Post World War II and the Cold War. Post World War II After World War II, Japan and West Germany...
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![Page 1: Post World War II and the Cold War. Post World War II After World War II, Japan and West Germany adopted constitutions that built democratic governments.](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012916/56649ea95503460f94bae582/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Post World War II and theCold War
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Post World War II• After World War II, Japan
and West Germany adopted constitutions that built democratic governments
• Two major powers emerged after the war: the United States and the Soviet Union
• Political and economic differences between the two led to a division of Europe that would last more than 40 years
• The conflict between democracy and communism spread around the globe
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Post World War II• Joseph Stalin wanted to spread
communism throughout Eastern Europe
• Although he had promised free elections, Stalin instead supported the establishment of pro-communist governments
• Soon Europe was divided by an imaginary line known as the iron curtain– In the East were the Soviet-
dominated communist countries– In the West were the western
democracies, led by the United States
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Post World War II• Two Superpowers– Once powerful
countries were in decline:• Germany, France, and
Great Britain
– Two countries emerged as the world’s only superpowers• The US and the USSR
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The Cold War Begins
• Conflicts in ways of thinking and mutual distrust led to the Cold War
• The US and western powers feared the spread of communism
• Stalin created satellite countries– When he put
pressure on Greece and Turkey, the US began to step in
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The Cold War Begins• In March of 1947, Truman
established a policy known as the Truman Doctrine– Economic and military
program designed to help other nations resist Soviet aggression
– Based on the theory of containment
• Marshall Plan– A massive economic aid
package designed to strengthen democratic governments and lessen the appeal of communism
• Berlin Airlift
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Cold War
• Opposing Military Alliances– NATO• Western countries planned to support one another if
one member was attacked
– Warsaw Pact• Promised mutual military cooperation between the
USSR and the satellite countries
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Cold War• The Arms Race
– Both the US and USSR armed themselves, preparing for an attack from the other
– The US developed an atomic bomb during WWII
– The USSR developed one by 1949
• The Space Race– The Soviet Union launched
Sputnik in 1957– Congress establishes NASA to
race the USSR to the moon– By 1969, the US put a man
on the moon
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The Cold War in East Asia• The US and USSR
never directly clashed in combat
• However, the Cold War tensions grew into bitter wars in Korea in the 1950s and in Vietnam in the 1960s and 1970s
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Cold War Conflict
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The Cold War in East Asia• Korean War (1950-1953)
– After WWII, Korea was divided into two parts
– North Korea was occupied by Soviet soldiers and South Korea was occupied by American forces
– Seeking unification, the North Koreans invaded the South
– Under the guidance of General MacArthur, the South pushed the North back to the Chinese border
– China stepped in and pushed the South back to the 38th parallel
– The armistice signed in 1953 created the demilitarized zone that exists today
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The Cold War in East Asia• Vietnam War (1955 – 1975)
– By 1954, Vietnam was divided into a north half led by Ho Chi Minh and a southern half led by non-communist Ngo Dinh Diem
– US soldiers were sent to prevent the North from conquering the South
– The US soldiers were not able to defeat the communist forces and by 1973, President Nixon ordered a cease fire and pulled the US out of Vietnam
– By 1975, the North successfully unified Vietnam under a communist government
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Exit Ticket:
• How did differing political systems help cause the Cold War between the US and the USSR?
