within a MSP Process Bela H. Buck

Technology

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