Polymers: Giants Among Molecules. Chapter 102 Macromolecules Compared to other molecules, they are...

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Polymers: Giants Among Molecules

Transcript of Polymers: Giants Among Molecules. Chapter 102 Macromolecules Compared to other molecules, they are...

Page 1: Polymers: Giants Among Molecules. Chapter 102 Macromolecules Compared to other molecules, they are enormous –Molar mass: 10,000–1,000,000+ g/mol –Not.

Polymers: Giants Among Molecules

Page 2: Polymers: Giants Among Molecules. Chapter 102 Macromolecules Compared to other molecules, they are enormous –Molar mass: 10,000–1,000,000+ g/mol –Not.

Chapter 10 2

Macromolecules

• Compared to other molecules, they are enormous– Molar mass: 10,000–1,000,000+ g/mol – Not visible to naked eye

• Polymers: made from smaller pieces– Monomer: small chemical building block

• Polymerization: process in which monomers are converted to polymers

Page 3: Polymers: Giants Among Molecules. Chapter 102 Macromolecules Compared to other molecules, they are enormous –Molar mass: 10,000–1,000,000+ g/mol –Not.

Chapter 10 3

Natural Polymers

• Found extensively in nature– Life could not exist without polymers– Come in various shapes and sizes

• Made of sugars, amino acids, nucleic acids

• Examples: wool, silk, cotton, wood, paper

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Chapter 10 4

Some Naturally Occurring Polymers

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Chapter 10 5

Celluloid

• React cellulose with nitric acid

• Used for first films and billiard balls

• Highly flammable– Used in smokeless gunpowder

• No longer in use

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Chapter 10 6

Synthetic Polymers• Made from monomer synthesized from fossil

fuels

• First manufactured shortly before World War II

• Synthesized using addition reactions– Add monomer to end of polymer chain– Build very large polymers

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Chapter 10 7

Polyethylene• Cheapest and simplest

synthetic polymer– Made from CH2=CH2

– Invented shortly before World War II

• Has two forms – High-density polyethylene

(HDPE)– Low-density polyethylene

(LDPE)

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Chapter 10 8

Polypropylene

• Change a –H to –CH3

• Harder and has higher melting point than polyethylene

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Chapter 10 9

Polystyrene

• Change a –H to benzene ring

• Widely used – Disposable cups– Insulation

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Chapter 10 10

Vinyl Polymers

• Change a –H to –Cl

• Tough thermoplastic– Polyvinyl chloride (PVC)

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Chapter 10 11

Teflon

• Change all –H to –F– C–F very strong. Resists heat and

chemicals– Makes very unreactive polymer

Page 12: Polymers: Giants Among Molecules. Chapter 102 Macromolecules Compared to other molecules, they are enormous –Molar mass: 10,000–1,000,000+ g/mol –Not.

Chapter 10 12

Other Polymers

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Chapter 10 13

Practice Problems

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Chapter 10 14

Rubber• Pre–World War II

– Came from natural sources in S.E. Asia– Japan cut off supply during World War II

• Made of isoprene

• Chemists learned to make it during World War IICH2

CHC

H2C CH3

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Chapter 10 15

Vulcanization• Link individual polymer strands with S atoms

• Makes rubber stronger– Can be used on natural or synthetic rubber

• Elastomers: materials that stretch and snap back– Key property of rubber

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Chapter 10 16

Synthetic Rubber

• Use butadiene– CH2=CH-CH=CH2

• Polychloroprene: substitute –Cl for a –H

• Change the properties for other uses– Tend to be resistant to chemicals

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Chapter 10 17

Copolymerization

• Add two or more different monomers

• Uses addition reaction

• Allows for modification of polymer’s properties

• Styrene–butadiene rubber (SBR)– 75% butadiene/25% styrene mix– Used mainly for tires

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Chapter 10 18

Condensation Polymers

• Part of the monomer will not be incorporated into the final material– Typically a small molecule like water

• Formula of the repeating unit not same as monomer

• Used to produce nylon and polyesters

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Chapter 10 19

Composite Materials

• Use high-strength polymers– Could include glass, graphite, or ceramics

• Hold everything together with polymers– Typically thermosetting, condensation

polymer

• Result is a very strong, lightweight material– Used in cars, sports gear, boats

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Chapter 10 20

Silicone Polymers

• Based on alternating Si and O atoms

• Heat stable and resistant to most chemicals

• Properties depend on length of polymer

• Many uses– Shoe polish, coatings on raincoats, Silly

Putty

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Chapter 10 21

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Chapter 10 22

Properties of Polymers

• Crystalline: polymers line up – High tensile strength– Make good synthetic fibers

• Amorphous: polymers randomly oriented– Make good elastomers

• Some material has both types of polymers mixed together– Flexibility and rigidity

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Chapter 10 23

Fiber-Forming Properties

• Majority of fabrics made of synthetic polymers

• Tend to last longer, easier to care for– Nylon vs. silk

• Also may make mixtures– Cotton/polyester blends

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Chapter 10 24

Disposal of Plastics

• Do not degrade readily– Designed to be durable– Last a long time

• Make up 8% by mass of landfills– But make up 21% by volume– Tend to fill up landfills

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Chapter 10 25

Recycling• Collect, sort, chop, melt, and then

remold plastic

• Requires strong community cooperation

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Chapter 10 26

Plasticizers• Make plastic more flexible and less

brittle– Lower Tg

– Tend to be lost as plastic ages

• Most common plasticizers today based on phthalic acid

C

OH

O

OH

C

O

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Chapter 10 27

End of Chapter 10


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