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Cold War in the Middle East
• Arab States and Israel– New Egyptian leadership
seeks to push foreign influences out of Egypt
– Received support for the building of new infrastructure and wars with Israel from the USSR
– The US backs Israel in both wars
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Cold War in the Middle East• Iran and Iraq– Rivalries over oil
resources fueled Cold War tensions
– The US supported a tyrannical anticommunist shah in Iran
– The Soviet Union supported governments in Iraq, Syria, and Libya
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Cold War in Latin America• Cuba had won its
independence from Spain in 1898
• In 1952, a corrupt leader took power and brutally controlled Cuba
• Fidel Castro organized a guerilla army and seized power in 1959
• Castro then establishes a communist dictatorship and asks the Soviet Union for support
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Cold War in Latin America• Cuba became part of the
rivalry between the US and USSR
• Bay of Pigs– Cuban exiles attack Cuba
unsuccessfully
• US imposed trade embargo on Cuba
• Castro allows the USSR to build nuclear missile sites on Cuba… 90 miles from the coast of Florida– Cuban Missile Crisis
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Economic Issues• Market Economies– All property, including the
means of production, is privately owned
– Private businesses and individuals are free from public control so that they can make basic economic decisions
– Prices are determined by supply and demand
– Competition promotes high quality and low prices
• Command Economies– The government owns the
means of production, distribution, and exchange
– Government officials make all basic economic decisions, such as what will be produced, when, and where
– The government plans the economy
– There is limited production of consumer goods and an emphasis on industrial growth
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Japan: An Economic Superpower
• The US occupation of Japan after WWII helped to establish democracy
• As Japan recovered, they began to be viewed by other countries as a potential ally
Before
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Japan: An Economic Superpower• How Did They Do It?– Japan added the latest
technology– Well-educated and highly
skilled workforce– Japanese savings gave banks
capital to invest in industry– The government, prohibited
from spending money on defense, poured funds into the economy
– High tariffs and strict regulations to limit foreign competition
After
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OPEC and Economic Interdependence• In 1960, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, and Venezuela
formed the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries• Control oil industry by setting production levels and prices
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OPEC and Oil Prices
• In 1973, OPEC nations halted exports of oil to certain countries
• Arab countries declared an embargo on the US
• Prices skyrocketed which affected growth in Western countries
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Collapse of Communism and the Soviet Union
• In the 1970s, the Cold War had been going on for more than 25 years
• The possibility existed for the tension to end in mutual destruction
• Richard Nixon and Leonid Brezhnev promoted a period of détente. This involved:– Arms control talks and treaties– Cultural exchanges– Trade agreements
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Collapse of Communism and the Soviet Union
• In 1985, Mikhail Gorbachev came to power in the Soviet Union– Gorbachev wanted to end the tension and reform the
Soviet government• Perestroika
– Gorbachev restructured the failing state-run economy– Referred to as perestroika– Free market reforms, more efficient industry– Shortages of food and medicine
• Glasnost– Gorbachev called for more openness, or glasnost, which ended
censorship and encouraged people to talk freely about everything
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Collapse of Communism and the Soviet Union
• Since WWII, Germany had been divided into a democratic Western state and communist Eastern state
• The Berlin Wall had been built in 1961 to keep East Germans from fleeing to the West
• In November 1989, rising protests led to the tearing down of the Berlin Wall
• Russia would experience problems transitioning from communist to a capitalist state
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Chinese Communist Revolution• Mao Zedong emerged as the Communist leader in
the 1930s– Him and 100,000 of his followers fled the Goumindang
and Chiang Kai-shek into the Northern Chinese mountains
– Known as the Long March– Only 20,000 survived– In the years that followed, the Japanese, Communists,
and Goumindang battled for control of China– In 1949 the Communists seized power
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Chinese Communist Revolution
• Reasons for Success– Mao won the support of
the huge peasant population
– Mao won the support of women by rejecting traditional inequalities
– Guerilla warfare– Government allowed for
foreign domination
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Communism Under Mao Zedong• Great Leap Forward– Mao launched the Great
Leap Forward in 1958– Increase agricultural and
industrial output– Communes
• Collection of farms and farmers that had to meet quotas
– Failed miserably!– Didn’t meet quotas and
actually led to famine
• Cultural Revolution– Renew people’s loyalty to
Communism and establish a more equitable society
– Mao called for students to leave school and experience the revolution for themselves• Red Guard
– Economy slows, people fear arrest, close China to foreign influence